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不同机械化栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳水稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用的影响

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付正豪,, 马中涛, 魏海燕,*, 邢志鹏,*, 刘国栋, 胡群, 张洪程扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室 / 农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心, 江苏扬州 225009

Effects of controlled release fertilizer ratio on yield formation and nitrogen absorption and utilization of late-maturing medium japonica rice under different mechanized cultivation methods

FU Zheng-Hao,, MA Zhong-Tao, WEI Hai-Yan,*, XING Zhi-Peng,*, LIU Guo-Dong, HU Qun, ZHANG Hong-ChengJiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China

通讯作者: *魏海燕, E-mail:wei_haiyan@163.com;邢志鹏, E-mail:zpxing@yzu.edu.cn

收稿日期:2020-12-5接受日期:2021-03-19网络出版日期:2021-03-31
基金资助:国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300503)
国家自然科学基金项目(31971841)
国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-01-27)
江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2018355)
江苏省农业产业技术体系专项(JATS[2020]450)
扬州大学拔尖人才计划资助


Corresponding authors: E-mail:wei_haiyan@163.com;E-mail:zpxing@yzu.edu.cn
Received:2020-12-5Accepted:2021-03-19Published online:2021-03-31
Fund supported: FNational Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300503)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971841)
China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01-27)
Key Research Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2018355)
earmarked fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(JATS[2020]450)
Program for Scientific Elitists of Yangzhou University

作者简介 About authors
E-mail:1392807710@qq.com



摘要
以优质食味粳稻南粳9108为材料, 纯氮270 kg hm-2施氮条件下, 设置了钵苗机插、毯苗机插2种栽培方式, 将控释肥与速效氮肥以5∶5的比例混合, 其中控释肥由4种不同释放期(40、80、100、和120 d)肥料按照1∶4的比例混合形成了3种配比方式, 分别为40+80、40+100、40+120, 同时设置常规分次施肥(CK)为对照, 研究不同机械化栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳水稻产量形成以及氮素积累的影响。结果表明, 相同肥料处理下, 钵苗机插2年产量较毯苗机插分别增加了3.9%和4.9%, 其原因是钵苗机插能够提高中后期的光合物质积累, 获得较大的穗型, 具有更高的每穗粒数、结实率以及千粒重。钵苗机插与毯苗机插栽培方式下, 40+80和40+100控释肥处理2年产量均高于CK, 40+100控释肥处理产量最高, 2年较CK分别显著增加7.3%和9.2%, 其原因在于40+100控释肥处理具有更高的有效穗数和群体颖花量。与40+80和40+120控释肥处理相比, 40+100控释肥处理与南粳9108的养分吸收规律更为匹配, 即保证了前期分蘖的发生, 又保证了后期稳定的光合物质生产, 获得稳定的穗数、穗粒数以及粒重, 2年的氮素回收利用率、氮素农学利用率、氮素生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力较CK分别显著增加了10.0%~12.5%、24.6%~30.5%、11.4%~18.6%和7.3%~9.1%。综上所述, 钵苗机插较毯苗机插具有明显优势, 是利于优质粳稻获得高产的栽培方式, 同时40+100控释肥配比能够较好的满足优质粳稻各个阶段的养分需求, 能够获得高产, 可作为优质粳稻高产的简化施肥方案。
关键词: 控释肥配比;栽培方式;水稻;产量;氮素利用

Abstract
Rice cultivars of Nanjing 9108 with good taste quality was adopted as material under the pure nitrogen condition of 270 kg hm-2in this study. Rice was cultivated with two methods including mechanical transplanting with pothole seedlings (MT) and mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings (MC). Controlled-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer were mixed at a ratio of 5:5. Controlled-release fertilizer was mixed from four different release periods (40, 80, 100, and 120 days) at a ratio of 1:4 to form three mixing modes (40+80, 40+100, and 40+120). Conventional urea split fertilization (CK) was used as a control, and the effects of different controlled-release fertilizer ratios on yield formation and nitrogen accumulation of high-quality japonica rice were studied. Under the same fertilizer treatment, compared with mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings (MC), the two-year yield of mechanical transplanting with pothole seedlings (MT) was significantly increased by 3.9% and 4.9%, respectively. The reason was that the transplanting of pothole seedling machine could improve the accumulation of photosynthetic substances in the middle and late stages and obtain larger panicle type with higher grain number per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1000-grain weight. Under the cultivation mode of pothole seedling transplanting and carpet seedling transplanting, compared with CK, the two-year yield of 40+80 and 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatments were higher than CK, and the two-year yield of 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatments was the highest, which was significantly increased by 7.3% and 9.2%, respectively. The reason was that 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatment had higher effective panicle number and population glume amount. Compared with 40+80 and 40+120 controlled-release fertilizer treatments, the nutrient absorption law of 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatment was more consistent with Nanjing 9108, which not only ensured the occurrence of early tillering, but also ensured the stable production of photosynthetic substances at later stage, thus obtaining stable panicle number, grains per panicle, and 1000-grain weight. Compared with CK, the nitrogen recovery efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen physiological efficiency, and nitrogen partial productivity of 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatments were significantly increased by 10.0%-12.5%, 24.6%-30.5%, 11.4%-18.6%, and 7.3%-9.1%, respectively. In conclusion, the mechanical transplanting with pothole seedlings (MT) had obvious advantages over mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings (MC), which was a cultivation method that was conducive to high-quality japonica rice. At the same time, the 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer ratio could better meet the nutrient requirements of good-quality japonica rice at various stages, and could obtain high yield, which could be used as a simplified fertilization scheme for high-quality japonica rice.
Keywords:controlled-release fertilizer ratio;cultivation method;rice;yield;nitrogen utilization.


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本文引用格式
付正豪, 马中涛, 魏海燕, 邢志鹏, 刘国栋, 胡群, 张洪程. 不同机械化栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳水稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用的影响. 作物学报, 2022, 48(1): 165-179 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.02087
FU Zheng-Hao, MA Zhong-Tao, WEI Hai-Yan, XING Zhi-Peng, LIU Guo-Dong, HU Qun, ZHANG Hong-Cheng. Effects of controlled release fertilizer ratio on yield formation and nitrogen absorption and utilization of late-maturing medium japonica rice under different mechanized cultivation methods. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(1): 165-179 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.02087


水稻是我国重要的粮食作物, 提高水稻的产量, 是保障我国粮食安全的长期目标[1]。随着我国农业现代化快速发展, 传统的水稻人工栽培方式已逐步被机械化栽培所取代[2,3]。水稻机械化、轻简化栽培是指利用机械工具以简化水稻栽培程序和减轻劳动强度的栽培方式, 具有生产效率高、秧苗均匀度优、根系活力强、增产潜力大等诸多优势[4,5,6]。我国水稻机械化栽培主要有钵苗机插、毯苗机插、机直播等方式, 其中毯苗机插在我国的应用范围较广, 但其存在秧苗素质较低, 移栽植伤较重等问题[7]。而钵苗机插具有秧苗素质高, 移栽无植伤, 无缓苗期等优势, 更有利于培育壮杆大穗, 建立良好的群体结构, 改善群体生产的安全性[8]。机械化栽培方式下, 肥料的合理施用对提高水稻产量、改善稻米品质方面也起着非常重要的作用[9]。常规的肥料类型与施肥方式存在施肥次数多、费工费时、劳动生产效率低等缺点。因此, 精准高效施肥已成为当前我国机械化轻简化水稻栽培的必然需求。控释肥是在化肥(如尿素、复合肥等)表面包裹一层保护性(非水溶性)复合材料来控制水分渗入, 从而控制肥料内部养分溶解和释放速率的一类肥料。这类肥料可人为地控制养分释放速率, 延长养分释放时间、实现养分释放与作物对养分需求同步[10,11,12]。已有的研究表明控释肥料能延缓叶片衰老, 增加水稻产量, 提高氮肥利用率, 实现作物一次性施肥[13], 降低人工作业强度, 减少施肥成本, 并减轻养分流失造成的环境污染[14,15,16]。但也有研究发现[17], 一次性基施控释肥产量较常规分次施肥下降5%, 这可能是因为单一应用控释肥与水稻不同生育阶段的养分需求不匹配有关。因此, 有必要研究控释肥和速效肥不同配比对水稻生产发育和吸肥特点的影响, 来实现供肥与养分需求的匹配。为此, 本试验以迟熟中粳水稻为材料, 选用不同控释期的控释肥与速效氮肥掺混, 在不同机械化栽培方式下进行研究, 明确水稻生长发育最适宜的栽培方式以及控释肥配比, 以期为迟熟中粳水稻高产简化栽培提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验于2018—2019年在扬州大学农学院校外试验基地江苏省兴化市钓鱼镇进行。该地位于江淮之间的江苏里下河地区, 属北亚热带湿润气候区, 前茬作物为小麦, 土壤地力中等, 为勤泥土, 质地黏性。0~20 cm土层含有机质26.7 g kg-1, 全氮1.87 g kg-1, 速效磷13.4 mg kg-1, 速效钾150.6 mg kg-1, 2年气象数据见表1

Table 1
表1
表12018-2019年水稻季温度和日照时数
Table 1Temperature and sunshine hours in rice season from 2018 to 2019
月份
Month
平均温度
Average temperature (℃)
平均最高温度
Average maximum
temperature (℃)
平均最低温度
Average minimum
temperature (℃)
日照时数
Sunshine hours
(h)
20182019201820192018201920182019
6月Jun.24.4624.5230.3329.4620.8220.49186.1156.6
7月July30.4527.7232.7731.5925.4324.41201.6146.1
8月Aug.28.2227.3832.3331.2625.7424.14205.7200.0
9月Sep.22.8523.0626.1327.4118.7219.31134.8165.1
10月Oct.16.4217.5221.2222.8612.1113.30202.2150.6

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试验材料为优质常规粳稻南粳9108。供试控释氮肥为树脂包膜尿素PCU (纯氮43.5%), 由山东茂施肥料有限公司提供, 共分4种释放期, 分别为40、80、100和120 d。

1.2 试验设计

小区试验采用裂区设计, 机械栽培方式为主区, 施肥方式为裂区, 裂区间用塑料薄膜包埂隔离, 保证可以单独肥水管理。病虫害防治按照高产栽培要求实施。试验设有2种栽培方式分别为钵苗机插和毯苗机插。钵苗机插于2018年5月21日和2019年5月22日播种, 毯苗机插于2018年5月31日和2019年6月1日播种, 钵苗机插与毯苗机插2年均为同一天移栽, 移栽日期为2018年6月21日和2019年6月22日。钵苗机插行株距为33 cm × 12 cm, 每穴4株苗。毯苗机插行株距为30 cm × 12 cm, 每穴4株苗。试验每公顷施用纯氮270 kg, 控释氮肥和速效氮肥各占比50%, 其中50%的速效氮肥由25%复合肥(N-P-K, 15-15-15)和25%尿素(N 46.4%)组成。50%的控释氮肥由2种不同释放期的树脂包膜尿素以1∶4的比例组成, 共有3种配比方式, 分别为10% 40 d + 40% 80 d、10% 40 d + 40% 100 d、10% 40 d + 40% 120 d, 同时设置空白处理(不施氮肥)和CK(分次定量施肥), 其中CK处理氮肥分作基肥(移栽前1 d施入)、分蘖肥(移栽后7 d施入)、穗肥(倒四叶时期施入), 比例为3.5∶3.5∶3.0。所有配施控释肥处理均作基肥, 在移栽前1 d施入, 具体氮肥种类和用量、施用时间见表2。磷肥(P2O5)和钾肥(K2O)施用量分别为135 kg hm-2、216 kg hm-2, 作基肥一次施入, 所用磷肥为过磷酸钙(含P2O5, 12%)、钾肥为氯化钾(含K2O, 60%)。所有处理重复2次, 小区面积25 m2。各小区四周作土埂相互隔离, 并用塑料薄膜覆盖, 以避免小区间的相互影响。

Table 2
表2
表2各处理氮肥类型、用量与施用时间
Table 2Nitrogen fertilizer types, dosages, and application time of each treatment
处理
Treatment
基肥 Basal fertilizer (kg hm-2)分蘖肥 TF穗肥 SF
控释肥类型 Types of CRF尿素
U
复合肥
CF
尿素
U
尿素
U
40 d80 d100 d120 d
40+802710867.5067.50
40+1002710867.5067.50
40+1202710867.5067.50
CK47.2547.2594.594.5
40+80: 10% 40 d控释肥+40% 80 d控释肥+50%常规氮肥基施; 40+100: 10% 40 d控释肥+40% 100 d控释肥+50%常规氮肥基施; 40+120: 10% 40 d控释肥+40% 120 d控释肥+50%常规氮肥基施; CK: 常规氮肥定量分施。
CRF: controlled-release fertilizer; U: urea; CF: compound fertilizer; TF: tillering fertilizer; SF: spikelet fertilizer; 40+80: 10% 40-day controlled release fertilizer + 40% 80-day controlled release fertilizer + 50% common nitrogen fertilizer; 40+100: 10% 40-day controlled release fertilizer + 40% 100-day controlled release fertilizer + 50% common nitrogen fertilizer; 40+120: 10% 40-day controlled release fertilizer + 40% 120-day controlled release fertilizer + 50% common nitrogen fertilizer; CK: common nitrogen fertilizer applied separately.

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1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 茎蘖动态 每个小区连续选定10穴作为一个观察点, 移栽后开始观察茎蘖动态, 每隔7 d一次, 直至抽穗期为止。

1.3.2 干物质和叶面积 于拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期, 按每小区茎蘖数的平均数取代表性植株3穴, 采用长宽法测定叶面积, 计算叶面积指数。将所取植株样品105℃杀青, 80℃烘至恒重后测定各器官及全株的干物重。

1.3.3 产量 于成熟期普查每小区100穴, 计算有效穗数, 按平均穗数取5穴调查每穗粒数、结实率与测定千粒重, 计算理论产量, 成熟后实收测产。

1.3.4 氮素 将拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期所取植株各器官(茎、叶、穗)烘干后粉碎, 采用H2SO4-H2O2消化, 以半微量凯氏定氮法测定各器官以及各时期植株含氮率。

1.3.5 数据计算 成穗率(%) = 有效穗数/高峰苗数×100; 叶面积指数衰减速率(LAI d-1) = (抽穗期LAI-成熟期LAI)/抽穗至成熟期间隔天数; 光合势(m2 d m-2) = (LAI1+LAI2)×(t2-t1)/2, 式中, LAI1和LAI2为前后2次测定的叶面积指数, t1和t2为前后2次测定间隔的时间; 干物质阶段积累比例=干物质阶段积累量/成熟期干物质积累量×100%; 氮素阶段积累比例=氮素阶段积累量/成熟期氮素积累量×100%; 氮素回收利用率(%) = (施氮区水稻吸氮量-氮空白区水稻吸氮量)/施氮量×100; 氮素农学利用率(kg kg-1) = (施氮区籽粒产量-氮空白区籽粒产量)/施氮量; 氮素生理利用率(kg kg-1) = (施氮区籽粒产量-氮空白区籽粒产量)/(施氮区水稻吸氮量-氮空白区水稻吸氮量); 氮肥偏生产力(kg kg-1) = 水稻产量/施氮量; 氮素籽粒生产效率(kg kg-1) = 稻谷产量/氮素积累总量;

1.3.6 数据分析 运用Microsoft Excel软件进行数据录入与计算, 用SPSS 23.0软件统计分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同栽培方式和控释氮肥配比处理下迟熟中粳稻各生育阶段的天数

表3可见, 从2年数据来看, 控释肥对南粳9108的生育期无影响。相同肥料处理下钵苗机插水稻2年的全生育期均比毯苗机插长8 d。钵苗机插下, 南粳9108移栽至拔节2年分别经历了40 d、41 d, 移栽至抽穗2年均经历了70 d, 移栽至成熟2年分别经历了126 d、127 d, 全生育期分别为156 d、157 d。毯苗机插下, 南粳9108移栽至拔节2年均经历了45 d, 移栽至抽穗2年均经历了73 d, 移栽至成熟2年分别经历了128 d、129 d, 全生育期分别为148 d、149 d。

Table 3
表3
表3不同栽培方式和控释肥配比处理下迟熟中粳稻各生育阶段的天数
Table 3Number of days at each growth stage of late-maturing medium japonica rice treated with different cultivation methods and controlled-release fertilizer ratios
处理
Treatment
播种至移栽
SS-TS
移栽至拔节
TS-JS
拔节至抽穗
JS-HS
抽穗至成熟
HS-MS
全生育期
Whole growth duration
2018201920182019201820192018201920182019
钵苗机插 MT
40+803030404130295657156157
40+1003030404130295657156157
40+1203030404130295657156157
CK3030404130295657156157
毯苗机插 MC
40+802020454528285556148149
40+1002020454528285556148149
40+1202020454528285556148149
CK2020454528285556148149
处理同表2
SS: seeding stage; TS: transplanting stage; JS: jointing stage; HS: heading stage; MS: maturity stage; MT: mechanical transplanting with pothole seedlings; MC: mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2.

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2.2 不同栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻产量构成因素的影响

表4可见, 2019年产量较2018年增加3.5%, 分析原因可能是, 2019年9月温光条件较好于2018年, 促进了南粳9108后期的光合物质生产, 提高了水稻的氮肥利用率, 增加了千粒重, 从而具有更高的产量。相同肥料处理下, 钵苗机插水稻产量较毯苗机插2年分别增加了3.9%和4.9%。分析产量构成因素, 钵苗机插较毯苗机插具有更高的每穗粒数和群体颖花量, 而结实率和千粒重无显著差异。钵苗机插和毯苗机插栽培方式下, 不同肥料处理间产量与群体颖花量2年均表现为40+100>40+80>CK> 40+120, 其中控释肥处理的有效穗数显著高于常规分次施肥(CK)。3种控释肥处理中2年均为40+100控释肥处理产量最高, 较CK分别显著增加7.3%和9.2%, 与40+80和40+120处理相比, 40+100具有更高的单位面积穗数和群体颖花量, 而结实率和千粒重相对稳定。

Table 4
表4
表4栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻产量构成因素的影响
Table 4Effects of cultivation method and controlled-release fertilizer ratio on yield components of late-maturing medium japonica rice
年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
单位面积穗数
Panicle number
(×104 hm-2)
每穗粒数
Spikelet per panicle
群体颖花量
Total spikelet number
(×106 hm-2)
结实率
Seed-setting rate
(%)
千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)
产量
Grain yield
(t hm-2)
2018
钵苗机插 MT40+80373.13 a137.51 b513.06 a94.32 c25.30 ab10.38 b
40+100378.48 a139.09 b526.45 a95.78 a25.45 ab10.81 a
40+120354.36 bc138.61 b491.18 b95.37 b25.85 ab9.71 d
CK347.59 cd141.79 a492.85 b95.49 ab26.18 a10.07 c
毯苗机插 MC40+80355.23 b129.55 d460.20 cd94.24 c24.35 b10.04 c
40+100360.78 b131.06 d472.85 c95.65 ab24.48 b10.41 b
40+120341.67 d130.09 d444.45 e94.38 c25.10 ab9.32 e
CK331.34 e134.67 c446.20 de94.52 c25.23 ab9.68 d
2019
钵苗机插 MT40+80378.90 ab138.37 c524.29 b94.17 b25.50 a10.82 b
40+100388.08 a141.71 b549.96 a95.45 a25.70 a11.31 a
40+120366.00 bc139.39 c510.16 bc94.26 b25.93 a10.11 cd
CK353.09 cd145.09 a512.28 bc95.20 a26.25 a10.36 bc
毯苗机插 MC40+80363.98 bc128.29 f466.92 de93.28 c25.15 a10.25 c
40+100374.00 ab133.13 e497.89 c93.87 bc25.20 a10.74 b
40+120351.68 cd129.24 f454.50 ef93.46 bc25.25 a9.69 d
CK336.25 d135.46 d455.46 ef93.72 bc25.50 a9.92 cd
年份Y******ns**
栽培方式CM***********
控释肥配比CRFR************
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFRns*ns*nsns
处理同表2。同列同一年份标注不同小写字母的数据处理间差异达0.05显著水平, *和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著, ns表示不显著。
Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same year are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. * and ** are significant difference at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. ns indicates no significant difference. MT: mechanical transplanting with pothole seedlings; MC: mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings; Y: year; CM: cultivation method; CRFR: controlled-release fertilizer ratio. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2.

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进一步分析栽培方式和控释肥互作对迟熟中粳稻南粳9108产量构成因素的影响。方差分析表明, 年份、栽培方式和控释肥配比对产量影响均为极显著水平, 栽培方式和控释肥配比互作对产量影响不显著。对于产量构成因素, 年份除千粒重外均达显著或极显著水平, 年份对千粒重影响不显著。栽培方式和控释肥配比对产量构成因素均达显著或极显著水平。栽培方式和控释肥配比互作对水稻每穗粒数和结实率影响达显著水平, 对单位面积穗数、群体颖花量和千粒重影响不显著。

2.3 不同栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻茎蘖形成的影响

表5可见, 2年茎蘖动态规律表现一致。相同肥料处理下, 在分蘖盛期和拔节期, 毯苗机插的茎蘖数较钵苗机插2年分别显著增加6.7%~8.6%和4.8%~ 5.0%, 在抽穗期和成熟期, 钵苗机插较毯苗机插2年分别增加2.7%~3.0%和4.2%~4.6%。钵苗机插和毯苗机插栽培方式下, 不同肥料处理间分蘖盛期和拔节期的茎蘖数表现为40+80>40+100>40+120>CK, 控释肥处理的茎蘖数在这2个时期较CK分别增加8.7%~9.7%和7.5%~9.6%, 3种控释肥处理间40+80和40+100处理的茎蘖数显著高于40+120处理, 分别较40+120处理增加7.4%~11.4%和6.0%~9.2%。抽穗期和成熟期茎蘖数表现为40+100>40+80>40+120>CK, 其中40+100和40+80显著高于CK, 分别增加8.9%~11.6%和6.3%~8.0%。相同控释肥处理下, 2种栽培方式的成穗率表现为钵苗机插显著高于毯苗机插, 增加13.3%~14.5%。钵苗机插与毯苗机插栽培方式下, 3种控释肥处理的成穗率均低于CK处理, 其中40+80处理较CK显著下降4.4%~5.1%。

Table 5
表5
表5栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻茎蘖形成的影响
Table 5Effects of cultivation method and controlled-release fertilizer ratio on tiller formation of late-maturing medium japonica rice
年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
分蘖盛期
Peak seeding
(×104 hm-2)
拔节期
Jointing
(×104 hm-2)
抽穗期
Heading
(×104 hm-2)
成熟期
Maturity
(×104 hm-2)
成穗率
Percentage of productive tiller (%)
2018
钵苗机插 MT40+80573.95 b516.30 bc401.25 b373.13 a65.02 c
40+100566.81 bc506.20 c415.45 a378.48 a66.78 b
40+120529.33 d463.45 ef389.70 c354.36 bc66.95 ab
CK510.90 e452.50 f375.80 d347.59 cd68.04 a
毯苗机插 MC40+80621.35 a539.50 a389.00 c355.23 b57.18 e
40+100612.70 a528.50 ab401.15 b360.78 b58.89 d
40+120574.97 b485.10 d379.30 d341.67 d59.43 d
CK553.71 c477.90 de366.35 e331.34 e59.84 d
2019
钵苗机插 MT40+80578.35 bc520.25 bc410.65 ab378.90 ab64.52 b
40+100570.38 cd510.35 c421.65 a388.08 a66.36 a
40+120532.09 e469.35 e399.45 bc366.00 bc66.60 a
CK515.28 f460.75 e382.50 de353.09 cd67.46 a
毯苗机插 MC40+80632.15 a544.65 a402.85 bc363.98 bc56.20 e
40+100623.69 a532.75 ab411.35 ab374.00 ab57.85 d
40+120588.25 b492.95 d389.20 cd351.68 cd58.09 cd
CK560.35 d486.70 d368.30 e336.25 d59.14 c
年份Y*******
栽培方式CM**********
控释肥配比CRFR**********
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFRnsnsnsnsns
处理同表2。缩写同表4。同列同一年份标注不同小写字母的数据处理间差异达0.05显著水平, *和**分别表示在0.05 和0.01 水平上差异显著, ns表示不显著。
Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same year are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. * and ** are significant difference at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. ns indicates no significant difference. Abbreviations and treatment are the same as those in Tables 4 and 2, respectively.

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2.4 不同栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻叶面积指数的影响

表6可见, 相同肥料处理下, 在拔节期, 毯苗机插水稻叶面积指数较钵苗机插显著增加10.6%~11.8%, 在抽穗期和成熟期, 钵苗机插叶面积指数较毯苗机插分别增加2.4%~5.4%和4.7%~ 13.7%。钵苗机插和毯苗机插栽培方式下, 3种控释肥处理2年的叶面积指数在各个时期均显著高于CK处理。在拔节期, 叶面积指数表现为40+80处理最高, 较CK显著增加11.5%~14.6%。在抽穗期和成熟期, 表现为40+100处理最高, 较CK分别显著增加6.2%~9.1%和25.1%~38.3%。栽培方式以及控释肥处理对南粳9108的叶面积衰减速率无显著影响。

Table 6
表6
表6栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻叶面积指数的影响
Table 6Effects of cultivation method and controlled-release fertilizer ratio on leaf area index of late-maturing medium japonica rice
年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
拔节期
Jointing
抽穗期
Heading
成熟期
Maturity
叶面积衰减速率
Decreasing rate of leaf area (LAI d-1)
2018
钵苗机插 MT40+804.85 d7.34 bc2.52 d0.0861 a
40+1004.70 e7.52 a2.89 a0.0827 a
40+1204.51 f7.29 c2.68 bc0.0823 a
CK4.23 g7.08 f2.31 e0.0852 a
毯苗机插 MC40+805.38 a7.21 d2.41 de0.0873 a
40+1005.15 b7.38 b2.73 b0.0845 a
40+1204.96 c7.15 e2.54 cd0.0838 a
CK4.73 e6.82 g2.17 f0.0845 a
2019
钵苗机插 MT40+804.91 d7.72 b2.77 bc0.0868 a
40+1004.78 e7.94 a3.21 a0.0830 a
40+1204.59 f7.61 c2.94 b0.0819 a
CK4.31 g7.28 e2.32 ef0.0870 a
毯苗机插 MC40+805.44 a7.32 e2.46 de0.0868 a
40+1005.32 b7.51 d2.84 b0.0834 a
40+1205.12 c7.21 f2.62 cd0.0820 a
CK4.88 d6.95 g2.18 f0.0852 a
年份Y******ns
栽培方式CM******ns
控释肥配比CRFR********
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFRnsnsnsns
处理同表2。缩写同表4。同列同一年份标注不同小写字母的数据处理间差异达0.05显著水平, *和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著, ns表示不显著。
Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same year are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. * and ** are significant difference at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. ns indicates no significant difference. Abbreviations and treatment are the same as those in Tables 4 and 2, respectively.

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2.5 不同栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻光合势的影响

表7可见, 2年光合势规律表现一致。相同肥料处理下, 播种至拔节阶段, 毯苗机插光合势较钵苗机插增加2.2%~2.7%, 拔节至抽穗阶段, 钵苗机插光合势较毯苗机插增加2.3%~4.4%, 抽穗至成熟阶段, 钵苗机插光合势较毯苗机插显著增加4.4%~9.7%。钵苗机插和毯苗机插栽培方式下, 3种控释肥处理各个阶段光合势均高于CK处理, 在播种至拔节期, 光合势表现为40+80>40+100>40+120>CK, 其中40+80处理较CK显著增加11.5%~14.6%, 在拔节至抽穗期, 表现为40+100>40+80>40+120>CK, 其中40+100处理较CK显著增加7.9%~9.8%, 在抽穗至成熟期, 表现为 40+100>40+120>40+80>CK, 其中40+100处理较CK显著增加5.0%~9.3%。

Table 7
表7
表7栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻光合势的影响
Table 7Effects of cultivation methods and controlled-release fertilizer ratios on photosynthetic potential of late-maturing medium japonica rice
年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
播种至拔节
SS-JS
拔节至抽穗
JS-HS
抽穗至成熟
HS-MS
2018
钵苗机插 MT40+80169.75 b182.84 a276.08 b
40+100164.50 c183.30 a291.48 a
40+120157.85 e176.97 b279.16 b
CK148.05 g169.64 c262.92 c
毯苗机插 MC40+80174.85 a176.23 b264.55 c
40+100167.38 bc175.42 b278.03 b
40+120161.20 d169.54 c266.48 c
CK153.73 f161.70 d247.23 d
2019
钵苗机插 MT40+80174.31 a183.14 a298.97 b
40+100169.69 bc184.44 a317.78 a
40+120162.95 d176.90 bc300.68 b
CK153.01 f168.06 de273.60 d
毯苗机插 MC40+80176.80 a178.64 ab273.84 d
40+100172.90 ab179.62 ab289.80 c
40+120166.40 cd172.62 cd275.24 d
CK158.60 e165.62 e255.64 e
年份Y*****
栽培方式CM******
控释肥配比CRFR******
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFRnsnsns
处理同表2, 缩写同表3表4。同列同一年份标注不同小写字母的数据处理间差异达0.05显著水平, *和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著, ns表示不显著。
Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same year are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. * and ** are significant difference at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. ns indicates no significant difference. The abbreviations are the same as those in Tables 3 and 4. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2.

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2.6 不同栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻各阶段干物质积累的影响

表8可见, 2年干物质积累规律表现一致。相同肥料处理下, 播种至拔节期干物质积累量表现为毯苗机插高于钵苗机插, 增幅2.2%~7.1%。拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期, 干物质积累量均表现为钵苗机插高于毯苗机插, 增幅1.5%~7.4%。钵苗机插与毯苗机插栽培方式下, 播种至拔节阶段, 3种控释肥处理干物质积累量均显著高于CK处理, 3种控释肥处理间表现为40+80处理最高, 较CK显著增加14.6%~22.9%。拔节至抽穗阶段, 3种控释肥处理积累量均高于CK处理, 其中40+100处理最高, 较CK显著增加7.2%~12.8%。抽穗至成熟阶段, 3种控释肥处理中40+100和40+120处理干物质积累量高于CK处理, 其中40+120处理最高, 较CK显著增加5.4%~8.4%。

Table 8
表8
表8栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻水稻各阶段干物质积累的影响
Table 8Effects of cultivation method and controlled-release fertilizer ratio on dry matter accumulation of late-maturing medium japonica rice at different stages
年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
播种至拔节SS-JS拔节至抽穗JS-HS抽穗至成熟HS-MS
积累量Accumulation
(t hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
积累量Accumulation
(t hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
积累量Accumulation
(t hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
2018
钵苗机插 MT40+804.93 ab25.95 b6.95 bc36.63 c7.10 c37.42 f
40+1004.59 cd23.82 d7.23 a37.50 a7.45 b38.68 d
40+1204.39 d23.27 e6.66 de35.29 f7.83 a41.44 a
CK4.01 e22.68 f6.41 fg36.31 d7.24 bc41.01 b
毯苗机插 MC40+805.01 a26.55 a6.79 cd36.00 e7.06 c37.45 f
40+1004.73 bc24.69 c7.06 ab36.87 b7.36 b38.44 e
40+1204.48 d23.92 d6.53 ef34.88 g7.71 a41.20 b
CK4.09 e23.38 e6.27 g35.86 e7.13 c40.76 c
2019
钵苗机插 MT40+805.05 c25.34 ab6.79 b34.08 ab8.09 f40.58 d
40+1004.83 d23.23 bc7.19 a34.61 a8.76 b42.16 bc
40+1204.73 e22.98 bc6.75 b32.81 bc9.10 a44.21 a
CK4.38 f22.21 bc6.71 b34.03 ab8.63 c43.76 a
毯苗机插 MC40+805.40 a27.66 a6.24 c31.94 cd7.89 g40.40 d
40+1005.14 b25.23 ab6.74 b33.09 bc8.49 d41.68 cd
40+1205.06 c24.62 ab6.37 c31.00 d9.12 a44.38 a
CK4.71 e24.37 ab6.21 c32.13 cd8.41 e43.50 b
年份Y**ns********
栽培方式CM**********
控释肥配比CRFR************
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFRnsnsns*nsns
处理同表2, 缩写同表3表4。同列同一年份标注不同小写字母的数据处理间差异达0.05显著水平, *和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著, ns表示不显著。
Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same year are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. * and ** are significant difference at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. ns indicates no significant difference. Abbreviations are the same as those in Tables 3 and 4. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2.

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2.7 不同栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻氮素积累的影响

表9可见, 2年氮素积累规律表现一致。南粳9108相同肥料处理下, 播种至拔节阶段, 毯苗机插水稻氮素积累量较钵苗机插高3.2%~6.8%。拔节至抽穗阶段, 钵苗机插水稻氮素积累量较毯苗机插显著增加14.7%~16.0%。抽穗至成熟阶段, 钵苗机插氮素积累量较毯苗机插高4.5%~6.0%。钵苗机插与毯苗机插栽培方式下, 播种至拔节阶段, 3种控释肥处理氮素积累量均高于CK处理, 3种控释肥处理间表现为40+80>40+100>40+120, 其中40+80和40+ 100控释肥处理较CK分别显著增加了10.9%~13.5%和8.2%~11.0%。拔节至抽穗阶段, 3种控释肥处理中, 40+100处理氮素积累量高于CK处理, 较CK增加1.6%~4.5%, 40+80和40+120处理较低于CK。抽穗至成熟阶段, 3种控释肥处理中40+120处理氮素积累量显著高于CK处理, 增幅6.5%~8.1%, 40+80和40+100处理较低于CK。

Table 9
表9
表9栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻氮素积累的影响
Table 9Effects of cultivation method and controlled-release fertilizer ratio on nitrogen accumulation in late-maturing medium japonica rice
年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
播种至拔节SS-JS拔节至抽穗JS-HS抽穗至成熟HS-MS
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
2018
钵苗机插 MT40+80112.90 ab52.20 cd72.43 a33.49 bc30.94 ef14.31 e
40+100110.87 bc50.45 e74.16 a33.75 b34.72 bc15.80 c
40+120104.48 de49.44 e69.00 ab32.65 cd37.86 a17.91 a
CK99.85 e48.03 f73.00 a35.12 a35.01 bc16.85 b
年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
播种至拔节SS-JS拔节至抽穗JS-HS抽穗至成熟HS-MS
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
毯苗机插 MC40+80117.23 a56.00 a62.13 cd29.67 f29.98 f14.33 de
40+100114.10 ab53.66 b65.93 bc31.00 e32.62 de15.34 cd
40+120107.07 cd52.66 bc60.08 d29.56 f36.16 ab17.78 ab
CK103.21 de51.50 d63.38 cd31.63 de33.81 cd16.87 b
2019
钵苗机插 MT40+80115.15 b52.01 c74.57 ab33.68 a31.68 e14.31 cd
40+100111.42 bc49.43 d77.16 a34.23 a36.86 bc16.34 b
40+120106.75 cd49.29 d70.22 bc32.42 b39.63 a18.29 a
CK103.02 d47.92 e74.78 ab34.78 a37.20 b17.30 ab
毯苗机插 MC40+80122.53 a56.60 a63.45 de29.30 d30.53 e14.10 d
40+100120.80 a54.56 b66.83 cd30.19 cd33.78 d15.25 c
40+120112.68 b53.15 c61.57 e29.04 d37.76 ab17.81 a
CK110.10 bc52.64 c63.95 de30.57 c35.13 cd16.79 b
年份Y**ns****ns
栽培方式CM***********
控释肥配比CRFR************
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR******ns
处理同图2, 缩写同表3表4。同列同一年份标注不同小写字母的数据处理间差异达0.05显著水平, *和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著, ns表示不显著。
Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same year are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. * and ** are significant difference at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. ns indicates no significant difference. Abbreviations are the same as those in Tables 3 and 4. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2.

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2.8 不同栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻氮素利用的影响

表10可见, 2年氮肥利用规律表现一致。南粳9108相同控释肥处理下, 钵苗机插2年的氮素回收利用率、氮素农学利用率、氮素生理利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素籽粒生产效率高于毯苗机插, 分别增加了2.3%~2.4%、5.0%~6.1%、2.5%~3.6%、3.8%~4.9%和2.6%~2.7%。钵苗机插与毯苗机插栽培方式下, 3种控释肥处理2年的氮素回收利用率均高于CK, 平均高5.9%~8.2%, 这是因为控释肥处理持续的养分释放使得水稻在各个阶段都能够吸收养分, 从而获得较高的吸氮量。40+80和40+100控释肥处理2年的氮素农学利用率、氮素生理利用率、氮肥偏生产力均高于CK, 40+120控释肥处理2年的氮素农学利用率、氮素生理利用率、氮肥偏生产力均低于CK, 3种控释肥处理间2年的氮素回收利用率、氮素农学利用率、氮素生理利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素籽粒生产效率均表现为40+100>40+80> 40+120, 其中40+100控释肥处理2年的氮素回收利用率、氮素农学利用率、氮素生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力较CK分别显著增加了10.0%~12.5%、24.6%~ 30.5%、11.4%~18.6%和7.3%~9.1%, 氮素籽粒生产效率较CK增加了1.3%~4.1%。

Table 10
表10
表10栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻氮素利用的影响
Table 10Effects of cultivation methods and controlled-release fertilizer ratios on nitrogen utilization of late-maturing medium japonica rice
年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
氮素回收利用率
NRE (%)
氮素农学利用率
AE (kg kg-1)
氮素生理利用率
PNUE (kg kg-1)
氮肥偏生产力
PFP (kg kg-1)
氮素籽粒生产效率
NUEG (kg kg-1)
2018
钵苗机插 MT40+8040.52 ab12.31 abc30.38 b38.44 b48.00 b
40+10041.81 a13.90 a33.25 a40.04 a49.19 a
40+12038.69 cd9.83 d25.40 d35.96 d45.94 c
CK37.40 de11.16 cd29.84 bc37.30 c48.45 ab
毯苗机插 MC40+8039.76 bc11.90 bc29.94 bc37.19 c47.96 b
40+10040.98 ab13.27 ab32.39 a38.56 b48.95 a
40+12037.52 de9.23 d24.62 d34.52 e45.84 c
CK36.44 e10.56 cd29.00 c35.85 d48.31 ab
2019
钵苗机插 MT40+8040.87 ab13.23 bc32.38 c40.07 b48.87 ab
40+10042.36 a15.05 a35.52 a41.89 a50.17 a
40+12039.09 c10.60 e27.13 e37.44 cd46.68 de
CK38.50 cd11.53 de29.95 d38.37 bc48.19 bc
毯苗机插 MC40+8039.94 bc12.25 cd30.68 d37.96 c47.34 cd
40+10041.75 a14.07 ab33.69 b39.78 b48.51 bc
40+12038.27 cd10.18 e26.59 e35.89 d45.71 e
CK37.22 d11.02 de29.63 d36.74 cd47.42 cd
年份Y******ns
栽培方式CM********
控释肥配比CRFR**********
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFRnsnsnsnsns
处理同表2, 缩写同表4。同列同一年份标注不同小写字母的数据处理间差异达0.05显著水平, *和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著, ns表示不显著。
Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same year are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. * and ** are significant difference at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. ns indicates no significant difference. NRE: nitrogen recovery use efficiency; AE: agronomic nitrogen use efficiency; PNUE: physiological nitrogen use efficiency; PFP: partial factor productivity of applied N; NUEG: nitrogen use efficiency for grain production. Other abbreviations are the same as those in Table 4. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2.

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进一步分析栽培方式和控释肥互作对迟熟中粳稻南粳9108氮肥利用效率的影响。方差分析表明, 年份对氮素回收利用率、氮素农学利用率、氮素生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力影响均达显著或极显著水平, 对氮素籽粒生产效率影响不显著。栽培方式和控释肥配比对氮肥利用效率各指标影响均达显著或极显著水平。栽培方式和控释肥配比互作对氮肥利用效率各指标影响不显著。

2.9 不同栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻食味值的影响

图1可见, 2年食味值规律表现一致。相同肥料处理下, 钵苗机插水稻的食味值较低于毯苗机插。钵苗机插与毯苗机插栽培方式下, 40+80 d和40+100 d的食味值均高于CK, 其中40+80 d控释肥处理的食味值最高, 40+120 d控释肥处理的食味值低于CK。3种控释肥处理食味值2年均表现为40+80>40+100>40+120。

图1

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图1栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳食味值的影响

缩写同表3, 处理同表2。
Fig. 1Effects of cultivation methods and controlled-release fertilizer ratio on taste value of late-maturing medium japonica rice

Abbreviations and treatment are the same as those in Tables 3 and 2, respectively.


3 讨论

3.1 栽培方式对水稻产量和氮素积累利用的影响

近些年来, 机械插秧已经逐步取代手插秧, 成为主流作业方式[18]。选择适合的机插方式是获得高产的关键。本试验研究发现, 钵苗机插的产量、干物质积累以及光合势显著高于毯苗机插。与毯苗育秧方式相比, 钵苗育秧方式有利于培育大龄壮秧[19], 提高群体有效生长量, 构建高光效群体[20], 从而获得较高的每穗粒数[21], 形成较大的穗型[22], 显著增加群体颖花量[23], 同时还能提高水稻后期的物质生产力, 保证水稻后期的籽粒灌浆, 获得较高的干物质积累, 稳定的结实率和千粒重[24], 从而获得高产。

水稻氮素的吸收积累与栽培方式密切相关。本试验条件下, 从2年数据来看, 与毯苗机插相比, 钵苗机插水稻前期的基本苗相对较少, 其在播种至拔节阶段的茎蘖总数和物质积累量均低于毯苗机插, 因此, 该阶段吸收积累的氮素也低于毯苗机插。而与毯苗机插相比, 钵苗机插的秧龄要大10 d, 因为带钵移栽, 水稻移栽到大田后无植伤和缓苗期[25], 低位分蘖发生数量较多[26], 尽管因为基本苗数少, 其在拔节期的高峰苗数低, 但是成穗率较高[21], 同时, 由于低位分蘖发生时间早, 茎蘖生长充分, 易形成壮秆大穗[22], 因此, 其在拔节至抽穗和抽穗至成熟阶段的物质与氮素积累均显著高于毯苗机插, 从而获得更高的产量, 具有更高的氮肥利用效率。

3.2 控释肥配比对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

水稻控释氮肥的释放规律是影响水稻产量的重要因素[27]。控释肥能够通过调节养分释放模式, 实现水稻氮素养分的动态平衡[28]。前人研究表明, 与常规施肥(CK)相比, 控释肥与速效氮肥混合施入能够减少氮的径流淋溶和硝化-反硝化等途径损失[29,30], 延缓水稻生育根系和叶片的衰老[31,32], 提高水稻地上部对氮素的吸收量[33], 提高氮肥利用率[34], 本试验条件下, 从2年数据可以看出, 与常规施肥(CK)相比, 控释肥处理具有更高的氮素积累量以及氮素利用, 能够获得更高的茎蘖数和叶面积指数, 更高的光合物质生产, 从而形成高产群体结构, 为提高产量定下了基础。根据已有的研究表明, 水稻在移栽后需要基蘖肥提供养分使其返青活棵以及促进分蘖的发生, 提高其有效穗数, 穗分化阶段则需要施用穗肥促进其颖花分化, 抑制颖花退化[35]

本试验中, 钵苗机插与毯苗机插栽培条件下, 迟熟中粳稻南粳9108的有效分蘖临界叶龄期在移栽后20~25 d左右, 拔节期在移栽后40~45 d左右, 穗分化叶龄期在移栽后45~50 d左右, 抽穗期在移栽后70~73 d左右。一次性施肥配方只有在满足水稻生育前期(移栽期至拔节期)氮素吸收的基础上, 保证生育中后期(拔节期至成熟期)的氮素吸收才能获得高产[36]。本试验采用速效氮肥与不同控释期控释肥混合一次性施用正是为了满足水稻前中后期各个阶段的养分需求。40+100 d控释肥处理中50%的速效氮肥部分为南粳9108提供了移栽后返青活棵所需的养分, 40 d控释肥的释肥高峰大概在移栽后20 d左右, 在40 d时肥效大概释放其总量的80%左右, 40 d的控释肥以及在前期有一定养分释放的100 d控释肥为南粳9108提供了有效分蘖临界叶龄期前所需的养分, 促进了有效分蘖的发生, 100 d的长效控释肥的释肥高峰大概在移栽后45 d左右, 满足了南粳9108穗分化时期的养分需求, 促进了南粳9108的颖花分化, 其在移栽70 d (抽穗)后还存在一部分的养分释放, 抑制了南粳9108的颖花退化, 提高了结实率。因此40+100控释肥处理能够获得更高的产量, 具有更高的氮肥利用效率。与100 d控释肥相比, 80 d的控释肥释肥高峰相对较早, 使得南粳9108前期茎蘖数较多, 后期(抽穗后)由于养分供给不足, 导致千粒重和结实率相对较低, 籽粒蛋白质含量下降, 食味值较高。120 d的控释肥与100 d的控释肥相比, 释肥高峰相对较晚, 使得南粳9108前中期养分吸收相对较少, 导致其有效穗数减少, 群体颖花量下降, 结实率相对较低, 产量下降。

4 结论

迟熟中粳稻在相同肥料处理下, 钵苗机插的增产效果较好, 同时还提高了氮肥利用效率。3种控释肥配比处理中, 10% 40 d+40% 100 d的控释肥配比更能满足迟熟中粳稻生长发育各阶段对养分的需求, 能够构建高产群体, 保证后期光合产物积累, 获得高产, 并提高水稻氮肥利用效率。综上所述, 钵苗机插是更利于优质粳稻获得高产的栽培方式, 同时在钵苗机插条件下, 10% 40 d+40% 100 d的控释肥配比可作为优质粳稻简化施肥的最佳方案。

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