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不同播期条件下黄淮海区主推夏播玉米品种籽粒灌浆特性

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-26

徐田军,**, 吕天放,**, 赵久然,*, 王荣焕,*, 张勇, 蔡万涛, 刘月娥, 刘秀芝, 陈传永, 邢锦丰, 王元东, 刘春阁北京市农林科学院玉米研究中心 / 玉米DNA指纹及分子育种北京市重点实验室, 北京100097

Grain filling characteristics of summer maize varieties under different sowing dates in the Huang-Huai-Hai region

XU Tian-Jun,**, LYU Tian-Fang,**, ZHAO Jiu-Ran,*, WANG Rong-Huan,*, ZHANG Yong, CAI Wan-Tao, LIU Yue-E, LIU Xiu-Zhi, CHEN Chuan-Yong, XING Jin-Feng, WANG Yuan-Dong, LIU Chun-GeMaize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences / Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Beijing 10097, China

通讯作者: *赵久然, E-mail: maizezhao@126.com; 王荣焕, E-mail: ronghuanwang@126.com

同等贡献(Contributed equally to this work)
收稿日期:2020-04-29接受日期:2020-09-14网络出版日期:2021-03-12
基金资助:国家重点研发计划项目.2017YFD0101202
北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设专项.KJCX20170708
北京市农林科学院青年科研基金.QNJJ201728
国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资助.CARS-02-11


Received:2020-04-29Accepted:2020-09-14Online:2021-03-12
Fund supported: National Key Research and Development Program of China .2017YFD0101202
Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences.KJCX20170708
Youth Research Fund of the Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences .QNJJ201728
China Agriculture Research System.CARS-02-11

作者简介 About authors
徐田军, E-mail: xtjxtjbb@163.com;

吕天放, E-mail: 314565358@qq.com













摘要
以京农科728等18个黄淮海区主推夏播玉米品种为研究材料, 设置6月10日(S1)、6月20日(S2)和6月30日(S3)共3个播期处理, 研究夏播玉米品种在不同播期条件下的籽粒灌浆特性, 以期为玉米品种选择及高产栽培提供参考和指导。结果表明: (1)成熟期百粒重在不同播期及品种间存在极显著差异, 不同播期间表现为S1 (35.20 g) > S2 (33.45 g) >S3 (31.38 g); 不同品种间变幅为28.50 g (华美1号)~36.37 g (京农科728)。(2)籽粒平均灌浆速率(Gave)在不同播期条件下表现为S1 (0.74 g 100-grain -1 d-1) > S2 (0.65 g 100-grain -1 d-1) > S3 (0.57 g 100-grain -1 d-1), S1平均灌浆速率分别比S2、S3高0.09 和0.17 g 100-grain-1 d-1, 增幅分别为13.85%和29.82%; 18个品种平均灌浆速率以京农科728 (0.75 g 100-grain-1 d-1)最高, 显著高于郑单958和先玉335 (0.58 g 100-grain-1 d-1和0.67 g 100-grain-1 d-1), 增幅为29.31%和11.94%。(3)不同播期间参试品种产量表现为S1 (10,628.67 kg hm-2) > S2 (10,207.65 kg hm -2) > S3 (9144.59 kg hm -2), S1分别较S2、S3高4.12%、16.23%; S1与S2下产量相差不大。不同品种间, NK815、MC121、京农科729、MC812、京农科728和先玉335产量相对较高, 平均为10,730.56 kg hm-2, 显著高于郑单958 (10,080.85 kg hm-2), 增幅为6.44%。(4)相关分析表明, 产量与平均灌浆速率(0.70**)、粒重(0.68**)呈极显著正相关; 与活跃灌浆期(-0.36**)呈极显著负相关, 而粒重与平均灌浆速率(0.58**)呈极显著正相关。因此, 黄淮海区夏播玉米抢时早播有利于获得更高产量, 玉米品种可选择种植中熟或中早熟、灌浆速率高、活跃灌浆期适中、产量水平较高的京农科728、京农科729、MC812、MC121、NK815和先玉335等。在播种较晚或积温不足地区, 可选择种植中早熟、灌浆速度快的高产型品种京农科728, 6月30日播种、10月16日达生理成熟, 可实现玉米高产。
关键词: 黄淮海区;夏播玉米;籽粒灌浆特性;播期

Abstract
In order to provide helpful information for maize variety selection and realizing high yield, the grain filling characteristics of 18 summer maize varieties were investigated under 6/10 (S1), 6/20 (S2), and 6/30 (S3). The results showed that: (1) There were significant differences in the final 100-grain dry weight among varieties and sowing date treatments, characterized by S1 (35.20 g) > S2 (33.45 g) > S3 (31.38 g), and the range of variation was 28.50 g (HM 1) to 36.37 g (JNK 728). (2) The average filling rate (Gave) under different sowing date treatments was S1 (0.74 g 100-grain -1d-1) > S2 (0.65 g 100-grain -1d-1) > S3 (0.57 g 100-grain -1d-1). The average grain filling rate of S1 was 0.09 g 100-grain-1d-1and 0.17 g 100-grain-1d-1 higher than that of S2 and S3, increased by 13.85% and 29.82%, respectively. The Gave of JNK 728 (0.75 g 100-grain -1 d-1) was the highest among varieties, which significantly higher than ZD 958 and XY 335 (0.58 g 100-grain-1 d-1 and 0.67 g 100-grain-1 d-1), increased by 29.31% and 11.94%. The active grain filling period (P) showed that S1 (47.85 d) < S2 (51.39 d) < S3 (55.04 d). (3) The yield under different sowing date treatments was S1 (10,628.67 kg hm-2) > S2 (10,207.65 kg hm -2) > S3 (9144.59 kg hm -2), with S1 4.12% and 16.23% higher than S2 and S3, respectively. Among them, NK 815, MC 121, JNK 729, MC 812, JNK 728 and XY 335 had relatively high yields, with an average of 10,730.56 kg hm-2, significantly higher than ZD 958 (10,080.85 kg hm-2), increased by 6.44%. (4) Correlation analysis showed that yield level was significantly and positively correlated with Gave (0.70 **) and grain weight (0.68**), and was significantly and negatively correlated with P (-0.36 **); Grain weight was significantly correlated with Gave (0.58 **). In conclusion, maize yield, grain weight and grain filling rate reduced with the sowing date delay, but P increased accordingly, early sowing properly was beneficial to achieve higher yield in Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region, by selecting varieties such as JNK 728, JNK 729, MC 812, MC 121, NK 815, and XY 335 which characterized by suitable growing period, higher grain filling rate, suitable active grain filling period and higher yield level. JNK 728, characterized by medium-early maturity, higher grain filling rate and yield, was suitable for the later sowing conditions or areas with insufficient accumulated temperature, and could reach physiological maturity in mid-October when sowing at the end of June.
Keywords:Huang-Huai-Hai region;summer maize;grain filling characteristics;sowing date


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本文引用格式
徐田军, 吕天放, 赵久然, 王荣焕, 张勇, 蔡万涛, 刘月娥, 刘秀芝, 陈传永, 邢锦丰, 王元东, 刘春阁. 不同播期条件下黄淮海区主推夏播玉米品种籽粒灌浆特性[J]. 作物学报, 2021, 47(3): 566-574. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03023
XU Tian-Jun, LYU Tian-Fang, ZHAO Jiu-Ran, WANG Rong-Huan, ZHANG Yong, CAI Wan-Tao, LIU Yue-E, LIU Xiu-Zhi, CHEN Chuan-Yong, XING Jin-Feng, WANG Yuan-Dong, LIU Chun-Ge. Grain filling characteristics of summer maize varieties under different sowing dates in the Huang-Huai-Hai region[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2021, 47(3): 566-574. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03023


玉米是我国种植面积最大、总产量最高的第一大粮食作物, 对保障国家粮食安全和满足市场需求发挥着主力军作用[1]。黄淮海夏玉米区是中国玉米优势产区之一, 主要种植制度是冬小麦夏玉米一年两熟制, 光温资源紧张、耕种时间短是该地区农业生产的主要矛盾[2]。近年来, 受夏季降水分布及地下水资源匮乏的影响, 该区玉米播种至出苗期常常遭遇干旱, 夏玉米出苗期推迟而不能正常成熟, 导致玉米产量和品质受影响较大。筛选并种植熟期适宜、高产玉米品种可充分利用光温资源, 提高干物质积累量, 为玉米高产提供物质基础。

玉米产量由公顷穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等因素构成[3], 籽粒灌浆状况对产量的形成至关重要。玉米籽粒灌浆特性是决定粒重进而影响产量的重要因素。玉米品种间籽粒灌浆速率差异较大[4,5]。前人研究表明, 玉米籽粒灌浆速率与品种的遗传因素和环境因素密切相关, 受基因的加性效应控制和环境因素影响[6,7,8]。播期主要通过调节光热资源进而影响籽粒灌浆过程。灌浆期间的温度的变化对玉米籽粒灌浆影响较大。随播期推迟, 籽粒灌浆期缩短, 籽粒未能达到正常生理成熟, 从而使籽粒质量下降, 造成减产[9,10]。筛选并种植熟期适宜、籽粒灌浆快的玉米品种是黄淮海夏播区实现玉米优质高产的重要前提。因此, 本文以京农科728等18个黄淮海主推夏播玉米品种为研究材料, 设置不同播期处理, 研究籽粒灌浆特性和产量变化,筛选适宜黄淮海区主推夏播玉米品种, 以期为玉米生产品种筛选和高产栽培提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地点

试验于2018年在北京市农林科学院通州试验基地(40°18′N, 116°45′E, 海拔40 m)进行。试验田耕层土壤(0~20 cm)含有机质9.88 mg kg-1、碱解氮91.9 mg kg-1、速效磷28.30 mg kg-1、速效钾168 mg kg-1。参试品种灌浆期内气象条件如表1所示。

Table 1
表1
表1参试品种灌浆期内气象条件(2018年)
Table 1Meteorological condition during maize grain filling stage in 2018
月份
Month
空气温度
Air temperature (℃)
空气湿度
Air humidity (%)
蒸发量
Evaporation (mm h-1)
降雨量
Rainfall (mm)
风速
Wind speed (m s-1)
July26.855.76.3233.90.3
August26.749.86.1119.51.4
September19.038.113.633.12.6
October10.235.612.222.92.5
November7.640.022.651.62.5

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1.2 试验材料

供试材料为18个黄淮海区生产主栽夏播玉米品种(表2)。

Table 2
表2
表2参试玉米品种
Table 2Information of maize varieties in the experiments
品种
Variety
母本
Female parent
父本
Male parent
生育期 Growing stage (d)
S1S2S3
京农科728 Jingnongke 728京MC01 Jing MC01京2416 Jing 2416103106108
京农科729 Jingnongke 729京MC01 Jing MC01京2418 Jing 2418108110113
MC812京B547 Jing B547京2416 Jing 2416110112115
MC121京72464 Jing 72464京2416 Jing 2416110114117
NK815京B547 Jing B547C1120112115117
MC703京X005 Jing X005京17 Jing 17112113116
MC278京X005 Jing X005京27 Jing 27110115118
SK567SK516SK1098107108112
郑单958 Zhengdan 958郑58 Zheng 58昌7-2 Chang 7-2117122125
先玉335 Xianyu 335PH6WCPH4CV113116120
登海605 Denghai 605DH351DH382115115118
农华101 Nonghua 101NH60S121111112115
华美1号 Huamei 1HF12202HM12111103106106
联创808 Lianchuang 808CT3566CT3354114114118
迪卡517 Dika 517D1798ZHCL645109109109
伟科702 Weike 702WK858WK798-2117122125
蠡玉35 Liyu 35L5895912116116121
裕丰303 Yufeng 303CT1669CT3354117122125

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1.3 试验设计

设置6月10日(S1)、6月20日(S2)和6月30日(S3)共3个播期处理, 12个行区, 行距0.6 m, 行长10 m, 小区面积72 m2, 3次重复, 种植密度为67,500株 hm-2。田间管理同当地一般大田。

1.4 测定项目与方法

吐丝前, 在每个小区分别选择生长健壮整齐一致的果穗进行挂牌标记。各品种在3个播期处理下均自授粉后15 d开始取样, 每7 d取样1次, 直至各品种达到生理成熟期(以乳线消失且黑层出现作为生理成熟的判定标准),之后每隔5 d取样1次。测定时如遇降水天气, 则取样顺延1 d。每次从各小区取3穗, 取果穗中部籽粒100粒, 在105℃烘箱中杀青30 min后, 80℃烘干至恒量, 称取各品种百粒干物重。以授粉后天数(d)为自变量、百粒重为因变量(W), 参照朱庆森等[11]的方法, 利用Richards方程W=A(1+Be-Ct)-1/D模拟籽粒灌浆过程。籽粒灌浆速率: F=ACBe-Ct/(1+Be-Ct)(D+1)/D, 式中: W为粒重(g); A为最终粒重(g); t为授粉后天数(d); B、C、D为回归方程所确定的参数, 其中, A为终极生长量, B为初值参数, C为生长速率参数, D为形状参数, 当D=1时, 即为Logistic方程。

最大灌浆速率Gmax = (CWmax/D)[1-(Wmax/A)D];

灌浆活跃期(约完成总积累量的90%) P = 2(D+2)/C;

平均灌浆速率Gave = AC/(2D+4)。

1.5 测产及考种

收获期, 剔除边行植株, 各小区人工收获中间4行, 然后自然风干, 考种后脱粒计产(按14%标准含水量折算产量)。

1.6 数据分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2007和SAS 9.0处理数据。以授粉后天数(x)为自变量、百粒干物重(y)为变量, 运用Curve Expert Pro 1.5.0软件的Richards模型对参试品种在不同播期条件下的籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合, 并计算次级灌浆参数, 分析籽粒灌浆过程。

2 结果与分析

2.1 参试品种熟期类型划分及生育期

对参试玉米品种生育期进行系统聚类分析(图1)。当阈值等于10时, 可将参试玉米品种熟期类型分为3类: 京农科728、华美1号、京农科729、SK567和迪卡517为中早熟品种; MC812、农华101、MC703、MC121、MC278、NK815、登海605、联创808、先玉335、蠡玉35为中熟品种; 伟科702、裕丰303和郑单958为中晚熟品种。

图1

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图1参试玉米品种生育期的聚类分析

Fig. 1Cluster analysis of growth stage in maize varieties



表2可见, 参试品种的生育期随播期推迟呈延长趋势, 具体表现为S1 (111.33 d) < S2 (113.72 d) < S3 (116.56 d)。不同品种间生育期表现为中早熟品种平均为107.8 d; 中熟品种平均为114.7 d; 中晚熟品种平均为121.3 d。在3个播期条件下, 京农科728生育期较稳定(CV = 2.52%), 在S3播期条件下生育期仅为108 d, 可在10月16日达生理成熟。

2.2 参试品种在不同播期条件下的生育期和产量

随播期推迟, 参试品种最终百粒干物重呈降低趋势(表3)。方差分析表明, 不同播期及品种间最终百粒干物重的差异均达到极显著水平。不同播期间表现为S1 (35.20 g) > S2 (33.45 g) > S3 (31.38 g); 不同品种间以京农科728最高(平均为36.37 g), 登海605次之(35.81 g), 华美1号最低(28.50 g)。参试品种产量随播期推迟呈降低趋势(表3),

Table 3
表3
表3参试品种在不同播期条件下的百粒重和产量
Table 3100-grain weight and yield level of the tested varieties under different sowing dates
品种
Variety
百粒重100-grain weight (g)产量Yield (kg hm-2)
S1S2S3S1S2S3
京农科728 Jingnongke 72837.78±1.41 b36.47±1.23 b34.85±1.04 b11,026.26±447.48 ab10,734.52±84.51 cd9879.00±298.62 e
京农科729 Jingnongke 72934.23±2.22 d30.97±1.26 f29.55±1.11 g11,156.55±155.33 ab10,918.01±296.01 ab10,355.65±55.50 c
MC81234.30±1.52 d32.97±1.15 e32.69±1.32 d11,050.99±257.58 ab10,850.02±118.02 bc10,046.70±104.87 d
MC12136.19±2.43 b35.61±1.34 b32.00±1.24 d11,210.39±425.71 ab10,940.54±224.31 ab10,479.02±125.19 b
NK81534.59±3.15 d32.55±2.12 e30.90±1.51 f11,605.02±257.65 a11,011.53±143.92 a10,711.34±36.68 a
MC70337.58±2.62 a34.22±1.32 c33.44±1.06 c10,835.99±456.4 bcde10,597.03±83.73 e9378.70±774.69 fg
MC27837.44±2.22 a34.83±2.12 c31.62±1.12 e10,682.36±721.81 bcde10,285.22±83.42 f9288.10±437.69 gh
SK56730.81±1.01 e30.44±1.12 f27.66±1.14 h9746.41±111.99 fg9498.51±149.61 ij7916.62±814.08 k
郑单958 Zhengdan 95836.52±2.20 b33.60±1.12 d32.25±1.13 d10,747.78±726.79 bcde10,206.51±161.92 f9288.26±23.48 gh
先玉335 Xianyu 33537.15±1.53 a36.29±1.23 a31.64±2.21 e10,936.19±171.84 bc10,764.01±174.62 cd9474.41±244.31 f
登海605 Denghai 60537.83±1.16 a35.53±1.54 b34.07±1.09 b10,905.01±256.97 bcd10,694.12±130.81 de9452.65±28.26 f
农华101 Nonghua 10135.47±2.63 c35.55±1.43 b35.67±1.15 a10,292.4±204.57 cdef9701.51±162.00 gh8716.17±378.25 i
华美1号 Huamei 130.81±1.34 e28.75±1.33 g25.95±1.16 i9743.36±485.36 fg9452.01±194.61 j7533.42±291.61 l
联创808 Lianchuang 80837.46±1.44 a33.00±1.01 d31.84±1.09 e10,262.81±793.87 defg9595.03±98.44 hi8677.98±196.82 i
迪卡517 Dika 51733.21±1.91 d32.06±2.23 d27.43±1.06 h9626.66±558.17 g8908.52±120.00 k7290.37±302.06 m
伟科702 Weike 70233.87±1.33 d33.34±2.34 d30.64±1.19 f10,626.95±191.23 bcde10,272.53±136.53 f9252.92±126.18 h
蠡玉35 Liyu 3531.60±2.12 e31.25±2.12 f30.36±1.26 f10,241.00±746.64 efg9505.02±135.91 ij8110.34±670.58 j
裕丰303 Yufeng 30336.75±1.55 b34.74±2.56 c32.28±2.31 d10,620.01±701.97 bcde9803.02±83.82 g8750.96±328.03 i
平均值Average35.2033.4531.3810,628.6710,207.659144.59
均方
Mean squares
播期Sowing date****
品种Variety****
播期×品种Sowing date×Variety****
** 表示在P < 0.01水平差异显著。** indicates significant difference at P < 0.01.

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具体表现为S1 (10,628.67 kg hm-2) > S2 (10,207.65 kg hm-2) > S3 (9144.59 kg hm-2)。S1较S2、S3分别高4.12%、16.23%。不同熟期类型间产量表现为中早熟品种平均为9585.72 kg hm-2; 中熟品种平均为10,210.05 kg hm-2; 中晚熟品种平均为9952.10 kg hm-2。不同品种间, NK815产量最高, 平均为11,109.30 kg hm-2, 较郑单958 (10,080.85 kg hm-2)和先玉335 (10,391.54 kg hm-2)高10.20%和6.91%; MC121次之, 平均为10,876.65 kg hm-2; 迪卡517产量最低, 仅为8608.52 kg hm-2。参试品种京农科728、京农科729、MC812、MC121和NK815的产量平均为10,798.37 kg hm-2, 较郑单958和先玉335增产7.12%和3.92%。

2.3 参试玉米品种在不同播期条件下籽粒灌浆特征参数

表4可知, 以授粉后的天数(x)为自变量、粒重(W)为变量, 用Richards生长方程分别对参试品种在不同播期条件下的籽粒灌浆过程进行模拟, 结果表明决定系数(R2)为0.9936~0.9996, 说明该方程可以反映参试玉米品种在不同播期下的籽粒灌浆进程。

Table 4
表4
表4参试品种在不同播期条件下的籽粒灌浆Richards方程及灌浆参数
Table 4Richards equation and grain filling parameters of the tested varieties under different sowing dates
品种
Variety
播期
Sowing date
Richards方程 Richards equation拟合系数R2灌浆参数Grain filling parameter
W=A(1+Be-Ct) -1/D活跃灌浆期
P (d)
最大灌浆速率Gmax
(g 100-grain-1 d-1)
平均灌浆速率Gave
(g 100-grain-1 d-1)
京农科728
Jingnongke 728
S1W=36.78 (1+1.59e-0.10t)-1/0.150.999643.551.240.84
S2W=35.47 (1+2.04e-0.09t)-1/0.250.999048.021.090.74
S3W=33.85 (1+27.09e-0.12t)-1/0.970.998451.330.990.66
京农科729
Jingnongke 729
S1W=34.23 (1+1.73e-0.10t)-1/0.170.996242.791.180.80
S2W=30.97 (1+0.26e-0.09t)-1/0.040.998746.580.980.66
S3W=29.55 (1+18.35e-0.12t)-1/0.860.999148.380.910.61
MC812S1W=34.30 (1+2.59e-0.11t)-1/0.220.998640.601.250.84
S2W=32.95 (1+1.19e-0.09t)-1/0.160.998847.601.030.69
S3W=32.69 (1+0.41e-0.08t)-1/0.060.995552.450.920.62
MC121S1W=34.59 (1+0.75e-0.09t)-1/0.100.998245.011.130.77
S2W=32.31 (1+11.59e-0.11t)-1/0.580.997445.391.060.71
S3W=30.65 (1+0.86e-0.08t)-1/0.100.998050.390.900.61
NK815S1W=36.19 (1+4.95e-0.10t)-1/0.390.999146.681.150.78
S2W=35.61 (1+3.76e-0.09t)-1/0.340.999151.451.020.69
S3W=32.00 (1+0.75e-0.08t)-1/0.090.993651.590.910.62
MC703S1W=37.58 (1+1.15e-0.09t)-1/0.130.999349.501.120.76
S2W=34.22 (1+1.27e-0.09t)-1/0.160.999250.611.000.68
S3W=33.44 (1+2.17e-0.08t)-1/0.250.998459.530.830.56
MC278S1W=37.44 (1+18.79e-0.11t)-1/0.780.998850.201.110.75
S2W=34.83 (1+0.97e-0.08t)-1/0.120.999351.850.950.65
S3W=31.62 (1+0.78e-0.08t)-1/0.100.998253.860.900.61
品种
Variety
播期
Sowing date
Richards 方程 Richards equation拟合系数R2灌浆参数Grain filling parameter
W=A(1+Be-Ct) -1/D活跃灌浆期
P (d)
最大灌浆速率Gmax
(g 100-grain-1 d-1)
平均灌浆速率Gave
(g 100-grain-1 d-1)
SK567S1W=30.81 (1+0.65e-0.10t)-1/0.060.996540.751.110.76
S2W=30.44 (1+0.79e-0.09t)-1/0.100.997748.360.930.63
S3W=27.66 (1+23.66e-0.11t)-1/0.930.997751.070.810.54
郑单958
Zhengdan 958
S1W=36.52 (1+0.63e-0.07t)-1/0.090.999056.570.940.64
S2W=33.60 (1+0.77e-0.07t)-1/0.110.997657.290.870.59
S3W=32.25 (1+1.96e-0.07t)-1/0.260.997763.750.750.51
先玉335
Xianyu 335
S1W=37.15 (1+1.32e-0.09t)-1/0.140.999548.851.120.76
S2W=36.29 (1+0.81e-0.08t)-1/0.120.998353.370.970.66
S3W=31.64 (1+0.71e-0.08t)-1/0.090.999155.040.870.59
登海605
Denghai 605
S1W=37.83 (1+0.59e-0.08t)-1/0.070.999049.321.130.77
S2W=35.53 (1+0.73e-0.08t)-1/0.090.998653.760.970.66
S3W=34.07 (1+1.42e-0.07t)-1/0.160.997560.740.830.56
农华101
Nonghua 101
S1W=35.47 (1+29.06e-0.13t)-1/0.830.999144.331.190.8
S2W=35.55 (1+2.41e-0.09t)-1/0.270.998653.190.990.67
S3W=35.67 (1+1.16e-0.07t)-1/0.160.998359.410.880.60
华美1号
Huamei 1
S1W=31.41 (1+20.45e-0.13t)-1/0.610.999540.751.110.76
S2W=28.75 (1+1.90e-0.10t)-1/0.170.998443.290.980.66
S3W=25.95 (1+346.02e-0.16t)-1/1.940.999048.320.830.54
联创808
Lianchuang 808
S1W=37.46 (1+0.97e-0.08t)-1/0.120.999452.501.050.71
S2W=33.00 (1+8.01e-0.10t)-1/0.620.998054.670.900.60
S3W=31.84 (1+0.90e-0.07t)-1/0.130.999356.920.820.56
迪卡517
Dika 517
S1W=33.21 (1+1.21e-0.09t)-1/0.130.998646.841.040.71
S2W=32.06 (1+1.82e-0.09t)-1/0.200.998448.420.980.66
S3W=27.43 (1+36.16e-0.12t)-1/1.050.998951.380.800.53
伟科702
Weike 702
S1W=33.87 (1+0.28e-0.08t)-1/0.040.994553.680.930.63
S2W=33.34 (1+4.71e-0.08t)-1/0.420.996058.430.840.57
S3W=30.64 (1+1.12e-0.07t)-1/0.150.997958.800.770.52
蠡玉35
Liyu 35
S1W=31.60 (1+0.88e-0.08t)-1/0.100.998750.190.930.63
S2W=31.25 (1+0.76e-0.08t)-1/0.100.998953.710.860.58
S3W=30.36 (1+5.73e-0.08t)-1/0.100.998861.370.730.49
裕丰303
Yufeng 303
S1W=36.75 (1+0.57e-0.07t)-1/0.080.995858.470.920.63
S2W=34.74 (1+0.47e-0.07t)-1/0.080.996656.000.910.62
S3W=32.28 (1+0.98e-0.07t)-1/0.150.998860.150.790.54
均方
Mean squares
播期 Sowing date******
品种 Variety******
播期×品种Sowing date×variety******
**表示在P < 0.01水平差异显著。
R2: fitting coefficient; Gmax: maximum filling rate; P: active grain filling period; Gave: average grain filling rate. ** indicates significant differences at P < 0.01.

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参试品种灌浆特征参数在播期和品种间存在极显著差异。灌浆活跃期(P)在不同播期间表现为S1 (47.81 d) < S2 (51.22 d) < S3 (55.25 d), S3分别较S2、S1长3.41和7.44 d; 在不同熟期类型间表现为早熟品种(46.66 d) < 中熟品种(51.80 d) < 中晚熟品种(58.13 d)。不同品种间, 华美1号最短(44.12 d), 京农科729、京农科728、MC121和MC812基本相当(平均为46.84 d), 而裕丰303最长(58.21 d)。最大灌浆速率(Gmax)和平均灌浆速率(Gave)表现为S1 (1.09 g 100-grain-1 d-1和0.74 g 100-grain-1 d-1) >S2 (0.96 g 100-grain-1 d-1和0.65 g 100-grain-1 d-1) > S3 (0.85 g 100-grain-1 d-1和0.57 g 100-grain-1 d-1), S1平均灌浆速率分别比S2、S3高0.09和0.17 g 100-grain-1 d-1, 增幅分别为13.85%和29.82%; 不同熟期类型间表现为中早熟品种(1.00 g 100-grain-1 d-1和0.67g 100-grain-1 d-1)>中熟品种(0.98 g 100-grain-1 d-1和0.67 g 100-grain-1 d-1)>中晚熟品种(0.86 g 100-grain-1 d-1和0.58 g 100-grain-1 d-1)。不同品种间, GmaxGave以京农科728最高(平均为1.11 g 100-grain-1 d-1和0.75 g 100-grain-1 d-1), MC812 (平均为1.07 g 100-grain-1 d-1和0.72 g 100-grain-1 d-1)次之, 蠡玉35 (平均为0.84 g 100-grain-1 d-1和0.57 g 100-grain-1 d-1)最低。其中, 京农科728平均灌浆速率较郑单958 (平均为0.58 g 100-grain-1 d-1)和先玉335 (平均为0.67 g 100-grain-1 d-1)分别高29.31%和11.94%; MC812 (平均为0.72 g 100-grain-1 d-1)分别较郑单958和先玉335高24.14%和7.46%。

2.4 籽粒灌浆参数、粒重和产量的相关性

通过对参试玉米品种灌浆特征参数、粒重与产量进行相关分析(表5), 结果表明产量与平均灌浆速率(0.70**)、粒重(0.68**)呈极显著正相关; 与活跃灌浆期(-0.36**)呈极显著负相关。粒重与平均灌浆速率(0.58**)呈极显著正相关。

Table 5
表5
表5参试品种灌浆特征参数、粒重与产量相关性
Table 5Correlation analysis of grain filling parameters, grain weight, and yield level of the tested varieties
相关系数
Correlation coefficient
X1X2X3X4
X11.00
X2-0.77**1.00
X30.040.58**1.00
X4-0.36**0.70**0.68**1.00
X1: 活跃灌浆期; X2: 平均灌浆速率; X3: 粒重; X4: 产量。**表示在P < 0.01水平差异显著。
X1: the active grain filling period; X2: average grain filling rate; X3: grain weight; X4: yield level. ** indicates significant differences at P < 0.01.

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2.5 玉米产量、灌浆速率及其分类

采用双向平均法, 以参试品种不同播期条件下的籽粒灌浆速率和产量建立散点图(图2)。结果表明, 以早熟脱水快的玉米骨干自交系京2416及其改良系京2418为父本组配选育的早熟耐密国审品种京农科728、京农科729、MC812和MC121, 以及NK815、农华101和先玉335为灌浆快、高产型品种, 而郑单958、蠡玉35、伟科702等为灌浆速度较慢、中高产型的玉米品种。

图2

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图2基于产量和籽粒灌浆速率的品种分类

Fig. 2Classification according to yield level and grain filling rate of the tested varieties



3 讨论

玉米品种、环境因子和栽培技术措施是影响玉米产量的重要因素[12,13,14,15], 通过播期可改变光温条件, 使玉米生长发育处于有利环境, 从而实现玉米高产[16,17,18]。薛庆禹等[19]研究表明, 随播期推迟, 玉米生育期缩短。本研究表明, 参试品种生育期随播期推迟呈延长趋势。不同播期间参试品种生育期表现为S1 (111.33 d) &lt; S2 (113.72 d) &lt; S3 (116.56 d), 与薛庆禹研究的结果不一致, 可能与试验点生态条件的不同有关。参试品种产量随播期推迟呈降低趋势。参试品种的平均产量表现为S1较S2高4.12%, 较S3高16.23%, 这与Cirilo等[20]的结果一致。生育期与产量在一定范围内呈正相关关系, 适当延长生育期可增加产量[21]。黄淮海地区通常选择种植中晚熟或晚熟品种来获得较高产量, 但同时也带来收获期籽粒含水率偏高等问题, 导致籽粒破损率高、烘干成本增加, 影响了玉米籽粒机收质量, 严重制约了玉米籽粒机收技术的推广与应用[22,23]。本研究发现, 在黄淮海北部地区通过延长生育期来获得较高产量的潜力有限。以6月10日播种为例, 中晚熟品种的平均产量(10,664.91 kg hm-2)与中熟品种(10,802.22 kg hm-2)相比无明显优势, 且播期越晚, 产量优势越小, 甚至低于早熟品种。由此可见, 为获得较高产量水平, 应选择种植中熟或中早熟玉米品种。

播期主要通过灌浆期积温和灌浆持续期影响玉米籽粒灌浆进程[24]。前人研究表明, 播期越早灌浆时间越长, 最大灌浆速率越高[25]。王晓燕等[26]研究认为, 与籽粒灌浆持续期相比, 籽粒灌浆速率比较稳定, 易受种植密度、基因型和温度等因素的影响。本研究表明, 不同基因型玉米品种灌浆特征参数差别较大。以早熟灌浆脱水快的玉米骨干自交系京2416为父本组配选育京农科728、MC812和MC121等品种灌浆速率高、灌浆活跃期适中且产量高, 而郑单958、伟科702、蠡玉35等品种灌浆速率较低、灌浆活跃期相对较长。参试品种最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率随播期推迟呈降低趋势, S1播期下参试品种平均灌浆速率比S2高13.85%, 比S3高29.82%, 这与王喜梅等[16]研究结果一致, 原因是黄淮海北部地区9月末至10月初昼夜温差大, 平均最高温度21.0℃, 日平均最低温度15.0℃, 而玉米籽粒灌浆的最适温度为22~24℃。当玉米籽粒灌浆期温度低于16℃时, 玉米灌浆过程基本停止[27]。粒重是玉米产量的主要构成因素之一。玉米粒重主要受灌浆速率及灌浆持续期的影响[28,29]。金益等[30]认为, 早熟和晚熟高产玉米粒重主要由灌浆时间的长短决定, 而本研究发现产量与籽粒灌浆速率极显著正相关, 灌浆速率高, 产量越高, 而与活跃灌浆期呈极显著负相关。这与王晓慧等[29]研究结果不一致, 这可能与黄淮海北部地区灌浆后期光热资源紧张和供试品种特性有关。由于灌浆速率受基因的加性效应控制, 可以通过育种手段选育出灌浆速率高的品种。近年来, 随早熟、灌浆快和灌浆活跃期适中的玉米品种选育及推广应用, 适当降低活跃灌浆期, 仍能获得较高的产量水平。

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