关键词:冬小麦品种; 播期; 产量; 积温 Yield in Response to Accumulated Temperature before Winter in Winter Wheat LÜ Li-Hua, LIANG Shuang-Bo, ZHANG Li-Hua, JIA Xiu-Ling*, DONG Zhi-Qiang, YAO Yan-Rong Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China Fund:This study was supported by the Finance Project for Doctoral Fund of Hebei Province (F14E055609) and the Special Fund for Scientific Research in the Public Interest (201203100) AbstractThe purposes of this study were to recommend optimal sowing dates of commercial wheat cultivars in middle part of Hebei province, China and screen out wheat cultivars acclimatized to late sowing. A field experiment was carried out with split plot design (main plot of sowing date and subplot of cultivar) in Gaocheng of Hebei province from Autumn 2011 to Summer 2014 to evaluate the effect of sowing date on 12 major cultivars and the response of cultivars to accumulated temperature before winter. The results showed that sowing date had significant influence on grain yield, and the 12 cultivars had different responses to sowing date. According to yield changing rate subject to late sowing, the 12 cultivars were classified into insensitive, intermediate, and sensitive types. Insensitive cultivars showed stable spike number and yield under late sowing condition, indicating a wide range of preferred sowing date. The desired accumulated temperature before winter was 324-560℃. Intermediate cultivars also had a long period of sowing date with 362-566℃ before winter. Late sowing resulted in the increase of grain number but the decreases of spike number and yield in intermediate cultivars. Sensitive type had a narrow range of sowing date and was not suitable for late sowing, because at least 511℃ before winter was required. Late sowing resulted in obvious declines of spike number and yield in sensitive cultivars. In the middle part of Hebei province, we recommend that the optimal sowing time in wheat production is Oct. 7-22 for insensitive cultivars, Oct. 7-19 for intermediate cultivars, and Oct. 5-10 for insensitive cultivars.
Keyword:Winter wheat; Sowing date; Yield; Accumulated temperature; Cultivar Show Figures Show Figures
图1 1993-2013年藁城冬前10-12月≥ 0℃积温变化图 冬前≥ 0℃积温指10月1日至12月首次出现连续5 d以上日均温小于0℃的日期范围内的积温。Fig. 1 Changes of ≥ 0° C accumulated temperature from October to December in Gaocheng during 1993-2013 The ≥ 0° C accumulated temperature before winter refers to the sum of daily average temperature from October 1 to the first date with temperatures lower than 0° C in five consecutive days in December.
图2 不同播期条件下冬前≥ 0℃积温变化趋势Fig. 2 Changing trend of ≥ 0° C accumulated temperature before winter under different sowing dates
2.2 播期对产量及产量构成的影响2011— 2012年度, 在相应增加播量的基础上, 总体上随播期推迟小麦产量呈下降趋势。自10月8日推迟到14日, 产量下降不明显, 平均每推迟一天产量降低17.6 kg hm-2; 自10月14日推迟到20日, 平均每推迟一天产量降低44.5 kg hm-2。品种间反应差异明显, 根据10月20日播期处理的增产率可把12个品种分为播期迟钝型、中间型和敏感型3类(表1)。迟钝型品种适期播种的产量水平一般, 推迟播种至10月20日, 使冬前积温在350℃左右时产量增加; 中间型适播期产量水平较高, 播期推迟, 积温在350℃左右时减产幅度在5%以内; 迟播敏感型适播期产量水平最高, 播期推迟, 积温在350℃左右时减产10%左右。敏感型品种将播期从适宜期(10月8日)推迟6 d (10月14日播种), 平均每推迟一天产量降低51.6 kg hm-2; 若将播期再推迟6 d (10月20日播种), 平均每天产量下降122.1 kg hm-2, 下降幅度为12个品种平均值的2.5倍。 表1 Table 1 表1(Table 1)
表1 不同类型小麦品种随播期推迟的产量变化趋势(2011-2012) Table 1 Changing trend of yield in response to late sowing in different wheat cultivars (2011-2012)
品种 Cultivar
产量(对照) Yield (control) (kg hm-2)
10月14日 Oct. 14
10月20日 Oct. 20
产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
增产 Yield increase (%)
产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
增产 Yield increase (%)
迟钝型 Insensitive type
冀麦22 Jimai 22
9394.5 a
9343.5 a
-0.5
9588.0 a
2.1
金禾9123 Jinhe 9123
9106.5 a
9043.5 a
-0.7
9157.5 a
0.6
石麦18 Shimai 18
9057.1 ab
9297.0 a
2.7
9490.5 a
4.8
平均 Average
9186.0
9228.0
0.5
9412.5
2.5
中间型 Intermediate type
冀麦585 Jimai 585
9684.0 a
9547.5 a
-1.4
9385.5 ab
-3.1
山农17 Shannong 17
9426.0 a
9468.0 a
0.4
9135.0 ab
-3.1
良星619 Liangxing 619
9190.5 a
9430.5 a
2.6
8740.5 b
-4.9
衡4399 Heng 4399
9217.5 a
9271.5 a
0.6
9033.2 b
-1.0
石优20 Shiyou 20
9390.0 a
9033.0 a
-3.8
9100.5 a
-3.1
平均 Average
9381.0
9349.5
-0.3
9078.9
-3.0
敏感型 Sensitive type
中麦155 Zhongmai 155
9435.0 a
9189.0 a
-2.6
8421.0 b
-10.0
婴泊 Yingbo 700
10032.0 a
9423.0 b
-6.1
8977.5 bc
-10.5
冀麦518 Jimai 518
10093.5 a
9898.5 a
-1.9
9114.0 b
-9.7
石麦21 Shimai 21
9855.0 a
9667.5 a
-1.9
8734.5 b
-11.4
平均 Average
9853.5
9544.5
-3.1
8811.8
-10.1
The sowing date of control was Oct. 8. In each cultivar, values fallowed by different letters are significantly different among sowing dates. 对照播期为10月8日。产量后不同字母表示同一品种不同播期间有显著差异。
表1 不同类型小麦品种随播期推迟的产量变化趋势(2011-2012) Table 1 Changing trend of yield in response to late sowing in different wheat cultivars (2011-2012)
表2 4个代表品种随播期推迟产量变化趋势 Table 2 Changing trend of yield in response to late sowing in four typical wheat cultivars
品种 Cultivar
产量(对照) Yield (control) (kg hm-2)
10月10日 Oct. 10
10月15日 Oct. 15
10月20日 Oct. 20
产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
增产 Yield increase (%)
产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
增产 Yield increase (%)
产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
增产 Yield increase (%)
2012-2013
衡4399 Heng 4399
8163.0 a
8363.1 a
2.5
7972.1 a
-2.3
7412.2 b
-9.2
冀麦585 Jimai 585
8324.2 a
8206.5 a
-1.4
8235.5 a
-1.1
7711.5 b
-7.4
金禾9123 Jinhe 9123
8733.7 a
8777.4 a
0.5
8715.6 a
-0.2
7689.4 b
-12.0
中麦155 Zhongmai 155
8643.7 a
7824.1 b
-9.5
7763.9 b
-10.2
7637.8 b
-11.6
2013-2014
衡4399 Heng 4399
9796.9 b
10360.4 a
5.8
9945.3 b
1.5
9504.9 b
-3.0
冀麦585 Jimai 585
8963.6 ab
9124.0 ab
1.8
9534.0 a
6.4
8656.2 b
-3.4
金禾9123 Jinhe 9123
9649.8 ab
9849.7 a
2.1
10182.7 a
5.5
9262.2 b
-4.0
中麦155 Zhongmai 155
9556.3 b
10203.2 a
6.8
9398.4 b
-1.7
8231.9 c
-13.9
The sowing date of control was Oct. 5. In each growing year, values fallowed by different letters are significantly different among sowing dates. 对照播期为10月5日。产量后不同字母表示同一年度同一品种不同播期间有显著差异。
表2 4个代表品种随播期推迟产量变化趋势 Table 2 Changing trend of yield in response to late sowing in four typical wheat cultivars
表3 不同播期对产量及产量构成因素的影响 Table 3 Effect of sowing date on grain yield and yield components
品种 Cultivar
播期 Sowing date (month/day)
2012-2013
2013-2014
穗数 SN (m-2)
穗粒数 GNS
千粒重 TGW (g)
穗数 SN (m-2)
穗粒数 GNS
千粒重 TGW (g)
衡4399 Heng 4399
10/5
637 bc
31.2 a
34.7 a
856 b
26.9 b
41.1 a
10/10
796 a
30.5 a
34.5 a
901 a
25.1 b
40.0 ab
10/15
717 b
31.9 a
31.8 b
768 c
28.4 a
41.7 a
10/20
594 c
30.7 a
33.7 a
772 c
28.2 a
41.4 a
冀麦585 Jimai 585
10/5
693 a
27.8 a
34.7 b
789 b
22.8 b
43.0 a
10/10
694 a
28.5 a
35.3 b
933 a
21.9 b
41.7 ab
10/15
568 b
29.5 a
35.3 b
826 b
24.8 a
41.3 ab
10/20
555 b
28.4 a
39.5 a
762 c
25.5 a
39.7 b
金禾9123 Jinhe 9123
10/5
598 b
30.7 ab
35.2 a
801 a
26.8 b
43.4 a
10/10
678 a
31.1 ab
35.6 a
823 a
25.9 b
42.4 a
10/15
720 a
29.1 ab
35.5 a
807 a
25.3 b
43.3 a
10/20
634 b
32.3 a
35.4 a
762 ab
28.2 a
43.4 a
中麦155 Zhongmai 155
10/5
681 b
30.9 ab
34.3 a
844 b
24.7 bc
40.8 a
10/10
772 a
28.6 b
29.6 b
912 a
25.2 bc
40.1 a
10/15
760 a
26.8 bc
31.3 b
828 b
26.0 b
41.5 a
10/20
612 c
31.8 a
33.9 a
675 c
27.8 a
41.6 a
Values fallowed by different letters are significantly different among sowing dates treatments within the same cultivar. SN: spike number; GNS: grain number per spike; TGW: thousand-grain weight. 数据后不同字母表示同一品种不同播期间有显著差异。
表3 不同播期对产量及产量构成因素的影响 Table 3 Effect of sowing date on grain yield and yield components
表4 Table 4 表4(Table 4)
表4 不同小麦品种冬前出叶积温 Table 4 Accumulated temperature of leaf growth in different wheat cultivars (℃)
类型 Type
品种 Cultivar
出苗 Emergence
第1叶 The first leaf
第2叶 The second leaf
第3叶 The third leaf
3叶平均 Mean of three leaves
迟钝型 Insensitive
金禾9123 Jinhe 9123
135.9 a
71.8 a
88.3 a
83.3 a
81.1 a
冀麦22 Jimai 22
135.9 a
65.3 b
86.2 a
84.8 a
78.8 ab
石麦18 Shimai 18
135.9 a
63.9 b
90.7 a
78.9 ab
77.8 ab
中间型 Intermediate
冀麦585 Jimai 585
135.9 a
56.0 c
87.9 a
64.1 c
69.3 c
石优20 Shiyou 20
135.9 a
59.9 bc
88.6 a
73.9 c
74.1 c
敏感型 Sensitive
中麦155 Zhongmai 155
135.9 a
51.7 d
88.3 a
74.1 c
71.4 c
平均 Average
135.9
61.4
88.3
76.5
75.4
Values fallowed by different letters are significantly different among cultivars. 数据后不同字母表示品种间有显著差异。
表4 不同小麦品种冬前出叶积温 Table 4 Accumulated temperature of leaf growth in different wheat cultivars (℃)
图3 2011-2014年不同类型小麦品种产量与冬前≥ 0℃积温的相关性分析 H4399: 衡4399; JM585: 冀麦585; JH9123: 金禾9123; ZM155: 中麦155。Fig. 3 Relationship between yield and ≥ 0℃ accumulated temperature before winter in different wheat cultivars in 2011-2014 H4399: Heng 4399; JM585: Jimai 585; JH9123: Jinhe 9123; ZM155: Zhongmai 155。
图4 藁城市1993-2013年播期由10月1日延至10月20日冬前≥ 0℃平均积温Fig. 4 Average ≥ 10° C accumulated temperature before winter under sowing date from October 1 to 20 in Gaocheng in 1993-2013
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