关键词:降水年型; 旱地小麦; 深翻和深松; 土壤水分; 产量; 水分利用效率 Effects of Farming Practice during Fallow Period on Soil Water Storage and Yield of Dryland Wheat in Different Rainfall Years SUN Min, WEN Fei-Fei, GAO Zhi-Qiang*, REN Ai-Xia, DENG Yan, ZHAO Wei-Feng, ZHAO Hong-Mei, YANG Zhen-Ping, HAO Xing-Yu, MIAO Guo-Yuan College of Crop Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China Fund: AbstractSoil water storage (SWS) is the critical factor influencing wheat yield in dryland area. A field experiment was carried out in Wenxi County, Shanxi Province from July 2009 to June 2012 (three cropping seasons) to study the effect of tillage during fallow period on annual SWS and wheat yield. Compared to no tillage (NT), deep plowing (DP), subsoiling (SS) increased SWS in 0-300 cm soil layer at sowing stage by 63-91 mm in dry year, 41-70 mm in normal rainfall year and 54-74 mm in humid year. The annual SWS efficiency was much improved by tillage during fallow period, especially the late growth stage of wheat in dry and humid years, resulting in increases of grain yield and yield components. In dry year, wheat yield was enhanced as high as 34% (SS) and 45% (DP). In normal rainfall year, spike number, grain number per spike, and grain yield significantly increased in DP and SS compared to NT. In yield components, spike number received the largest effect of tillage, either DP or SS, under normal and rich rainfall conditions. In DP and SS treatments, spike number had close correlation with 120-180 cm soil water reduction from sowing to jointing and 60-120 cm soil water reduction from jointing to anthesis, grain number per spike was correlated with 60-120 cm soil water reduction from sowing to jointing, and grain yield was correlated with 60-120 cm soil water reduction from jointing to anthesis and 120-180 cm soil water reduction from anthesis to maturity. Clear, tillage during fallow period could significantly increase rainfall productive efficiency and water use efficiency in rainfed field. DP and SS have positive effects on SWS during fallow period and utilization of water in deep soil layers. The improved water utilization is the basis for improved yield components and high yield ultimately. Tillage during fallow period is recommended with DP practice in dry and normal rainfall years and SS practice in humid year.
Keyword:Rainfall years; Dryland wheat; Deep plowing and subsoiling; Soil water; Yield; Water use efficiency Show Figures Show Figures
图1 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的全年土壤蓄水量DP: 休闲期深翻; SS: 休闲期深松; CK: 无耕作对照。PH: 收获后; SBS: 播种期; PS: 越冬期; JS: 拔节期; BS: 孕穗期; AS: 开花期; MS:成熟期。Fig. 1 Soil water storage of three farming treatments during fallow period under different annual rainfall levelsDP: deep plowing during fallow stage; SS: subsoiling during fallow stage; CK: control with no farming practice. PH: post harvest; SBS: sowing stage; PS: prewintering stage; JS: jointing stage; BS: booting stage; AS: anthesis; MS: maturity.
图2 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的播种期土壤蓄水量DP: 休闲期深翻; SS: 休闲期深松; CK: 无耕作对照。Fig. 2 Soil water storage at sowing stage of three farming treatments during fallow period under different annual rainfall levelsDP: deep plowing during fallow stage; SS: subsoiling during fallow stage; CK: control with no farming practice.
图3 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的拔节期土壤蓄水量DP: 休闲期深翻; SS: 休闲期深松; CK: 无耕作对照。Fig. 3 Soil water storage at jointing stage of three farming treatments during fallow period under different annual rainfall levelsDP: deep plowing during fallow stage; SS: subsoiling during fallow stage; CK: control with no farming practice.
图4 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的开花期土壤蓄水量DP: 休闲期深翻; SS: 休闲期深松; CK: 无耕作对照。Fig. 4 Soil water storage at anthesis of three farming treatments during fallow period tillage treatments under different annual rainfall levelsDP: deep plowing during fallow stage; SS: subsoiling during fallow stage; CK: control with no farming practice.
表2 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下各生育阶段的土壤贮水减少量 Table 2 Soil water decrease during different periods of three farming treatments in fallow period tillage under different annual rainfall levels (mm)
年型 Type of annual rainfall
生育阶段 Growing period
处理 Treatment
土层 Soil depth
0-60 cm
60-120 cm
120-180 cm
180-240 cm
240-300 cm
枯水年 Dry year
播种-拔节 Sowing-jointing
深翻DP
14.30 a
9.51 a
5.62 a
5.64 a
9.43 c
深松SS
14.23 a
9.48 a
2.97 a
6.58 a
14.74 b
对照CK
21.23 a
3.62 a
1.39 a
14.32 a
33.93 a
拔节-开花 Jointing-anthesis
深翻DP
46.05 a
20.56 a
4.27 a
6.71 a
9.92 a
深松SS
42.56 ab
17.88 ab
2.91 a
5.41 a
5.74 a
对照CK
27.75 b
12.30 b
5.36 a
8.55 a
2.21 a
开花-成熟 Anthesis-maturity
深翻DP
10.91 a
9.23 a
5.02 a
8.40 a
26.81 a
深松SS
14.24 a
9.95 a
5.52 a
6.55 a
24.24 a
对照CK
8.82 a
4.75 a
0.50 b
2.79 a
2.47 b
平水年 Normal year
播种-拔节 Sowing-jointing
深翻DP
37.29 a
31.72 a
10.52 a
3.89 a
9.59 ab
深松SS
33.91 a
24.16 ab
6.89 ab
2.08 b
6.13 b
对照CK
47.73 a
23.86 b
4.27 b
5.01 a
12.63 a
拔节-开花 Jointing-anthesis
深翻DP
36.37 a
24.18 a
13.29 a
12.94 a
13.66 b
深松SS
34.68 a
24.58 a
14.11 a
11.97 a
14.92 a
对照CK
11.98 b
9.68 b
9.38 b
5.65 b
6.38 c
开花-成熟 Anthesis-maturity
深翻DP
8.38 a
8.26 a
8.63 a
3.75 a
5.46 a
深松SS
8.03 a
7.48 a
8.13 a
5.24 a
5.13 a
对照CK
7.93 a
7.04 a
5.84 b
5.91 a
5.25 a
丰水年 Humid year
播种-拔节 Sowing-jointing
深翻DP
39.70 a
22.82 b
48.25 b
20.70 a
-24.35 ab
深松SS
41.15 a
28.15 a
51.32 a
22.05 a
-29.23 b
对照CK
31.02 b
17.97 c
38.30 c
14.57 b
-27.97 a
拔节-开花 Jointing-anthesis
深翻DP
26.40 c
36.41 b
24.41 b
22.54 c
21.51 c
深松SS
33.32 b
39.46 a
27.63 a
29.08 b
28.51 b
对照CK
35.38 a
32.18 c
28.07 c
34.88 a
32.64 a
开花-成熟 Anthesis-maturity
深翻DP
12.64 a
17.89 b
14.99 a
22.63 a
29.20 a
深松SS
8.71 b
17.39 b
15.52 a
21.76 a
26.93 b
对照CK
9.72 b
22.65 a
13.58 b
21.34 a
27.55 b
每一年度中, 同一生育阶段数据后不同字母表示处理间有显著差异( P<0.05)。DP: 休闲期深翻; SS: 休闲期深松; CK: 无耕作对照。 In each growing season, values in the same grow stage followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05. DP: deep powing at follow stage; SS: subsoiling at follow stage; CK: control with no farming practice.
表2 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下各生育阶段的土壤贮水减少量 Table 2 Soil water decrease during different periods of three farming treatments in fallow period tillage under different annual rainfall levels (mm)
表3 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的产量和产量构成因素 Table 3 Yield and yield components of three farming treatments during fallow period under different annual rainfall levels
年型 Type of annual rainfall
处理 Treatment
穗数 Spike number (hm-2)
穗粒数 Grain number per spike
千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
枯水年 Dry year
深翻DP
453.72 a
23.8 a
42.08 a
3923.57 a
深松SS
427.18 b
21.7 b
39.04 b
3639.82 b
对照CK
407.71 c
20.4 b
36.14 c
2714.96 c
平水年 Normal year
深翻DP
481.08 a
28.4 a
42.58 a
4794.56 a
深松SS
446.58 b
28.2 a
40.59 ab
4588.15 a
对照CK
401.04 c
26.2 b
40.51 b
3705.67 b
丰水年 Humid year
深翻DP
603.00 a
26.6 b
37.15 b
5412.04 b
深松SS
616.50 a
26.7 a
38.63 a
5612.45 a
对照CK
485.50 b
24.3 c
35.44 c
4155.60 c
每一年度中, 同一生育阶段数据后不同字母表示处理间有显著差异( P<0.05)。DP: 休闲期深翻; SS: 休闲期深松; CK: 无耕作对照。 In each growing season, values in the same grow stage followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05. DP: deep powing at follow stage; SS: subsoiling at follow stage; CK: control with no farming practice.
表3 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的产量和产量构成因素 Table 3 Yield and yield components of three farming treatments during fallow period under different annual rainfall levels
表4 各生育阶段土壤贮水减少量与产量和产量构成因素的相关系数 Table 4 Correlation coefficients between soil water storage decrease during different growing periods and yield and its components
生育阶段 Growing period
土层深度 Soil depth (cm)
穗数 Spike number
穗粒数 Grain number per spike
千粒重 1000-grain weight
产量 Yield
播种-拔节 Sowing-jointing
0-60
0.4040
0.7507*
0.0334
0.5632
60-120
0.5035
0.9447**
0.3547
0.7919**
120-180
0.9256**
0.3301
-0.4700
0.7646**
180-240
0.7623*
-0.1301
-0.7157*
0.3955
240-300
-0.8392**
-0.4405
0.3333
-0.7901**
拔节-开花 Jointing-anthesis
0-60
0.0609
-0.1923
0.2103
0.0604
60-120
0.9291**
0.4498
-0.2651
0.8652**
120-180
0.7963**
0.4924
-0.4418
0.7410*
180-240
0.7236*
0.2694
-0.5608
0.5910
240-300
0.7474*
0.4334
-0.3620
0.7129*
开花-成熟 Anthesis-maturity
0-60
0.1514
-0.4373
-0.2010
-0.0078
60-120
0.7153*
0.1622
-0.5349
0.5720
120-180
0.8774**
0.5738
-0.2409
0.8839**
180-240
0.8377**
0.1937
-0.5275
0.6529*
240-300
0.6175
-0.1171
-0.2893
0.4292
*在 P<0.05水平显著;**在 P<0.01水平显著。 *Significant at P<0.05;**Significant at P<0.01.
表4 各生育阶段土壤贮水减少量与产量和产量构成因素的相关系数 Table 4 Correlation coefficients between soil water storage decrease during different growing periods and yield and its components
表5 Table 5 表5(Table 5)
表5 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的降水利用状况 Table 5 Utilization of rainfall in three farming treatments during fallow period under different annual rainfall levels
每一年度中, 同一生育阶段数据后不同字母表示处理间有显著差异( P<0.05)。DP: 休闲期深翻; SS: 休闲期深松; CK: 无耕作对照。 In each growing season, values in the same grow stage followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05. DP: deep powing at follow stage; SS: subsoiling at follow stage; CK: control with no farming practice.
表5 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的降水利用状况 Table 5 Utilization of rainfall in three farming treatments during fallow period under different annual rainfall levels
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