摘要:浙江省庆元县是世界人工栽培香菇的发源地，2014年庆元香菇文化系统入选中国重要农业文化遗产。农业遗产景观是农业文化遗产在现代生活中最直观的表现，研究遗产地的景观特征和演变状况，有助于深入理解区域景观的状况及影响因素，实现遗产的有效保护和发展。本文运用Landsat 1991年、2001年、2010年和2018年的卫星影像结合实地调研，研究庆元香菇文化系统遗产地的景观现状、特征及结构，分析1991—2018年各景观类型演变规律及可能驱动要素。结果表明：1)遗产地景观类型主要包括森林、耕地、居民地和水体4类，其中森林面积达到1 643.23 km2(86.61%)，是优势景观类型。2)区内山高、林密、溪流和菌菇资源丰富，形成了“河流-村落-梯田-森林”的垂直景观结构，并拥有西洋殿、菇寮等独特的香菇文化景观，人类与自然环境和谐共生。3)1991—2018年，遗产地森林面积增加139.28 km2(7.34%)，耕地面积减少154.53 km2(8.15%)，居民地面积增加11.86 km2(0.63%)，水体面积增加3.48 km2(0.18%)。4)景观变化与相关政策密切相关，20世纪后半期，遗产地森林砍伐严重，森林覆盖率由79.27%降低到77.97%；21世纪以来，封山育林和生态林业建设使森林覆盖率从77.97%上升至86.61%，退耕还林和城镇化政策则分别促使了耕地面积减少和居民地面积的微弱扩张。总之，浙江庆元香菇文化系统遗产地景观结构独特，得益于当地居民林-菇共育的传统理念、香菇栽培技术的进步和当地森林保护等政策的施行，遗产地森林面积经历轻微的下降后又迅速增加，为遗产保护和传承提供了保障。
关键词:中国重要农业文化遗产/
庆元香菇文化系统/
景观特征/
景观演变/
遥感
Abstract:As the birthplace of the artificial cultivation of Lentinus edodes, Qingyuan County in Zhejiang Province has been considered a site of China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems. Moreover, Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province is applying for the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) site. Agricultural heritage is the crystallization of the ancient people's wisdom paired with the wealth of modern society. Agricultural heritage landscape is the most direct expression of agricultural heritage in modern life. Studying landscape characteristics and evolution helps us understand the regional landscape and its influencing factors, so as to implement effective protection and development strategies for heritage sites. In this paper, satellite images from Landsat in 1991, 2001, 2010 and 2018 were obtained and combined with field research. Firstly, vegetation indices and a random forest classifier were used to study the current status, characteristics and structure of landscape of the heritage site of traditional mushroom cultivation system. Then, a land use transfer matrix was used to analyze the direction of evolution and rules of different landscapes. Finally, the related forestry policies and meteorological factors were chosen to study the possible driving factors of the area changes of landscapes from 1991 to 2018. The results show that: 1) The landscape types of heritage sites include forest, cultivated land, residential land and bodies of water, among which forest is the dominant landscape type, with its area reaching 1 643.23 km2 and accounting for 86.61% of the total area. The area of cultivated land, residential land and water is 213.72 km2, 33.76 km2 and 6.54 km2 respectively, accounting for 11.26%, 1.78% and 0.34%, respectively. 2) The traditional cultivation system landscape is rich in high mountains, dense forests, streams and mushroom resources, forming a vertical landscape structure of "river-village-terraced-forest", and has plenty of unique mushroom cultural landscapes such as the Xiyang Temple, Wu Sangong Shrine and ancient mushroom shed. 3) From 1991 to 2018, the forest area in the heritage sites increased by 139.28 km2 (7.34%), the cultivated land decreased by 154.53 km2 (8.15%), the residential land increased by 11.86 km2 (0.63%), and the water bodies increased by 3.48 km2 (0.18%). 4) Landscape change is closely related to relevant policies. At the end of the 20th century, deforestation was prevalent in heritage sites and the forest coverage decreased from 79.27% to 77.97%. Since the 21st century, the mountains closure for forestation and ecological forestry construction has achieved remarkable results, with forest coverage rising from 77.97% to 86.61%. The policy of Grain for Green and increased urbanization promoted the decrease in cultivated land and the expansion of residential land, respectively.
Key words:China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems/
Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System/
Landscape pattern/
Landscape evolution/
Remote sensing
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