摘要
摘要:开展收获时期对玉米机械粒收质量影响的研究，对确定玉米适宜机械粒收时期和粒收技术的推广应用具有重要意义。本文以四川4个主栽玉米品种为材料，研究不同收获时期（7月31日、8月7日、8月13日、8月19日、8月25日、8月31日）对四川春玉米机械粒收质量的影响，并分析籽粒含水率与机械粒收质量之间的关系。结果表明：随收获日期推迟，玉米籽粒含水率逐渐降低，破碎率先快速降低后略有升高，杂质率快速降低并趋于稳定，而落穗损失率显著增加，落粒损失率变化规律不明显。机械粒收损失主要为落穗损失，占总损失率的比例平均为76.34%。随收获日期推迟籽粒破碎率和杂质率在品种间的差异逐渐减小，而落穗损失和总损失率在品种间的差异逐渐增大。籽粒含水率是影响机械粒收质量的关键因素，破碎率与籽粒含水率拟合方程为y=0.032 9x²-1.332 8x+15.529（R²=0.55^**），含水率为10.76%~29.76%，破碎率低于5%；杂质率与籽粒含水率拟合方程为y=0.031 8e^{0.118 5x}（R²=0.71^**），含水率低于38.37%，杂质率低于3%；落穗损失率与籽粒含水率拟合方程为y=2 083.3/x^2.135（R²=0.68^**）；籽粒总损失率与籽粒含水率拟合方程为y=911.02/x^1.769（R²=0.68^**），含水率高于18.96%，籽粒总损失率低于5%。推迟收获有利于降低籽粒破碎率和杂质率，但增加落穗风险和籽粒总损失率。本试验播期条件下，玉米适宜机械粒收的籽粒含水率范围为18.96%~29.76%，适宜机械粒收时间在8月7-19日，较传统收获日期推迟10~15 d。
关键词:春玉米/
收获时期/
机械粒收/
籽粒含水率/
收获质量
Abstract:Studying the impact of harvesting date on mechanical grain-harvesting quality is of great importance to determine a suitable harvesting date and promote the mechanical grain harvest technology. This paper describes an experimental study of the effects of harvesting date (31^st July, and 7^th, 13^th, 19^th, 25^th, and 31^st August) on mechanical grain-harvesting quality and the relationship between grain moisture content and mechanical grain-harvesting quality in Sichuan spring maize. The results showed that, with a delay in harvest date, grain moisture content decreased gradually, and the broken-grain rate decreased rapidly at first and then increased slightly. The impurity rate decreased rapidly and tended to be stable, while the ear-loss rate increased significantly and the variation in grain loss rate was not notable. The total grain loss rate was primarily associated with ear loss, which accounted for 76.34% of the total average grain loss. With a delay in harvest date, the differences in broken-grain and impurity rates between varieties decreased gradually while they increased for ear-loss and total grain-loss rates. Grain moisture content was the key factor affecting the quality of mechanical grain harvest, the relationship between the broken-grain rate and grain moisture content could be described by the equation y=0.032 9x²-1.332 8x + 15.529 (R²=0.55^**, n=72). The broken-grain rate was lower than 5% when the moisture content was between 10.76% and 29.76%. The relationship between the impurity rate and moisture content could be described by the equation y=0.031 8e^{0.118 5x} (R²=0.71^**, n=72), and the grain impurity rate was lower than 3% when grain moisture content was lower than 38.37%. The relationship between the ear-loss rate and moisture content could be described by the equation y=2 083.3/x^2.135 (R²=0.68^**). The relationship between the total grain-loss rate and moisture content could be described by the equation y=911.02/x^1.769 (R²=0.68^**), and the total grain-loss rate could be lower than 5% when grain moisture content was higher than 18.96%. A delayed harvest was associated with a decrease in the broken-grain and impurity rates and an increase in the risk of ear-loss and the total grain-loss rate. The optimal grain moisture content for mechanical harvesting in Sichuan spring maize was 18.96%-29.76% and the optimal mechanical-grain harvesting date was between August 7 and August 19 in this study, which was approximately 10-15 days later than the traditional harvest date.
Key words:Spring maize/
Harvesting date/
Mechanical grain harvesting/
Grain moisture content/
Harvesting quality



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