摘要:选用南北方冬麦区主要推广品种作试验材料，通过田间分期播种试验方法，采用方差分析、主成分分析对冬小麦籽粒性状和内在品质进行分析评价，利用线性相关、二次曲线相关和逐步回归等方法，选择影响显著的气象因子绘制品质响应曲线，构建冬小麦品质预测模型。结果表明：各供试小麦品种均属中蛋白品种，其主要品质性状中，淀粉含量最高且变异程度最小，蛋白质含量次高变异程度居中，脂肪含量最低但变异程度最大；蛋白质、脂肪和产量区域差异显著，各品质含量地域分布总体呈北方较南方高而稳定的特点；蛋白质组分氨基酸品质可由3个主成分解释，一般非必需氨基酸谷氨酸含量最高，必需氨基酸蛋氨酸含量最低，北方麦区氨基酸品质优于南方麦区，表明北方气温日较差大更利于提高氨基酸含量；脂肪组分脂肪酸品质可由4个主成分解释，一般不饱和脂肪酸亚油酸含量最高，饱和脂肪酸十五碳一烯酸含量最低。温湿条件是影响冬小麦籽粒品质的主要气象因子，可通过调整开花-成熟期气温日较差和降低土壤湿度的方式提高蛋白质或氨基酸品质，通过调节开花-成熟期最低气温和土壤湿度的方式提高脂肪或脂肪酸品质。
关键词:冬小麦/
南北方冬麦区/
籽粒品质/
氨基酸/
脂肪酸/
气象因子
Abstract:Using field staging test method and the main winter wheat varieties as test materials, which are predominantly cultivated in the north and south wheat areas; variance analysis and principal component analysis methods to evaluate grain traits; and linear correlation, quadratic curve correlation, and stepwise regression to identify significant meteorological factors; a winter wheat quality prediction model was constructed in the form of meteorological factor-quality response curve to explore variations in the qualities of different wheat varieties in different areas and the meteorological factors that cause these variations. The varieties used in the experiment were 'Tanmai 98' and 'Shannong 18' planted in the northern wheat areas of Gucheng of Hebei Province and Tai'an of Shandong Province, respectively; and 'Xumai 33', 'Wanmai 52', and 'Zhengmai 9023' planted in the southern wheat areas of Xuzhou of Jiangsu Province, Suzhuo of Anhui Province, and Jingzhou of Hubei Province, respectively. Five wheat varieties were planted at different times (10 days in advance, suitable time, 10 days later, and 20 days later). The results showed that the tested wheat varieties were all medium protein varieties. Among the main quality traits, starch had the highest content and minimum variation, followed by protein regarding the content with medium variation, and fat with the lowest content but the maximum variation. The differences in protein and fat in the different areas was significant. The quality and its' stability of winter wheat were higher for winter sowing in the northern area and their quality traits were excellent. Each nutritional component was generally higher and stable in the north than in the south. The amino acid quality of the protein component was explained by three principal components. The content of the non-essential amino acid, glutamic acid, was the highest, whereas that of the essential amino acid, methionine, was the lowest; the amino acid quality of wheat was better in the northern than in the southern areas. The daily temperature difference in the northern area was more conducive to increasing the amino acid content. The fatty acids of the fat component were explained by four principal components. The content of the unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid, was the highest and that of the saturated fatty acid, pentadecene monoenoic acid, was the lowest. Temperature and humidity were the main meteorological factors affecting the grain quality of winter wheat. The protein or amino acid quality could be improved by adjusting the daily range of temperature in the flowering-mature period and reducing soil moisture; the fat or fatty acid quality could be improved by adjusting soil moisture and the minimum temperature in the flowering-mature period.
Key words:Winter wheat/
Northern and southern wheat areas/
Grain quality/
Amino acid/
Fatty acid/
Meteorological factor
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