摘要
摘要:土壤中磷的移动性不仅取决于磷的数量且与磷肥形态有关。了解不同磷源（有机肥和化肥）对设施菜田土壤磷素的影响对于指导科学施肥和面源污染防治至关重要。本文选取河北省饶阳县3种不同磷含量的农田土壤（未种植过蔬菜的土壤、种植蔬菜30年的塑料大棚土壤和种植蔬菜4年的日光温室土壤）为研究对象，采用室内培养试验和数学模型模拟方法研究有机无机磷源对设施菜田土壤磷素的影响，确定无机肥和有机肥源土壤磷素淋溶的环境阈值。结果表明添加有机肥和无机磷肥都会显著增加3种不同种植年限设施菜田土壤速效磷（Olsen-P）和氯化钙磷（CaCl₂-P）含量，但增加速度不同。对于未种植过蔬菜的低磷对照土壤，磷投入量高于50 mg·kg^-1（干土）后，无机肥比有机肥显著提高了土壤Olsen-P含量。对于已种植蔬菜30年的塑料大棚土壤，高磷投入时[300 mg·kg^-1（干土）和600 mg·kg^-1（干土）]，无机肥比有机肥显著提高了土壤Olsen-P含量，低于此磷投入量时有机肥和无机肥处理之间没有显著差异。3种不同农田土壤CaCl₂-P的含量所有处理均表现出无机肥显著高于有机肥处理，尤其是在高磷量[>300 mg·kg^-1（干土）]投入时表现更加明显。两段式线性模拟结果表明，设施菜田土壤有机肥源磷素和无机肥源磷素淋溶阈值分别为87.8 mg·kg^-1和198.7 mg·kg^-1。随着土壤Olsen-P的增加，添加无机肥源磷对设施菜田土壤CaCl₂-P含量的增加速率是有机肥源磷的两倍。因此，建议在河北省高磷设施菜田应减少无机磷肥的投入，特别是土壤速效磷高于198.7 mg·kg^-1的设施菜田应禁止使用化学磷肥和有机肥，在土壤速效磷低于198.7 mg·kg^-1的设施菜田应加大有机肥适度替代无机肥技术的推广。
关键词:设施蔬菜/
有机肥/
无机肥/
速效磷/
CaCl₂-P/
淋溶阈值
Abstract:It is significant to study soil phosphorus (P) leaching resulted from excessive inputs of manure or chemical fertilizer in greenhouse soils. Soil P movement not only depends on content but also on forms of P supplied by fertilizers. Therefore, research on soil P status influenced by manure and chemical fertilizers is important for scientific fertilization and preventing non-point source pollution. In this paper, laboratory soil incubation experiment was conducted to investigate soil available P (Olsen-P) and calcium chloride extracts P (CaCl₂-P) contents influenced by manure and inorganic P sources at different rates[0, 50, 100, 150, 300, 600 mg(P)·kg^-1(dry soil)] in three soils with different planting years in Raoyang County, Hebei Province. The three soils included soil next to the greenhouse without planting vegetables (control), plastic greenhouse soil with 30 years of planting vegetables (plastic greenhouse soil) and solar greenhouse soil with 4 years of planting vegetables (solar greenhouse soil). The main purpose was to study the effects on available P content in greenhouse soils and determine the threshold of P leaching under manure and inorganic fertilizers application by mathematical stimulation. The results showed that both organic and inorganic P input increased soil Olsen-P and CaCl₂-P contents significantly in three soils. For the control soil with low Olsen-P content, inorganic fertilizer improved Olsen-P content more greatly compared to manure when the fertilizer rate was more than 50 mg(P)·kg^-1(dry soil). But for the plastic greenhouse soils, only under higher P input[300 and 600 mg(P)·kg^-1(dry soil)], inorganic fertilizer showed more significantly Olsen-P-increasing effect than manure. And there was no significant difference between inorganic and organic fertilizers at low P supply. In general, soil CaCl₂-P content was higher under inorganic fertilizer treatments than organic fertilizer treatments in three types of soil, especially under high P input rate[>300 mg(P)·kg^-1(dry soil)]. Two segment linear regression analyses results showed that the critical soil P leaching thresholds under organic and inorganic P addition in greenhouse soils were 87.8 mg·kg^-1 and 198.7 mg·kg^-1, respectively. With the increase of soil Olsen-P, the increment rate of soil CaCl₂-P with inorganic P addition was twice as much as that with organic P addition. Therefore, in the high P greenhouse soils in Hebei Province, the input of inorganic P fertilizer should be reduced. All P input from manure and inorganic fertilizers should be prohibited in greenhouses soil with Olsen-P content exceeding 198.7 mg·kg^-1. In vegetable greenhouses with soil Olsen-P below 198.7 mg·kg^-1, manure replacement of inorganic fertilizer should be intensified.
Key words:Greenhouse vegetable/
Organic fertilizer/
Inorganic fertilizer/
Olsen-P/
CaCl₂-P/
Critical leaching threshold



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