摘要:根寄生杂草瓜列当（Orobanche aegyptiaca）严重危害番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）等多种经济作物的产量和品质。如何有效防除仍是当今瓜列当研究重点之一。真菌是列当的生防因子之一，但目前对农作物无致病性的列当生防真菌的研究尚少。本研究通过培养皿试验研究1株灰黄青霉（Penicillium griseofulvum，CF3）的无细胞发酵滤液对瓜列当种子萌发和发芽管生长的影响，通过盆栽试验研究CF3粉状制剂对瓜列当的防除效果及对寄主番茄生长和根区土壤微生物的影响。结果表明：1）培养皿试验中，CF3发酵液抑制了瓜列当种子萌发和发芽管生长。其中，在放有瓜列当种子与番茄幼苗的培养皿中，加入CF3发酵液后培养6 d，瓜列当种子的萌发均被完全抑制；添加CF3发酵液与霍格兰德营养液体积比为1:2、1:4、1:6和1:8的混合液培养8 d后，瓜列当种子的萌发率与对照相比分别减少80.26%、70.26%、68.10%和47.51%。CF3发酵液原液、10倍稀释液和100倍稀释液处理后使瓜列当发芽管长度与对照相比分别缩短100.00%、68.84%和19.24%。2）盆栽试验中，CF3菌剂抑制了瓜列当的出土和单株瓜列当的生长，并使番茄增产。施加1.0 g·kg-1 CF3菌剂130 d后，瓜列当的出土数量、出土率和单株瓜列当干重分别降低76.19%、85.30%和28.48%，番茄果实鲜重增加51.57%。此外，灰黄青霉菌剂还调整了番茄根区土壤的微生物区系结构，使施加菌剂130 d后番茄根区土壤中除接入CF3外真菌数量与对照相比降低75.60%，细菌与真菌的数量之比增加117.57%。平均来看，CF3使番茄根区土壤中除CF3外真菌数量降低42.81%，放线菌总数增加84.15%。本研究表明，灰黄青霉CF3具有防除番茄上寄生瓜列当的能力，适宜作为瓜列当的生防真菌。
关键词:瓜列当/
灰黄青霉/
真菌/
生物防治/
土壤微生物
Abstract:Root parasitic weed Orobanche aegyptiaca adversely affects yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The means of effective control is still the focus in O. aegyptiaca research. Fungus is one of the biocontrol agents of Orobanche spp.. However, few studies have been done on the use of non-pathogentic fungi to control Orobanche spp. weed. In this study, the effects of cell-free culture filtrate of Penicillium griseofulvum, a non-pathogentic fungus strain of O. aegyptiaca, on O. aegyptiaca seed germination and germ tube growth were investigated in a petri-dish experiment. In addition, a pot experiment was conducted to explore the effect of powdered P. griseofulvum inoculum on weedy O. aegyptiaca control. The effects of P. griseofulvum inoculum on the growth of host tomato plants and the change in microflora in rhizosphere soils of tomato plants were also investigated. Results showed that:1) in the petri-dish experiment, cell-free culture filtrate of P. griseofulvum significantly inhibited both O. aegyptiaca seed germination and germ tube growth. When O. aegyptiaca seeds and tomato seedlings were co-cultured for 6 days, O. aegyptiaca seed germination was completely inhibited (100.0%) in treatments with P. griseofulvum cell-free culture filtrate. After co-culturing for 6 days, O. aegyptiaca seed germination rates reduced by 80.26%, 70.26%, 68.10% and 47.51%, respectively in treatments with volume ratios of P. griseofulvum cell-free culture filtrate and Hogland nutrient solution ratios of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6 and 1:8. The lengths of O. aegyptiaca germ tubes significantly reduced by 100.00%, 68.84% and 19.24%, respectively when treated by undiluted, 10-fold diluted and 100-fold diluted P. griseofulvum cell-free culture filtrate. 2) In the pot experiment, P. griseofulvum inoculum inhibited the emergence of O. aegyptiaca tubercles and the growth of individual O. aegyptiaca tubercle, but simultaneously increased tomato fruit yield. The number of epigeal O. aegyptiaca tubercles, epigeal rate of O. aegyptiaca tubercles and dry weight of individual O. aegyptiaca tubercles all significantly reduced after the application of powdered P. griseofulvum inoculum at 1.0 g·kg-1 for 130 days respectively by 76.19%, 85.30% and 28.48% than the control. After the application of P. griseofulvum inoculum for 130 days, tomato fruit yield was 346.8 g per plant (51.57%) more than the control (228.8 g). In addition, P. griseofulvum also adjusted microflora structure in rhizosphere soils of tomato plants. The application of P. griseofulvum inoculum reduced fungi population (excluding CF3) and significantly increased population ratio of bacteria to fungi in rhizosphere soils of tomato plants by 75.60% and 117.57%, respectively, compared with the control. On average, application of P. griseofulvum inoculant reduced fungi population (excluding P. griseofulvum) and increased actinomycetes population in rhizosphere soils of tomato plants respectively by 42.81% and 84.15% over the control. In conclusion, P. griseofulvum had the ability to control O. aegyptiaca infection of tomato plant with fungus as suitable biological agent to control O. aegyptiaca.
Key words:Orobanche aegyptiaca/
Penicillium griseofulvum/
Fungus/
Biocontrol/
Soil microorganism
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