摘要:在农业景观中，昆虫野花带是以混播等方式，建植在农田、果园、菜地等农地边缘的条状或片状生态缓冲区。通过配置不同功能植物形成植物群落，为自然天敌及传粉者提供蜜粉源和栖息地，改善农地生境质量；强化害虫天敌支持系统，达到提高授粉率、减少农药使用、改良修复农地土壤、净化水源、抑制杂草等多样的生态系统服务功能。本文回顾了昆虫野花带的应用发展历程，涵盖了中西欧发达国家及美国等地。不同国家昆虫野花带侧重不同，瑞士、比利时等国家作为昆虫野花带的源头，最早将生态保育的思想运用于农业生产，并付诸生态补偿机制的实践；英国昆虫野花带有政策的细化支持，应用方式丰富；美国以本土植物的开发、草原生境的修复及重要传粉者保护为研究与实践的重点。中国的农地周边由于外来物种入侵、人为干预严重等造成了景观异质性低、生境破碎化，亟待引入昆虫野花带的技术手段，进行生境管理与规划。中国的昆虫野花带研究仍处于发展初期，缺少实际应用。未来，中国昆虫野花带的发展，首先要针对现有非作物生境植物群落以及各类昆虫群落展开动态监测与调查，在大尺度上划定生态保护区域，分析现有生境格局，构建生态网络，研究昆虫野花带的规划方案，分清主次和功能需求，并根据节肢动物功能团的时空动态变化，确定最佳群落结构，保持昆虫野花带生境与其他自然与半自然生境的功能连接度，保留多样的景观因素。
关键词:花卉混播/
传粉者/
生境管理/
昆虫野花带/
生态系统服务
Abstract:Wildflower strips in the agricultural landscape are constructed in strip or matrix forms as buffers on headlands, orchards, vegetable fields, etc. by means of mixture sowing. By combining different functional plants into communities, the wildflower strips provide nectar and pollen resources as well as habitats for natural enemies and pollinators. They also contribute in improving the quality of habitats; strengthen the support system for natural enemies; and provide different ecosystem services, such as improving pollination rates, reducing pesticide use, improving and restoring farmland soil, purifying water sources, and inhibiting weeds. The application and development of wildflower strips in Central and Western Europe and the United States were reviewed in this study. Wildflower strips originated in Switzerland but were first applied with the intention of ecological conservation in agricultural settings in Belgium. Over time, the ecological compensation mechanism improved in these countries. In United Kingdom, wildflower strip application occured with strong, detailed policy support involving the use of a variety of methods. However, in the United States, the promotion of native plants, grassland habitat restoration, and the conservation of key pollinators were emphasized. In China, the lack of landscape heterogeneity and habitat fragmentation was mainly caused by the invasion of exotic species and human intervention. The introduction of these methods of wildflower strip implementation as a means for habitat management and planning was crucial. The study on wildflower strip usage in China was still in the early stages of development and was not yet to be practically applied at larger scales. In the future, wildflower strip implementation would be initiated with simultaneous dynamic monitoring and investigation of plant community interactions along with various insect communities in existing non-crop habitats. These investigations will provide the data necessary to construct ecological networks after delimitation of ecological protection areas on a large scale. In addition, these studies will facilitate decision-making on suitable vegetation structures to combine natural and semi-natural habitats based on spatial and temporal dynamics of arthropod functional groups.
Key words:Wildflower meadow/
Pollinators/
Habitat management/
Wildflower strip/
Ecosystem services
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