摘要:植树造林是建设美丽中国、推进生态文明建设、改善民生福祉的具体行动，是实现绿水青山就是金山银山的具体措施。北方土石山区植被稀少、土壤贫瘠、气候干旱、灾害频发，加之人类不合理的生产活动，使得区域内植被破坏严重，导致一系列生态与环境问题，形成大片岩石裸露地，水土流失严重，植被恢复是此区域生态恢复的关键。本文就目前北方土石山区植被恢复的研究现状及当前研究存在的问题进行了总结与评述，包括植被恢复中植被配置模式及造林技术的选择、影响植被恢复的环境因子、植被恢复的生态效应。讨论了不同树种配置及造林技术对造林成活率的影响，指出树种多样化、合理调控树种水分利用是土石山区植被恢复成功与否的关键。通过对土壤肥力、水分、地形及地带性差异对植被恢复的影响，以及植被恢复的水文、水土保持、土壤环境和生物多样性效应的讨论，发现土石山区植被恢复过程中，植被与环境之间相互影响、相互促进，加快了区域生态系统结构与功能的恢复与提升。同时发现土石山区内植被变化的地形效应研究相对缺乏，土壤养分对植被恢复的影响机制也还未明确。最后针对土石山区植被恢复过程中存在的树种选择不合理、研究时间尺度较短及数据资料有限、植被恢复经济效益研究不足等问题，提出筛选优良乡土树种搭配种植、建立植被演替长期定位监测网络、进行植被恢复综合效益监测与评价、明确植被对极端气候的响应机制，是下一步土石山区植被恢复工作中应重视和解决的重要问题。
关键词:北方土石山区/
植被恢复/
植被配置模式/
造林技术/
环境因子/
生态效应
Abstract:Afforestation is a method for building a beautiful China, promoting the construction of ecological civilization, and improving the well-being of people's livelihood. It is a concrete measure to realize the green hills and mountains. The sparse vegetation, poor soil, severe climate, frequent disasters, and unreasonable production from human activities in the northern earth-rocky mountains have caused serious damage to the vegetation in the region, resulting in a series of ecological and environmental problems and forming large exposed areas of rocks, serious soil erosion. Vegetation recovery is the key to ecological restoration in this region. Here, we reviewed the current research status of vegetation restoration in the earth-rocky mountains of North China and the existing problems in current research, including allocation patterns and afforestation technology selection in vegetation restoration, environmental factors affecting vegetation restoration, and ecological effects of vegetation restoration. Further, we discussed the effects of allocating different tree species and afforestation techniques on the survival rate of afforestation. It was pointed out that the variant tree species and rational regulation of tree water use were keys to successful vegetation restoration in the earth-rocky mountains. We also discussed the effects of soil fertility, water, topography, and zonal differences on vegetation restoration, and the hydrological, soil and water conservation, soil environment, and biodiversity effects of vegetation restoration. We found that, in the process of vegetation restoration in the earth-rocky mountains, the vegetation and the environment interacted with and promoted each other; this, in turn, accelerated the restoration and upgrading of the regional ecosystem structure and function. At the same time, it was found that the researches on topographic effect of vegetation change in the earth-rocky mountains was relatively lacking, and the mechanism of soil nutrient impact on vegetation restoration was not yet clear. Finally, there were problems of unreasonable tree species selection, short research scale, limited data, and insufficient economic research on vegetation restoration in the process of vegetation restoration in the earth-rocky mountains. Our study proposed that more attention should be paid to selecting fine native tree species to plant in combination, establishing a long-term monitoring network for vegetation succession, monitoring and evaluating the comprehensive benefits of vegetation restoration, and clarifying the response mechanisms of vegetation to extreme climate; solving these issues was the next step in restoring vegetation research in the earth-rocky mountains.
Key words:Earth-rocky mountain area in North China/
Vegetation restoration/
Vegetation configuration mode/
Afforestation techniques/
Environmental factors/
Ecological effects
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