摘要:小农户是我国农业生产的主体，由此导致生产中存在产量和资源利用效率地块间变异大的问题。为了提高作物的产量和氮肥利用效率，实现小农户地块的精准管理，本文以GIS技术为平台，利用C#语言，建立村级小麦玉米高产高效管理系统，并通过田间对比试验和农户调研分别进行了系统效果的验证及其可行性评价。结果表明，该系统以农户地块为单元，通过信息查询、分析、作物管理决策、系统管理等功能模块，实现了村域每个农户地块的高产高效（氮肥高效）技术推荐。两年22个对比试验结果表明，与农民习惯相比，系统推荐的高产高效处理小麦季平均增产10.8%，氮肥偏生产力提高28.5%；玉米季平均增产10.3%，氮肥偏生产力增加16.9%，实现小麦玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的同步提高。农户调研结果表明，农户对推荐系统的认可程度较高，利用该系统进行技术推荐具有可行性；农户对小麦玉米的各项推荐技术认知度较高，但采用率差异较大，其中小麦优良品种采用率可达94%，但小麦精量播种技术的采用率只有29%，玉米增密技术和晚收技术的采用率仅仅2%和35%；受科技人员技术推荐影响较大的试验户和辐射户的认知率与采用率均高于普通农户，说明通过技术服务可以促进小麦玉米高产高效管理技术的应用。总之，本系统实现了小农户地块作物管理技术的辅助决策，具有显著增产增效作用，可以为村级实现大面积的作物高产高效提供支持。
关键词:小农户/
小麦/
玉米/
高产高效/
管理系统/
氮肥利用效率
Abstract:Smallholder farmers are the main body of agricultural production in China, but there are big variations in the crop yields and efficiency of resource utilization among these farmers. To increase the yield and nutrient use efficiency of crops and ensure precise management of smallholders' plots, this research established a management system for wheat and maize that produces high yield and nitrogen use efficiency at the village level, based on GIS using C# language. The verification of system effects was carried out through the field comparative test on the farmland and a feasibility evaluation was conducted by investigating farmers. During the farmer survey, the farmers were classified into 3 categories, which included the test farmers in whose fields the comparative test was conducted, radiation farmers who often interacted with researchers, and ordinary farmers who were not influenced by researchers. The results showed that the management system, based on peasant household plots, created high yield and nitrogen use efficiency for each farmer in the village, through information queries, data analyses, management decision making, system management, and other functional modules. The results of 22 comparative experiments in two years showed that, compared with the farmers practice treatment (FP), the treatment with high yield and nitrogen use efficiency (DH), recommended by the system, increased the winter wheat yield and partial nitrogen fertilizer productivity (PFPN) by 10.8% and 28.5%, respectively. The treatment system (DH) recommended during the maize season increased the yield and PFPN by 10.3% and 16.9%, respectively. This indicated that, with technological support from the recommendation system, farmers could be increasing their yield and nitrogen use efficiency of the winter wheat and summer maize, simultaneously. The results of the farmers' investigation showed that smallholders had a high degree of recognition for the management system, making it feasible to use the system for technical recommendations. Farmers had a high recognition for the recommended technologies for winter wheat and summer maize, but the adoption rate varied greatly. In particular, the adoption rate of recommended wheat varieties was 94%, but the adoption rate of precision sowing technology for winter wheat was 29%. The adoption rate of densification technology and late harvest technology of summer maize was only 2% and 35%, respectively. The recognition and adoption rates of the test and radiation households, which were greatly influenced by the technical recommendations made by the scientific and technical personnel, were higher than that of the ordinary peasant households. This indicated that it was feasible to popularize the management system to peasant households. In conclusion, the management system of winter wheat and summer maize for high yield and nitrogen use efficiency incorporated the auxiliary decision-making of crop management technology for smallholder plots, and had a significant effect on increasing the yield and nutrient use efficiency, which provided the possibility of achieving high crop yield and nutrient efficiency in large areas.
Key words:Small holder farmers/
Wheat/
Maize/
High yield and efficiency/
Management system/
Nitrogen use efficiency
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