Critical challenges and solutions on ground drinking water in chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) affected regions in Sri Lanka
ZHENG Libing1,2,3,, COORAY Titus2,3, ZHONG Hui1,2,3, WERAGODA Sujithra4, WEERASOORIYAE Rohan5, MAKEHELWALA Madhubhashini2,3, WEI Yuansong1,2,3,, 1.CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Water and Environmental, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China 2.State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China 3.Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China 4.National Water Supply and Drainage Board, Katugastota 20800, Sri Lanka 5.National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
Abstract:Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) has been a key livelihood issue in Sri Lanka for years, and the dissolved contaminants in ground drinking water source was regarded as the main potential contributor. In this study, the hydrochemical characteristics and dissolved organic matters (DOM) properties of groundwater in several areas in Sri Lanka were investigated in terms of high, low, none CKDu prevalence (referred to as HR, LR, NR, respectively, hereafter), with a no CKDu areas set as control (CR). The investigated groundwater mainly exhibited a Ca-Mg-HCO3 type with high Ca2+ and Mg2+, hardness, and F?, which were the main problems affecting safe water supply. The bio-availability of DOM showed a tendency of HR<LR<NR<CR, while DOM in HR also has highest aromaticity with a SUVA of (3.29±0.44) L·(mg·m)?1. The DOM was main endogenous-sourced and showed low aromaticity and maturity, fulvic acid, humic acid, and protein were main components. DOM has high concentration in wet season, and Fe concentration increase. Bioactivity was higher in dry season, humics and proteins degradation happened and tyrosine and lysine presenting high concentration. No significant difference was found in DOM between CKDu related areas and control area, and it can be inferred that the interaction between inorganic and organic matters, which influence the speciation and bio-availability, can be the reason for CKDu. Adsorption-ion exchange- NF-disinfection coupled technology was designed for groundwater treatment for DOM, F and hardness control. This work systematically analyzed the water quality in CKDu region in Sri Lanka and offer an effective groundwater treatment strategy for safeguarding drinking water supply in Sri Lanka. Key words:chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu)/ dissolved organic matter (DOM)/ hardness/ fluorine/ groundwater/ nanofiltration.
图1斯里兰卡CKDu发病率地图及采样点位置分布 Figure1.CKDu prevalence in Sri Lanka and the location distribution of sampling points
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1.CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Water and Environmental, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China 2.State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China 3.Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China 4.National Water Supply and Drainage Board, Katugastota 20800, Sri Lanka 5.National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka Received Date: 2020-06-15 Accepted Date: 2020-06-30 Available Online: 2020-08-13 Keywords:chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu)/ dissolved organic matter (DOM)/ hardness/ fluorine/ groundwater/ nanofiltration Abstract:Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) has been a key livelihood issue in Sri Lanka for years, and the dissolved contaminants in ground drinking water source was regarded as the main potential contributor. In this study, the hydrochemical characteristics and dissolved organic matters (DOM) properties of groundwater in several areas in Sri Lanka were investigated in terms of high, low, none CKDu prevalence (referred to as HR, LR, NR, respectively, hereafter), with a no CKDu areas set as control (CR). The investigated groundwater mainly exhibited a Ca-Mg-HCO3 type with high Ca2+ and Mg2+, hardness, and F?, which were the main problems affecting safe water supply. The bio-availability of DOM showed a tendency of HR<LR<NR<CR, while DOM in HR also has highest aromaticity with a SUVA of (3.29±0.44) L·(mg·m)?1. The DOM was main endogenous-sourced and showed low aromaticity and maturity, fulvic acid, humic acid, and protein were main components. DOM has high concentration in wet season, and Fe concentration increase. Bioactivity was higher in dry season, humics and proteins degradation happened and tyrosine and lysine presenting high concentration. No significant difference was found in DOM between CKDu related areas and control area, and it can be inferred that the interaction between inorganic and organic matters, which influence the speciation and bio-availability, can be the reason for CKDu. Adsorption-ion exchange- NF-disinfection coupled technology was designed for groundwater treatment for DOM, F and hardness control. This work systematically analyzed the water quality in CKDu region in Sri Lanka and offer an effective groundwater treatment strategy for safeguarding drinking water supply in Sri Lanka.
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--> --> --> 20世纪90年代中期以来，斯里兰卡旱区(Dry Zone)不明原因慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology, CKDu)高发，患者约占全国总人口的0.2%，标化患病率高达12%~15%，已成为该国亟需解决的重大民生问题。当地主要饮用水源为地下水，世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)的初步研究结果表明，地下水中污染物可能是重要的致病原因[1-2]。但近年来，针对地下水特别是CKDu病区地下水的系统性调研工作开展的较少，特别是地下水中溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter，DOM)的研究一直处于空白状态。因此，在斯里兰卡CKDu病区开展系统的地下水水质调研，了解当地地下水水质情况、水质类型、关键组成，以及DOM的组成、来源、特性和分布，对于确定地下水深度处理与饮用水安全保障技术方案具有重要的指导意义，也助于进一步了解水质与CKDu之间的关联，促进CKDu的追因研究。 本研究在斯里兰卡CKDu高发的北中省(North Central Province，NCP)展开，按照CKDu发病率，考察不同区域地下水在干湿季节的水化学特征。采用CODMn/DOC、SUVA等指标评估DOM的可生物利用性，结合应用三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)和平行因子分析(PARAFAC)方法分析DOM的组成、分布特征及来源，明确斯里兰卡CKDu病区地下水源饮用水的关键问题。针对主要污染特征，提出有效的解决策略，以期为当地饮用水安全保障和CKDu追因工作提供基础数据。
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