Removal of trichloroethylene from water using yolk-shell Fe/FeS@SiO2 particles
REN Luyao1,, CHEN Shuai2, LIU Yongdi1, LI Hui1,3,, 1.State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China 2.Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China 3.Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
Abstract:Aiming at the agglomeration of sulfurized nano-zero-valent iron(Fe/FeS) due to its interaction between particles and poor environmental adaptability, the hollow mesoporous silica spheres were prepared by using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the silicon source, and then the Fe/FeS@SiO2 material with yolk-shell structure was prepared by“ship-in-a-bottle”method to prevent the agglomeration of Fe/FeS and improve its activity, which was used to remove trichloroethylene (TCE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to characterize above materials. The characterization results revealled that the Fe/FeS@SiO2 yolk-shell particles had special structures, including active cores, mesoporous shells and hollow cavities, which could prevent the agglomeration of Fe/FeS. The experimental results showed that the optimum mass ratio of Fe to S for Fe/FeS@SiO2 preparation was 30. At TCE initial concentration of 10 mg·L?1, Fe dosage of 0.1 g and reaction time of 180 min, the TCE removal efficiency reached 90.75%, which was significantly higher than that of Fe/FeS (66.06%). The mesoporous silica shell inhibited the agglomeration of Fe/FeS, and the pores in the shell provide a larger specific surface area for the Fe/FeS@SiO2 yolk-shell particles, which enhances the TCE adsorption. Moreover, the cavity in the material could strengthen the contact between the cores and the contaminants, which improved the TCE removal efficiency. Key words:TCE removal/ sulfurized nano-zero-valent iron(Fe/FeS)/ agglomeration/ Fe/FeS@SiO2 yolk-shell particles/ hollow mesoporous silica spheres.
图1Fe/FeS@SiO2材料的FT-IR表征结果 Figure1.Characterization results of FT-IR spectra of Fe/FeS@SiO2
SEYAMA T, ADACHI K, YAMAZAKI S. Kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of trichloroethylene in aqueous colloidal solutions of TiO2 and WO3 nanoparticles[J]. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology A Chemistry, 2012, 249(23): 15-20.
[2]
TANG F, JIA X, ZHENG T, et al. Individual and combined effects of humic acid, bicarbonate and calcium on TCE removal kinetics, aging behavior and electron efficiency of mZVI particles[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 324: 324-335. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.144
SONG S, YIMING S U, DAI C, et al. Recent advances in the application of iron sulfide nanoparticles in environment[J]. Chemical Industry & Engineering Progress, 2016, 35(1): 248-254.
[7]
DONG H R, ZHANG C, DENG J M, et al. Factors influencing degradation of trichloroethylene by sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron in aqueous solution[J]. Water Research, 2018, 135: 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.017
[8]
FAN D M, JOHNSON G O, TRATNYEK P G, et al. Sulfidation of nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) for improved selectivity during in-situ chemical reduction (ISCR)[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(17): 9558-9565.
[9]
HAN Y L, YAN W L. Reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene by zero-valent iron nanoparticles: Reactivity enhancement through sulfidation treatment[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(23): 12992-13001.
[10]
TANG J, TANG L, FENG H P, et al. Research progress of aqueous pollutants removal by sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2017, 75(6): 575-582. doi: 10.6023/A17020045
[11]
KIM E J, MURUGESAN K, KIM J H, et al. Remediation of trichloroethylene by FeS-coated iron nanoparticles in simulated and real groundwater: Effects of water chemistry[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2013, 52(27): 9343-9350.
[12]
SONG S K, SU M M, ADELEYE A S, et al. Optimal design and characterization of sulfide-modified nanoscale zerovalent iron for diclofenac removal[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental, 2017, 201: 211-220. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.07.055
SCHARTL W. Current directions in core-shell nanoparticle design[J]. Nanoscale, 2010, 2(6): 829-843. doi: 10.1039/c0nr00028k
[15]
LI W, ZHAO D Y. Extension of the stober method to construct mesoporous SiO2 and TiO2 shells for uniform multifunctional core-shell structures[J]. Advanced Materials, 2013, 25(1): 142-149. doi: 10.1002/adma.201203547
[16]
PARK J C, SONG H J. Metal@silica yolk-shell nanostructures as versatile bifunctional nanocatalysts[J]. Nano Research, 2015, 42(13): 33-49.
[17]
FANG X L, CHEN C, LIU Z H, et al. A cationic surfactant assisted selective etching strategy to hollow mesoporous silica spheres[J]. Nanoscale, 2011, 3(4): 1632-1639. doi: 10.1039/c0nr00893a
[18]
REN L Y, LI L Z, CHEN S, et al. Yolk-shell Fe/FeS@SiO2 particles with enhanced dispersibility, transportability and degradation of TBBPA[J]. Catalysis Today, 2019, 327: 2-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.10.023
[19]
CHEN S, BEDIA J, LI H, et al. Nanoscale zero-valent iron@mesoporous hydrated silica core-shell particles with enhanced dispersibility, transportability and degradation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018, 343: 619-628. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.011
[20]
LIU C, LI J S, QI J W, et al. Yolk-shell Fe0@SiO2 nanoparticles as nanoreactors for Fenton-like catalytic reaction[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6(15): 13167-13173.
[21]
RAJAJAYAVEL S R C, GHOSHAL S. Enhanced reductive dechlorination of trichloroethylene by sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron[J]. Water Research, 2015, 78: 144-153. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.009
[22]
KIM E J, KIM J H, AZAD A M, et al. Facile synthesis and characterization of Fe/FeS nanoparticles for environmental applications[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2011, 3(5): 1457-1462.
LI Y, LI X Q, XIAO Y, et al. Catalytic debromination of tetrabromobisphenol A by Ni/nZVI bimetallic particles[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 284: 1242-1250. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.09.079
[25]
YIN L, SONG S, WANG X X, et al. Rationally designed core-shell and yolk-shell magnetic titanate nanosheets for efficient U(VI) adsorption performance[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 238: 725-738. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.092
[26]
LV Y C, NIU Z Y, CHEN Y C, et al. Synthesis of SiO2 coated zero-valent iron/palladium bimetallic nanoparticles and their application in a nano-biological combined system for 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether degradation[J]. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(24): 20357-20365. doi: 10.1039/C5RA22388A
1.State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China 2.Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China 3.Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China Received Date: 2019-01-15 Accepted Date: 2019-04-22 Available Online: 2020-11-11 Keywords:TCE removal/ sulfurized nano-zero-valent iron(Fe/FeS)/ agglomeration/ Fe/FeS@SiO2 yolk-shell particles/ hollow mesoporous silica spheres Abstract:Aiming at the agglomeration of sulfurized nano-zero-valent iron(Fe/FeS) due to its interaction between particles and poor environmental adaptability, the hollow mesoporous silica spheres were prepared by using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the silicon source, and then the Fe/FeS@SiO2 material with yolk-shell structure was prepared by“ship-in-a-bottle”method to prevent the agglomeration of Fe/FeS and improve its activity, which was used to remove trichloroethylene (TCE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to characterize above materials. The characterization results revealled that the Fe/FeS@SiO2 yolk-shell particles had special structures, including active cores, mesoporous shells and hollow cavities, which could prevent the agglomeration of Fe/FeS. The experimental results showed that the optimum mass ratio of Fe to S for Fe/FeS@SiO2 preparation was 30. At TCE initial concentration of 10 mg·L?1, Fe dosage of 0.1 g and reaction time of 180 min, the TCE removal efficiency reached 90.75%, which was significantly higher than that of Fe/FeS (66.06%). The mesoporous silica shell inhibited the agglomeration of Fe/FeS, and the pores in the shell provide a larger specific surface area for the Fe/FeS@SiO2 yolk-shell particles, which enhances the TCE adsorption. Moreover, the cavity in the material could strengthen the contact between the cores and the contaminants, which improved the TCE removal efficiency.
六水合三氯化铁(FeCl3·6H2O,>99%)、氨水(NH4OH,25%~28%)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB,>99%)、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS,28%)、硼氢化钠(NaBH4,>96%)、连二亚硫酸钠(Na2S2O4)、无水碳酸钠(Na2CO3,99.8%)和三氯乙烯(trichloroethylene,>99%)均为分析纯。 扫描电子显微镜(JSM-6360LV,日本JEOL公司);透射电子显微镜(JEM-1400,日本JEOL公司);X射线粉末衍射仪(D/max 2550V,美国Rigaku公司);X射线电子能谱分析仪(Axis Ultra DLD,美国Kratos公司);傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Nicolet 6700,美国尼高力公司);能量色散谱仪(EDAX TEAM Apollo,美国伊达克斯有限公司)。
1.2. Fe/FeS的制备
将0.483 g FeCl3·6H2O用25 mL去离子水和45 mL乙醇溶解在三口烧瓶中,并以600 r·min?1机械搅拌。将0.340 g NaBH4和0.005 g Na2S2O4分散在烧杯中的30 mL去离子水中,并通过Longer BQ50-1J-A蠕动泵(保定,中国)以1.5 mL·min?1加入三口烧瓶中。在这些条件下,30 min后,合成含有0.1 g Fe0的Fe/FeS。
1.3. 中空介孔氧化硅球(HMSS)的制备
使用FANG等[17]的方法合成中空介孔二氧化硅球。在乙醇(74 mL)、去离子水(10 mL)和氨水溶液(25%~28%,3.15 mL)的混合物中加入6 mL TEOS;将溶液搅拌1 h,得到SiO2;将0.050 g SiO2和0.075 g CTAB加入到含有25 mL去离子水,15 mL乙醇和0.275 mL NH4OH的三口烧瓶中;将混合物在600 r·min?1下搅拌0.5 h;然后,将0.125 mL TEOS加入烧瓶中,并将混合物在300 r·min?1下再搅拌4 h后,通过离心收集产物;最后,将0.212 g Na2CO3加入到上述产物的悬浮液中,在50 ℃下剧烈搅拌10 h后,收集颗粒并分别用乙醇和去离子水洗涤3次。
1.4. Fe/FeS@SiO2的制备
将上述已合成好的中空介孔氧化硅和0.483 g FeCl3·6H2O用去离子水和乙醇混合后,溶解在三口烧瓶中,在氮气保护下,将悬浊液强烈搅拌15 min。然后将0.340 g NaBH4和0.005 g Na2S2O4分散在烧杯中的30 mL去离子水中,并通过Longer BQ50-1J-A蠕动泵(保定,中国)以1.5 mL·min?1加入三口烧瓶中。在这些条件下,30 min后,合成含有0.1 g Fe0的Fe/FeS@SiO2。
1.5. TCE的去除实验
本研究制备的Fe/FeS和Fe/FeS@SiO2用于降解TCE,降解实验在血清瓶(110 mL体系)中完成。将100 mL的TCE水溶液和含有0.1 g Fe0的材料加入到血清瓶中,血清瓶密封后,放于自制的滚筒上,以15 r·min?1的转速进行反应。每隔一段时间取1 mL水样,经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后测定浓度。