), 刘永芳3 1 Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany
2 中国科学院心理研究所, 北京 100101
3 School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
收稿日期:2017-11-14出版日期:2019-04-25发布日期:2019-02-22通讯作者:栾胜华E-mail:luansh@psych.ac.cnAre we truly irrational and almost impossible to educate? Analyzing the scientific evidence behind libertine paternalism
Gerd GIGERENZER1, LUAN Shenghua2(), LIU Yongfang3 1 Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Germany
2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
3 华东师范大学心理与认知科学学院, 上海 200062
Received:2017-11-14Online:2019-04-25Published:2019-02-22Contact:LUAN Shenghua E-mail:luansh@psych.ac.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 基于心理学的研究, 自由家长主义者认为人们的思维有个体难以克服的、根深蒂固的系统性缺陷, 并难以通过教育来避免和消除, 因此主张因势利导, 仰仗外部专家的“助推”把人们的行为引导到正确方向。然而, 从生态理性的角度看, 人们依照自由家长主义者所谓的认知偏差做出的选择未必导致糟糕的结果, 而依照自由家长主义者所推崇的理性方法做出的选择也未必导致理想的结果。本文分析了自由家长主义者用来支持助推的证据后发现：(1)它们源于一些研究者对“何为理性”的狭隘定义, 误解了人类理性的本质; (2)它们对研究结果进行了选择性的报告, 忽视了与这些证据相反的证据。通过这些分析, 我们认为“人非理性且难教化”这一自由家长主义者的论断过于武断并有失偏颇。投入教育, 教会人们如何精明老练地处理风险不仅是可行的, 而且是替代助推的一个更为持久有效的解决方案。
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