) 1 中国科学院行为科学重点实验室(中国科学院心理研究所), 北京 100101
2 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
收稿日期:2018-01-02出版日期:2018-11-30发布日期:2018-10-30基金资助:* 国家社会科学基金重大项目(14ZDB161)支持Preschoolers' selective trust and belief revision in conflicting situation
LI Tingyu1,2, LIU Li1,2, LI Yilin1,2, ZHU Liqi1() 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Received:2018-01-02Online:2018-11-30Published:2018-10-30摘要/Abstract
摘要： 幼儿如何选择性地采信他人提供的信息、获取知识, 是幼儿社会认知发展研究的重要问题。除客观的信息内容外, 信息传递者的特征也影响幼儿的选择性信任。另外, 在不确定情境下, 他人证言与幼儿已有信念可能存在冲突, 在二者冲突的情境下, 幼儿是否可以采信他人的证言, 并最终改变幼儿的已有判断是以往研究忽略的问题。本研究考察了当母亲证言与幼儿已有信念冲突时, 不同程度的冲突情境(面对不同比例的合成动物时)对幼儿选择性信任和信念修正的影响。研究采用冲突信息源范式, 向74名4~6岁幼儿呈现对不同比例合成动物(50%-50%任务 vs 75%-25%任务)命名的证言, 考察幼儿对信息提供者的询问意愿、对证言的信任情况和在证言前后对合成动物的判断(信念修正)。信息提供的一方为母亲(提供相似度低的动物名称), 另一方为陌生人(提供相似度高的动物名称)。结果发现, 幼儿的选择性信任和信念修正受到母亲证言与已有信念冲突程度的影响。在低冲突情境下, 幼儿对母亲证言的询问意愿和外显信任均高于高冲突情境。幼儿的信念修正存在年龄差异, 在低冲突情境下, 年长幼儿比年幼幼儿更倾向于改变已有信念, 在高冲突情境下, 年长的幼儿比年幼幼儿更不愿意改变已有信念。本研究结果表明, 当母亲的证言与幼儿已有信念冲突时, 中国幼儿可以区分不同程度的冲突情境, 并且可以根据冲突的程度进行选择性信任和信念修正。
图/表 6
图150%-50%合成动物(左为牛-马, 右为熊-猪)
图150%-50%合成动物(左为牛-马, 右为熊-猪)
图225%-75%合成动物(左为鱼-鸟, 右为松鼠-兔子)
图225%-75%合成动物(左为鱼-鸟, 右为松鼠-兔子)表1不同合成动物任务中的实验材料与不同信息提供者的证言
| 任务 | 实验材料 | 母亲 | 陌生人 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50%-50%合成动物 | 牛-马 | 牛 | 马 |
| 熊-猪 | 熊 | 猪 | |
| 25%-75%合成动物 | 鱼-鸟 | 鱼 | 鸟 |
| 松鼠-兔子 | 松鼠 | 兔子 |
表1不同合成动物任务中的实验材料与不同信息提供者的证言
| 任务 | 实验材料 | 母亲 | 陌生人 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50%-50%合成动物 | 牛-马 | 牛 | 马 |
| 熊-猪 | 熊 | 猪 | |
| 25%-75%合成动物 | 鱼-鸟 | 鱼 | 鸟 |
| 松鼠-兔子 | 松鼠 | 兔子 |
表2幼儿选择询问母亲的比率(年龄组内%)
| 组别 | 50%-50%合成动物 | 25%-75%合成动物 |
|---|---|---|
| 4岁组 | 65.10 | 69.85 |
| 5岁组 | 63.95 | 63.90 |
| 6岁组 | 88.90** | 88.10** |
表2幼儿选择询问母亲的比率(年龄组内%)
| 组别 | 50%-50%合成动物 | 25%-75%合成动物 |
|---|---|---|
| 4岁组 | 65.10 | 69.85 |
| 5岁组 | 63.95 | 63.90 |
| 6岁组 | 88.90** | 88.10** |
表3幼儿选择信任母亲证言的比率(年龄组内%)
| 组别 | 50%-50%合成动物 | 25%-75%合成动物 |
|---|---|---|
| 4岁组 | 56.35 | 14.30** |
| 5岁组 | 53.30 | 8.20** |
| 6岁组 | 67.45 | 9.55** |
表3幼儿选择信任母亲证言的比率(年龄组内%)
| 组别 | 50%-50%合成动物 | 25%-75%合成动物 |
|---|---|---|
| 4岁组 | 56.35 | 14.30** |
| 5岁组 | 53.30 | 8.20** |
| 6岁组 | 67.45 | 9.55** |
表4幼儿初始和最终判断与母亲证言一致的比率(年龄组内%)
| 组别 | 50%-50%合成动物 | 25%-75%合成动物 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 初始 | 最终 | 初始 | 最终 | |
| 4岁组 | 12.70** | 32.55 | 1.60** | 13.50** |
| 5岁组 | 21.45* | 34.45 | 1.65** | 9.05** |
| 6岁组 | 12.70** | 32.55 | 0.00** | 9.55** |
表4幼儿初始和最终判断与母亲证言一致的比率(年龄组内%)
| 组别 | 50%-50%合成动物 | 25%-75%合成动物 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 初始 | 最终 | 初始 | 最终 | |
| 4岁组 | 12.70** | 32.55 | 1.60** | 13.50** |
| 5岁组 | 21.45* | 34.45 | 1.65** | 9.05** |
| 6岁组 | 12.70** | 32.55 | 0.00** | 9.55** |
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