) 南京师范大学心理学院, 南京 210097
收稿日期:2020-06-20出版日期:2021-11-15发布日期:2021-09-23通讯作者:刘昌E-mail:liuchang@njnu.edu.cnMoral intuition is moral but not objective
YUAN Xiaojing, LIU Chang() School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210024, China
Received:2020-06-20Online:2021-11-15Published:2021-09-23Contact:LIU Chang E-mail:liuchang@njnu.edu.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 面对道德困境, 道德直觉倾向于促使人们做出道义论的判断。但是, 道德直觉易受情绪因素影响, 具有较强的主观性。道德直觉警惕有意图地使用个人力量造成的伤害, 却会接受由非个人力量或连带作用引发的伤害。“模块近视假说”认为, 大脑中存在一个预警系统, 能快速地对主动伤害的想法发出情绪警报。但该系统的审查机制是一种简单的“单通道”加工, 这种加工局限使连带作用造成的伤害避开了审查机制的监控。道德直觉的不客观提示, 面对现实生活中的道德争议, 不应该仅听凭直觉作为行动的依据。
参考文献 67
| [1] | 艾炎, 胡竹菁. (2018). 推理判断中双重加工过程的协作与转换机制. 心理科学进展, 26(10), 1794-1806. |
| [2] | 胡竹菁, 胡笑羽. (2012). Evans双重加工理论的发展过程简要述评. 心理学探新, 32(4), 310-316. |
| [3] | 孙彦, 李纾, 殷晓莉. (2007). 决策与推理的双系统--启发式系统和分析系统. 心理科学进展, 15(5), 721-726. |
| [4] | 唐江伟, 路红, 刘毅, 彭坚. (2015). 道德直觉决策及其机制探析. 心理科学进展, 23(10), 1830-1842. |
| [5] | 田学红, 杨群, 张德玄, 张烨. (2011). 道德直觉加工机制的理论构想. 心理科学进展, 19(10), 1426-1433. |
| [6] | 肖前国, 罗乐, 余林. (2009). 推理与决策的双加工理论研究简评. 心理科学进展, 17(2), 321-324. |
| [7] | 徐平, 迟毓凯. (2007). 道德判断的社会直觉模型述评. 心理科学, 30(2), 403-405. |
| [8] | 喻丰, 彭凯平, 韩婷婷, 柴方圆, 柏阳. (2011). 道德困境之困境--情与理的辩争. 心理科学进展, 19(11), 1702- 1712. |
| [9] | Awad, E., Dsouza, S., Shariff, A., Rahwan, I., & Bonnefon, J-F. (2019). Universals and variations in moral decisions made in 42 countries by 70, 000 participants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(5), 2332-2337. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1911517117URL |
| [10] | Bartels, D. M. (2008). Principled moral sentiment and the flexibility of moral judgment and decision making. Cognition, 108(2), 381-417. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.03.001pmid: 18486121 |
| [11] | Bergmann, L. T., Schlicht, L., Meixner, C., König, P., Pipa, G., Boshammer, S., Stephan, A. (2018). Autonomous vehicles require socio-political acceptance - An empirical and philosophical perspective on the problem of moral decision making. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 31. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00031pmid: 29541023 |
| [12] | Bonnefon, J. F., Shariff, A., & Rahwan, I. (2016). The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science, 352(6293), 1573-1576. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf2654URL |
| [13] | Bruers, S., & Braeckman, J. (2014). A review and systematization of the trolley problem. Philosophia, 42(2), 251-269. doi: 10.1007/s11406-013-9507-5URL |
| [14] | Contissa, G., Lagioia, F., & Sartor, G. (2017). The ethical knob: Ethically-customisable automated vehicles and the law. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 25, 365-378. doi: 10.1007/s10506-017-9211-zURL |
| [15] | Conway, P., Goldstein-Greenwood, J., Polacek, D., & Greene, J. D. (2018). Sacrificial utilitarian judgments do reflect concern for the greater good: Clarification via process dissociation and the judgments of philosophers. Cognition, 179, 241-265. doi: S0010-0277(18)30110-0pmid: 30064654 |
| [16] | Crockett, M. J., Clark, L., Hauser, M. D., & Robbins, T. W. (2010). Serotonin selectively influences moral judgment and behavior through effects on harm aversion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(40), 17433- 17438. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1009396107URL |
| [17] | Cushman, F., Young, L., & Hauser, M. (2006). The role of conscious reasoning and intuition in moral judgment: Testing three principles of harm. Psychological Science, 17(12), 1082-1089. pmid: 17201791 |
| [18] | Elisa, C., Michela, M., Elisabetta, L., & Giuseppe, D. P. (2007). Selective deficit in personal moral judgment following damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(2), 84-92. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsm001URL |
| [19] | Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49(8), 709-724. pmid: 8092614 |
| [20] | Evans, J. S. B. T. (2011). Dual-process theories of reasoning: Contemporary issues and developmental applications. Developmental Review, 31(2-3), 86-102. |
| [21] | Evans, J. S. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 223-241. doi: 10.1177/1745691612460685URL |
| [22] | Evans, J. S. B. T., & Wason, P. C. (1976). Rationalization in a reasoning task. British Journal of Psychology, 63(4), 479-486. |
| [23] | Faulhaber, A. K., Dittmer, A., Blind, F., WäChter, M. A., Timm, S., Sütfeld, L. R., ... König, P. (2018). Human decisions in moral dilemmas are largely described by utilitarianism: Virtual car driving study provides guidelines for autonomous driving vehicles. Science and Engineering Ethics, 25(2), 399-418. doi: 10.1007/s11948-018-0020-xURL |
| [24] | Foot, P. (1967). The problem of abortion and the doctrine of the double effect. Oxford Review, 2(2), 152-161. |
| [25] | Gawronski, B., Armstrong, J., Conway, P., Friesdorf, R., & Hütter, M. (2017). Consequences, norms, and generalized inaction in moral dilemmas: The CNI model of moral decision-making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(3), 343-376. doi: 10.1037/pspa0000086pmid: 28816493 |
| [26] | Gawronski, B., Conway, P., Armstrong, J., Friesdorf, R., & Hütter., M. (2018). Effects of incidental emotions on moral dilemma judgments: An analysis using the CNI model. Emotion, 18(7), 989-1008. doi: 10.1037/emo0000399pmid: 29389208 |
| [27] | Greene, J. D. (2013). Moral tribes: Emotion, reason, and the gap between us and them (pp.105-132). New York: Penguin Press. |
| [28] | Greene, J. D. (2016a). Solving the trolley problem. A Companion to Experimental Philosophy (pp.175-189). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
| [29] | Greene, J. D. (2016b). Our driverless dilemma. Science, 352(6293), 1514-1515. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf9534URL |
| [30] | Greene, J. D., Cushman, F. A., Stewart, L. E., Lowenberg, K., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2009). Pushing moral buttons: The interaction between personal force and intention in moral judgment. Cognition, 111(3), 364-371. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.02.001URL |
| [31] | Greene, J. D., Morelli, S. A., Lowenberg, K., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2008). Cognitive load selectively interferes with utilitarian moral judgment. Cognition, 107(3), 1144- 1154. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.11.004URL |
| [32] | Greene, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Engell, A. D., Darley, J. M., Cohen, J. D. (2004). The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron, 44(2), 389-400. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.027URL |
| [33] | Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293(5537), 2105-2108. pmid: 11557895 |
| [34] | Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814-834. pmid: 11699120 |
| [35] | Haidt, J. (2007). The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science, 316(5827), 998-1002. doi: 10.1126/science.1137651URL |
| [36] | Haidt, J., Koller, S. H., & Dias, M. G. (1993). Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 613-628. pmid: 8229648 |
| [37] | Handley, S. J., Newstead, S. E., & Trippas, D. (2011). Logic, beliefs, and instruction: A test of the default interventionist account of belief bias. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(1), 28-43. doi: 10.1037/a0021098URL |
| [38] | Handley, S. J., & Trippas, D. (2015). Dual processes and the interplay between knowledge and structure: A new parallel processing model. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 62, 33-58. |
| [39] | Kahane, G., Everett, J. A. C., Earp, B. D., Caviola, L., Faber, N. S., Crockett, M. J., & Savulescu, J. (2017). Beyond sacrificial harm: A two-dimensional model of utilitarian psychology. Psychological Review, 125(2), 131-164. doi: 10.1037/rev0000093URL |
| [40] | Kaufman, W. R. P. (2016). The doctrine of double effect and the trolley problem. Journal of Value Inquiry, 50(1), 21-31. doi: 10.1007/s10790-014-9479-0URL |
| [41] | Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M., & Damasio, A. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature, 446(7138), 908-911. doi: 10.1038/nature05631URL |
| [42] | Kogut, T., & Ritov, I. (2005). The “Identified Victim” Effect: An Identified Group, or Just a Single Individual? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 18(3), 157-167. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0771URL |
| [43] | Lawless, W. F., & Postnikov, V. (2016). Autonomous vehicles. Science, 354(6311), 426. doi: 10.1126/science.aal2546URL |
| [44] | Maxmen, A. (2018). Self-driving car dilemmas reveal that moral choices are not universal. Nature, 562(7728), 469-470. doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-07135-0URL |
| [45] | Mendez, M. F., Anderson, E., & Shapira, J. S. (2005). An investigation of moral judgement in Frontotemporal dementia. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 18(4), 193-197. pmid: 16340391 |
| [46] | Moore, A. B., Clark, B. A., & Kane, M. J. (2008). Who shalt not kill? individual differences in working memory capacity, executive control, and moral judgment. Psychological Science, 19(6), 549-557. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02122.xpmid: 18578844 |
| [47] | Paxton, J. M., Ungar, L., & Greene, J. D. (2012). Reflection and reasoning in moral judgment. Cognitive Science, 36(1), 163-177. doi: 10.1111/cogs.2012.36.issue-1URL |
| [48] | Pennycook, G. (2017). A Perspective on the Theoretical Foundation of Dual Process Models. In W. De Neys (Ed.) Dual Process Theory 2.0. New York, NY: Psychology Press. |
| [49] | Pennycook, G., Fugelsang, J. A., & Koehler, D. J. (2015). What makes us think? A three-stage dual-process model of analytic engagement. Cognitive Psychology, 80, 34-72. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2015.05.001pmid: 26091582 |
| [50] | Perkins, A. M., Leonard, A. M., Weaver, K., Dalton, J. A., Mehta, M. A., Kumari, V., ... Ettinger, U. (2013). A dose of ruthlessness: Interpersonal moral judgment is hardened by the anti-anxiety drug lorazepam. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(3), 612-620. doi: 10.1037/a0030256URL |
| [51] | Pinillos, N. Á., Smith, N., Nair, G. S., Marchetto, P., & Mun, C. (2011). Philosophy’s new challenge: Experiments and intentional action. Mind & Language, 26(1), 115-139. |
| [52] | Rhim, J., Lee, G. B., & Lee, J. H. (2020). Human moral reasoning types in autonomous vehicle moral dilemma: A cross-cultural comparison of korea and canada. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 39-56. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.010URL |
| [53] | Schaich Borg, J., Hynes, C., van Horn, J., Grafton, S., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2006). Consequences, action, and intention as factors in moral judgments: An fMRI investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(5), 803-817. pmid: 16768379 |
| [54] | Schelling, T. C. (1986). The life you save may be your own. In S. B. Chase (Ed), Problesms in public expenditure analysis (pp.127-162). Washington DC: The Brookings Institute. |
| [55] | Shweder, R. A., Mahapatra, M, & Miller, J. G. (1987). Culture and Moral Development. In J. Kagan, & S. Lamb (Eds.), The emergence of moral in young children (pp.1-83). Chicago, American: University of Chicago Press. |
| [56] | Sloman, S. A. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 3-22. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3URL |
| [57] | Small, D. A., & Loewenstein, G. (2003). Helping a victim or helping the victim: Altruism and identifiability. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 26, 5-16. doi: 10.1023/A:1022299422219URL |
| [58] | Stupple, E. J. N., & Ball, L. J. (2008). Belief-logic conflict resolution in syllogistic reasoning: Inspection-time evidence for a parallel-process model. Thinking & Reasoning, 14(2), 168-181. |
| [59] | Suter, R. S., & Hertwig, R. (2011). Time and moral judgment. Cognition, 119(3), 454-458. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2011.01.018URL |
| [60] | Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2018). How AI can be a force for good. Science, 361(6404), 751-752. doi: 10.1126/science.aat5991URL |
| [61] | Thomson, J. J. (1976). Killing, letting die, and the trolley problem. The Monist, 59(2), 204-217. pmid: 11662247 |
| [62] | Thomson, J. J. (1985). The trolley problem. The Yale Law Journal, 94(6), 1395-1415. doi: 10.2307/796133URL |
| [63] | Trémolière, B., de Neys, W., & Bonnefon, J. F. (2012). Mortality salience and morality: Thinking about death makes people less utilitarian. Cognition, 124(3), 379-384. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.05.011pmid: 22698994 |
| [64] | Trippas, D., Handley, S. J., Verde, M. F., & Morsanyi, K. (2016). Logic brightens my day: Evidence for implicit sensitivity to logical validity. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 42(9), 1448-1457. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000248URL |
| [65] | Trippas, D., Thompson, V. A., & Handley, S. J. (2017). When fast logic meets slow belief: Evidence for a parallel processing model of belief bias. Memory & Cognition, 45(4), 539-552. doi: 10.3758/s13421-016-0680-1URL |
| [66] | Young, L., Cushman, F., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Hauser, M. (2006). Does emotion mediate the relationship between an action's moral status and its intentional status? neuropsychological evidence. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 6(1-2), 291-304. doi: 10.1163/156853706776931321URL |
| [67] | Young, L., & Koenigs, M. (2007). Investigating emotion in moral cognition: A review of evidence from functional neuroimaging and neuropsychology. British Medical Bulletin, 84(1), 69-79. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldm031URL |
相关文章 15
| [1] | 郝喜玲, 刘依冉, 杜晶晶, 郑方. 失败恐惧的形成及对创业行为的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(9): 1551-1560. |
| [2] | 张辉华. 社会网络视角的团队情绪智力[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(8): 1381-1395. |
| [3] | 李晓明, 邹是, 高友明. 失望情绪在不作为惯性产生中的作用[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(8): 1396-1401. |
| [4] | 张珊珊, 王婧怡, 李昱汝. 情绪自旋及其心理健康功能[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(8): 1430-1437. |
| [5] | 刘传军, 廖江群. 道德困境研究的范式沿革及其理论价值[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(8): 1508-1520. |
| [6] | 曾宪卿, 许冰, 孙博, 叶健彤, 傅世敏. EMMN受偏差-标准刺激对类型和情绪类型影响: 来自元分析的证据[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(7): 1163-1178. |
| [7] | 王晓田, 王娜, 何金波. 前瞻性情绪作为社会风险的信息源假说：公共场景下风险决策的情绪及文化机制探讨[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(6): 959-966. |
| [8] | 彭坚, 曹兵兵. 追随者主动工作行为的上行影响：内隐追随视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(6): 967-977. |
| [9] | 何蔚祺, 李帅霞, 赵东方. 群体面孔情绪感知的神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(5): 761-772. |
| [10] | 尹俊婷, 王冠, 罗俊龙. 威胁对创造力的影响：认知与情绪双加工路径[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(5): 815-826. |
| [11] | 王学思, 李静雅, 王美芳. 父母婚姻冲突对儿童发展的影响及其机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(5): 875-884. |
| [12] | 丁琳洁, 李旭, 尹述飞. 工作记忆中的积极效应：情绪效价与任务相关性的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(4): 652-664. |
| [13] | 关旭旭, 王红波. 抑制引起的遗忘及其神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(4): 665-676. |
| [14] | 张衍, 王俊秀, 席居哲. 幸灾乐祸的重新审视和互动过程模型的构想[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(3): 505-519. |
| [15] | 赵小红, 童薇, 陈桃林, 吴冬梅, 张蕾, 陈正举, 方晓义, 龚启勇, 唐小蓉. 敬畏的心理模型及其认知神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(3): 520-530. |
PDF全文下载地址:
http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlkxjz/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=5626
