) 浙江师范大学, 杭州幼儿师范学院, 杭州 311231
收稿日期:2019-12-24出版日期:2020-09-15发布日期:2020-07-24通讯作者:秦金亮E-mail:qjlzjnu@126.comThe effects and mechanism of attachment priming
JIA Chenglong, SUN Li, FENG Bole, QIN Jinliang() Hangzhou College of Early Childhood Teacher’s Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou 311231, China
Received:2019-12-24Online:2020-09-15Published:2020-07-24Contact:QIN Jinliang E-mail:qjlzjnu@126.com摘要/Abstract
摘要： 认知革命背景下, 依恋研究出现了社会认知转向, 研究兴趣正在从关注依恋个体差异转向差异背后的依恋图式, 研究范式也从观察测量转向以启动为代表的精细测量实验范式。依恋启动实验范式分为安全启动和不安全启动, 启动材料会激活不同依恋图式, 促使个体分别采用安全依恋策略、过度激活或抑制激活策略, 进而表现出不同的心理和行为模式, 而这些模式又会调节启动效应, 形成动态的启动反馈回路。未来研究应对依恋图式的成分、结构进一步细化, 关注依恋焦虑与依恋启动的关系, 并从加工时间进程视角探究依恋启动对后续认知加工过程的影响。
图/表 1
表1依恋启动类型、激活图式及应对策略对比表
| 依恋启动类型 | 激活图式 | 依恋策略 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 安全启动 | 安全基地图式 | 安全依恋策略 | ||
| 不安全启动 | 焦虑启动 | 警卫图式 | 结果成功的警卫图式 | 安全依恋策略 |
| 结果失败的警卫图式 | 过度激活策略 | |||
| 回避启动 | 快速逃离图式 | 抑制激活策略 | ||
| 威胁启动 | 无具体图式 | 个体主导策略 | ||
表1依恋启动类型、激活图式及应对策略对比表
| 依恋启动类型 | 激活图式 | 依恋策略 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 安全启动 | 安全基地图式 | 安全依恋策略 | ||
| 不安全启动 | 焦虑启动 | 警卫图式 | 结果成功的警卫图式 | 安全依恋策略 |
| 结果失败的警卫图式 | 过度激活策略 | |||
| 回避启动 | 快速逃离图式 | 抑制激活策略 | ||
| 威胁启动 | 无具体图式 | 个体主导策略 | ||
参考文献 88
| [1] | 贾成龙. (2018). 依恋阈下启动对自传记忆提取的影响 (硕士论文). 浙江师范大学, 杭州. |
| [2] | 杨亚平. (2012). 启动测量范式的理论蕴含及其在心理学研究中的应用. 西北师范大学学报(社会科学版), 49(3), 31-36. |
| [3] | Ahnert, L., Milatz, A., Kappler, G., Schneiderwind, J., & Fischer, R. (2013). The impact of teacher-child relationships on child cognitive performance as explored by a priming paradigm. Developmental Psychology, 49(3), 554-567. doi: 10.1037/a0031283URL |
| [4] | Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. |
| [5] | Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., & Cook, A. (2002). Mortality salience and the spreading activation of worldview-relevant constructs: Exploring the cognitive architecture of terror management. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131(3), 307-324. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.131.3.307URL |
| [6] | Baldwin, M. W., Fehr, B., Keedian, E., Seidel, M., & Thomson, D. W. (1993). An exploration of the relational schemata underlying attachment styles: Self-report and lexical decision approaches. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19(6), 746-754. doi: 10.1177/0146167293196010URL |
| [7] | Baldwin, M. W., Keelan, J. P. R., Fehr, B., Enns, V., & Koh-Rangarajoo, E. (1996). Social-cognitive conceptualization of attachment working models: Availability and accessibility effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 94-109. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.94URL |
| [8] | Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering. Oxford: Macmillan. |
| [9] | Bartz, J. A., Tchalova, K., & Fenerci, C. (2016). Reminders of social connection can attenuate anthropomorphism: A replication and extension of Epley, Akalis, Waytz, and Cacioppo (2008). Psychological Science, 27(12), 1644-1650. URLpmid: 27777375 |
| [10] | Beck, L. A., & Clark, M. S. (2009). Choosing to enter or avoid diagnostic social situations. Psychological Science, 20(9), 1175-1181. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02420.xURLpmid: 19674387 |
| [11] | Birnbaum, G., Hirschberger, G., & Goldenberg, J. (2011). Desire in the face of death: Terror management, attachment, and sexual motivation. Personal Relationships, 18(1), 1-19. |
| [12] | Birnbaum, G. E., Simpson, J. A., Weisberg, Y. J., Barnea, E., & Assulin-Simhon, Z. (2012). Is it my overactive imagination? The effects of contextually activated attachment insecurity on sexual fantasies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(8), 1131-1152. |
| [13] | Boag, E. M., & Carnelley, K. B. (2012). Self-reported discrimination and discriminatory behaviour: The role of attachment security. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(2), 393-403. URLpmid: 21950402 |
| [14] | Boag, E. M., & Carnelley, K. B. (2016). Attachment and prejudice: The mediating role of empathy. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(2), 337-356. doi: 10.1111/bjso.12132URLpmid: 26549740 |
| [15] | Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol.I. Attachment. New York: Basic Books. |
| [16] | Bowlby, J. (1973) Attachment and loss: Vol. II. Separation, anxiety and anger. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis. |
| [17] | Bowlby, J. (1990). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books. |
| [18] | Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1-2), 3-35. |
| [19] | Bryant, R. A., & Bali, A. (2018). Activating attachment representations impact how we retrieve autobiographical memories. Memory, 26(4), 462-467. URLpmid: 28862086 |
| [20] | Bryant, R. A., & Foord, R. (2016). Activating attachments reduces memories of traumatic images. Plos One, 11(9), e0162550. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162550URLpmid: 27631498 |
| [21] | Bryant, R. A., & Hutanamon, T. (2018). Activating attachments enhances heart rate variability. Plos One, 13(2), e0151747. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151747URLpmid: 29447167 |
| [22] | Carnelley, K. B., Bejinaru, M. M., Otway, L., Baldwin, D. S., & Rowe, A. C. (2018). Effects of repeated attachment security priming in outpatients with primary depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 234, 201-206. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.040URL |
| [23] | Carnelley, K. B., & Rowe, A. C. (2010). Priming a sense of security: What goes through people's minds? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(2), 253-261. doi: 10.1177/0265407509360901URL |
| [24] | Carr, S., & Landau, S. (2012). Consciously identified attachment hierarchies: Cognitive accessibility of attachment figure names as a function of threat primes in a lexical decision task. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(1), 17-25. URLpmid: 21923646 |
| [25] | Cassidy, J. (2016). The nature of the child’s ties. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (pp. 3-24). New York:The Guilford Press. |
| [26] | Cassidy, J., Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., & Lavy, S. (2009). Experimentally induced security influences responses to psychological pain. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(4), 463-478. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2009.28.4.463URL |
| [27] | Cassidy, J., Stern, J. A., Mikulincer, M., Martin, D. R., & Shaver, P. R. (2018). Influences on care for others: Attachment security, personal suffering, and similarity between helper and care recipient. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(4), 574-588. URLpmid: 29271286 |
| [28] | Chugh, D., Kern, M. C., Zhu, Z., & Lee, S. (2014). Withstanding moral disengagement: Attachment security as an ethical intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 51, 88-93. |
| [29] | Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1994). Cognitive representations of attachment: The structure and function of working models. In K. Bartholomew, D. Perlman, K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Attachment processes in adulthood. (pp. 53-90). London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. |
| [30] | Dawson, E., Hartwig, M., & Brimbal, L. (2015). Interviewing to elicit information: Using priming to promote disclosure. Law and Human Behavior, 39(5), 443-450. URLpmid: 26076119 |
| [31] | Deng, Y. H., Yan, M. G., Chen, H., Sun, X., Zhang, P., Zeng, X., ... Lye, Y. (2016). Attachment security balances perspectives: Effects of security priming on highly optimistic and pessimistic explanatory styles. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1269. URLpmid: 27610092 |
| [32] | Dewitte, M., & de Houwer, J. (2011). Attachment-style differences in the appraisal of the attachment figure. European Journal of Personality, 25(3), 173-183. |
| [33] | Ein-Dor, T., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2011). Attachment insecurities and the processing of threat-related information: Studying the schemas involved in insecure people's coping strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 78-93. URLpmid: 21355660 |
| [34] | Gabriel, S., Kawakami, K., Bartak, C., Kang, S. J., & Mann, N. (2010). Negative self-synchronization: Will I change to be like you when it is bad for me? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 857-871. URLpmid: 20515243 |
| [35] | Gillath, O., Giesbrecht, B., & Shaver, P. R. (2009). Attachment, attention, and cognitive control: Attachment style and performance on general attention tasks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 647-654. |
| [36] | Gillath, O., Karantzas, G. C., & Selcuk, E. (2017). A net of friends: Investigating friendship by integrating attachment theory and social network analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(11), 1546-1565. URLpmid: 28914161 |
| [37] | Gillath, O., Mikulincer, M., Fitzsimons, G. M., Shaver, P. R., Schachner, D. A., & Bargh, J. A. (2006). Automatic activation of attachment-related goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(10), 1375-1388. URLpmid: 16963608 |
| [38] | Gillath, O., Sesko, A. K., Shaver, P. R., & Chun, D. S. (2010). Attachment, authenticity, and honesty: Dispositional and experimentally induced security can reduce self- and other-deception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(5), 841-855. URLpmid: 20438228 |
| [39] | Gokce, A., & Harma, M. (2018). Attachment anxiety benefits from security priming: Evidence from working memory performance. Plos One, 13(3), e0193645. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193645URLpmid: 29522549 |
| [40] | Granqvist, P., Mikulincer, M., Gewirtz, V., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). Experimental findings on God as an attachment figure: Normative processes and moderating effects of internal working models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 804-818. doi: 10.1037/a0029344URLpmid: 22800284 |
| [41] | Grau, I., & Doll, J. (2003). Effects of attachment styles on the experience of equity in heterosexual couples relationships. Experimental Psychology, 50(4), 298-310. doi: 10.1026//1618-3169.50.4.298URLpmid: 14587176 |
| [42] | Hudson, N. W., & Fraley, R. C. (2018). Moving toward greater security: The effects of repeatedly priming attachment security and anxiety. Journal of Research in Personality, 74, 147-157. |
| [43] | Jarvinen, M. J., & Paulus, T. B. (2017). Attachment and cognitive openness: Emotional underpinnings of intellectual humility. Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(1), 74-86. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2016.1167944URL |
| [44] | Karreman, A., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., & Bekker, M. H. J. (2018). Attachment styles and secure base priming in relation to emotional reactivity after frustration induction. Cognition & Emotion, 33(3), 428-441. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1458704URLpmid: 29623747 |
| [45] | Li, C., Liu, J., Zhang, S. P., Huo, Y. Q., You, J., & Wang, K. (2016). Effects of dispositional and temporarily primed attachment security on response inhibition following ego-depletion among Chinese college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 368-375. |
| [46] | Liao, R., Wang, S., Zhang, P., Zhou, Y., & Liu, X. P. (2017). Effect of priming with attachment security on positive affect among individuals with depression. Social Behavior and Personality, 45(2), 331-338. |
| [47] | Liu, J., Huo, Y. Q., Chen, Y. Y., & Song, P. (2018). Dispositional and experimentally primed attachment security reduced cyber aggression after cyber ostracism. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 334-341. |
| [48] | Luke, M. A., Sedikides, C., & Carnelley, K. (2012). Your love lifts me higher! The energizing quality of secure relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(6), 721-733. doi: 10.1177/0146167211436117URLpmid: 22378830 |
| [49] | Main, M. (1990). Cross-cultural studies of attachment organization: Recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies. Human Development, 33(1), 48-61. |
| [50] | Mallinckrodt, B., McNett, A. M. S., Celebi, E., Birks, K. M., Tsai, C.-L., & Williams, B. E. (2013). Cognitive primes for attachment security can increase cultural empathy, but also interact negatively with attachment anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(10), 1013-1039. |
| [51] | Mancini, A. D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2012). The persistence of attachment: Complicated grief, threat, and reaction times to the deceased's name. Journal of Affective Disorders, 139(3), 256-263. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.032URLpmid: 22387054 |
| [52] | Marks, M. J., & Vicary, A. M. (2016). The interplay and effectiveness of implicit and explicit avoidant defenses. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33(5), 619-639. |
| [53] | Melen, S., Pepping, C. A., & O'Donovan, A. (2017). Social foundations of mindfulness: Priming attachment anxiety reduces emotion regulation and mindful attention. Mindfulness, 8(1), 136-143. |
| [54] | Mikulincer, M., Birnbaum, G., Woddis, D., & Nachmias, O. (2000). Stress and accessibility of proximity-related thoughts: Exploring the normative and intraindividual components of attachment theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3), 509-523. URLpmid: 10743877 |
| [55] | Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., Halevy, V., Avihou, N., Avidan, S., & Eshkoli, N. (2001). Attachment theory and reactions to others' needs: Evidence that activation of the sense of attachment security promotes empathic responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1205-1224. URLpmid: 11761318 |
| [56] | Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., & Shaver, P. R. (2002). Activation of the attachment system in adulthood: Threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representations of attachment figures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), 881-895. URLpmid: 12374442 |
| [57] | Mikulincer, M., Hirschberger, G., Nachmias, O., & Gillath, O. (2001). The affective component of the secure base schema: Affective priming with representations of attachment security. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2), 305-321. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.81.2.305URLpmid: 11519934 |
| [58] | Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2001). Attachment theory and intergroup bias: Evidence that priming the secure base schema attenuates negative reactions to out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 97-115. URLpmid: 11474729 |
| [59] | Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R.(2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 35, pp. 53-152). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. |
| [60] | Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R.(2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press. |
| [61] | Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R.(2016). Adult attachment and emotion regulation. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3nd ed., pp. 507-533). New York, NY: Guilford Press. |
| [62] | Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2019). Broaden-and-build effects of contextually boosting the sense of attachment security in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 22-26. |
| [63] | Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Bar-On, N., & Ein-Dor, T. (2010). The pushes and pulls of close relationships: Attachment insecurities and relational ambivalence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 450-468. URLpmid: 20175624 |
| [64] | Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Bar-On, N., & Sahdra, B. K. (2014). Security enhancement, self-esteem threat, and mental depletion affect provision of a safe haven and secure base to a romantic partner. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(5), 630-650. |
| [65] | Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Rom, E. (2011). The effects of implicit and explicit security priming on creative problem solving. Cognition & Emotion, 25(3), 519-531. URLpmid: 21432691 |
| [66] | Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Sahdra, B. K., & Bar-On, N. (2013). Can security-enhancing interventions overcome psychological barriers to responsiveness in couple relationships? Attachment & Human Development, 15(3), 246-260. URLpmid: 23560566 |
| [67] | Miller, G. A. (2003). The cognitive revolution: A historical perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(3), 141-144. doi: 10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00029-9URLpmid: 12639696 |
| [68] | Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102(2), 246-286. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.246URLpmid: 7740090 |
| [69] | Pan, Y. G., Zhang, D. J., Liu, Y. L., Ran, G. M., & Teng, Z. J. (2017). The effects of attachment style and security priming on the perception of others' pain. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34(2), 184-208. |
| [70] | Pardess, E., Mikulincer, M., Dekel, R., & Shaver, P. R. (2014). Dispositional attachment orientations, contextual variations in attachment security, and compassion fatigue among volunteers working with traumatized individuals. Journal of Personality, 82(5), 355-366. doi: 10.1111/jopy.2014.82.issue-5URLpmid: 23909745 |
| [71] | Pepping, C. A., Davis, P. J., O'Donovan, A., & Pal, J. (2015). Individual differences in self-compassion: The role of attachment and experiences of parenting in childhood. Self and Identity, 14(1), 104-117. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2014.955050URL |
| [72] | Piaget, J. (1973). Memory and intelligence. New York: Basic Books. doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2004.07.003URLpmid: 24357886 |
| [73] | Pietromonaco, P. R., & Barrett, L. F. (2000). The internal working models concept: What do we really know about the self in relation to others? Review of General Psychology, 4(2), 155-175. |
| [74] | Rosenthal, H. E. S., Walsh, J., Crisp, R. J., Farrow, C. V., Waugh, M. J., Blissett, J., & Millings, A. (2012). Attachment anxiety and friendship group identification under attachment threat: The moderating role of priming support network expectations. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 562-567. |
| [75] | Rowe, A. C., Carnelley, K. B., Harwood, J., Micklewright, D., Russouw, L., Rennie, C. L., & Liossi, C. (2012). The effect of attachment orientation priming on pain sensitivity in pain-free individuals. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(4), 488-507. |
| [76] | Rowe, A. C., Shepstone, L., Carnelley, K. B., Cavanagh, K., & Millings, A. (2016). Attachment security and self-compassion priming increase the likelihood that first-time engagers in mindfulness meditation will continue with mindfulness training. Mindfulness, 7(3), 642-650. doi: 10.1007/s12671-016-0499-7URL |
| [77] | Rumelhart, D. E. (1980). Schemata: The building blocks of cognition. In R. J. Spiro, B. C. Bruce, & W. F. Brewer (Eds.), Theoretical issues in reading comprehension (pp. 33-58). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. |
| [78] | Saleem, M., Prot, S., Cikara, M., Lam, B. C. P., Anderson, C. A., & Jelic, M. (2015). Cutting gordian knots: Reducing prejudice through attachment security. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(11), 1560-1574. doi: 10.1177/0146167215601829URLpmid: 26338854 |
| [79] | Selcuk, E., Zayas, V., Günaydin, G., Hazan, C., & Kross, E. (2012). Mental representations of attachment figures facilitate recovery following upsetting autobiographical memory recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(2), 362-378. doi: 10.1037/a0028125URLpmid: 22486677 |
| [80] | Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002). Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment & Human Development, 4(2), 133-161. doi: 10.1080/14616730210154171URLpmid: 12467506 |
| [81] | Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M.(2014). Adult attachment and emotion regulation. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed. pp. 237-250). New York: Guilford Press. |
| [82] | Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Nelligan, J. S. (1992). Support-seeking and support-giving within couples in an anxiety-provoking situation: The role of attachment styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(3), 434-446. |
| [83] | Stupica, B., Brett, B. E., Woodhouse, S. S., & Cassidy, J. (2019). Attachment security priming decreases children's physiological response to threat. Child Development, 90(4), 1254-1271. URLpmid: 29266177 |
| [84] | Sutin, A. R., & Gillath, O. (2009). Autobiographical memory phenomenology and content mediate attachment style and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(3), 351-364. URLpmid: 20706555 |
| [85] | Taylor, S. E., & Crocker, J. (1981). Schematic bases of social information processing. In E. T. Higgins, C. A. Harman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Social cognition (pp. 89-134). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. doi: 10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.603URLpmid: 19424447 |
| [86] | Troyer, D., & Greitemeyer, T. (2018). The impact of attachment orientations on empathy in adults: Considering the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies and negative affectivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 122, 198-205. |
| [87] | Wilkinson, L. L., Rowe, A. C., & Heath, G. H. (2013). Eating me up inside: Priming attachment security and anxiety, and their effects on snacking. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(6), 795-804. |
| [88] | Zhang, H., Chan, D. K. S., Teng, F., & Zhang, D. H. (2015). Sense of interpersonal security and preference for harsh actions against others: The role of dehumanization. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 165-171. |
相关文章 3
| [1] | 贾成龙, 刘廷廷, 孙莉, 秦金亮. 个体依恋特征的二重性：特质性依恋与状态性依恋[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(4): 626-637. |
| [2] | 马原啸, 陈旭. 非安全依恋可塑性的神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(12): 1967-1979. |
| [3] | 潘彦谷, 肖遥, 胡俞, 刘广增, 李知洋. 安全依恋对共情和利他行为的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(12): 2077-2083. |
PDF全文下载地址:
http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlkxjz/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=5151
