) 北京大学心理与认知科学学院, 北京 100871
收稿日期:2019-03-01出版日期:2019-10-31发布日期:2019-09-23通讯作者:钱铭怡E-mail:qmy@pku.edu.cn基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金项目资助(31571127)Dynamic attention bias in social anxiety
JIANG Jingqi, WANG Haoyu, QIAN Mingyi() School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Received:2019-03-01Online:2019-10-31Published:2019-09-23Contact:QIAN Mingyi E-mail:qmy@pku.edu.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 注意偏向是社交焦虑障碍(Social Anxiety Disorder, SAD)个体症状维持的重要因素, 其中注意警觉、注意回避、注意脱离困难三种注意模式得到了研究者最广泛的研究与讨论。随着研究深入, 有研究者提出SAD个体的注意模式不是单一、静态模式, 更有可能在不同注意模式间切换, 表现为动态的过程。目前, 依据相关研究结果和理论假设, 证据均指向SAD个体的注意偏向具有随着焦虑水平提高和注意控制能力受损而动态变化的倾向, 从注意警觉过渡到注意回避与注意脱离困难均如此。此观点还需研究进一步证实, 并且基于研究结果提出更具有针对性的干预方式。
图/表 4
图1威胁一致条件下点探测任务流程图
图1威胁一致条件下点探测任务流程图
图2有效条件下空间线索任务流程图
图2有效条件下空间线索任务流程图
图3Grafton和MacLeod (2016)研究中警觉模块流程图
图3Grafton和MacLeod (2016)研究中警觉模块流程图表1基于眼动技术的动态注意偏向研究总结
| 研究 | 被试 筛选 | 实验设计 | 刺激 类型 | 主要研究结果 (SAD个体或高社交焦虑水平个体) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gamble & Rapee, 2010 | ADIS-IV | 5000 ms, 以1000 ms为时间间隔, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是注视点比例 | 高兴、愤怒、中性 | 在前500 ms对愤怒面孔注视比例更高 |
| Liang, Tsai, & Hsu, 2017 | BFNE | 10 s, 前2 s时间间隔为250 ms, 总体时间间隔为2 s, 同一面孔4个表情自由扫视, 因变量有首个注视点、首次注视时间和注视点比例 | 高兴、愤怒、中性、悲伤 | 250~1000 ms期间对愤怒面孔注视比例更高; 对愤怒面孔的初次注视会导致更长的第一注视时长 |
| Fernandes et al., 2018 | MCMI | 1500 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是首个注视点延迟时间、首次注视时间和扫视时长 | 高兴、愤怒、中性 | 对正性面孔的扫视时长在0~1000 ms时间段内降低的速度更慢 |
| Schofield, Johnson, Inhoff, & Coles, 2012 | SIAS | 1500 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 点探测, 因变量是首个注视点, 扫视时长, 从情绪面孔到靶子的迁移时间 | 高兴、恐惧、愤怒、中性 | 首个注视点有更大比例位于情绪面孔, 对愤怒面孔的扫视时长更长, 从愤怒面孔到靶子的迁移时间更长 |
| Lazarov, Abend, & Bar-Haim, 2016 | LSAS, MINI | 6000 ms, 16张面孔自由扫视, 半中性半厌恶, 因变量是首个注视点延迟时间, 首个注视点, 首次注视时间和扫视时长 | 厌恶、中性 | 对厌恶面孔的注视时长更长, 但比中性面孔短 |
| Lange et al., 2011 | LSAS | 500 ms和2500 ms, 16张面孔, 中性-愤怒和高兴-愤怒两种组合, 6种比例, 判断面孔组合效价 | 愤怒、高兴、中性 | 只有在2500 ms条件下, 当第一个注视点是愤怒面孔时, 首次注视时间更短 |
| Buckner, Maner, & Schmidt, 2010 | SIAS | 2000 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 面孔-物体以1:3的比例呈现, 自由扫视, 因变量为注视时长 | 厌恶、高兴、物体 | 只有1500~2000 ms阶段, 对厌恶面孔的注视时长更高, 当总体而言呈现下降趋势 |
| Garner, Mogg, & Bradley, 2006 | FNE | 1500 ms, 点探测, 因变量是首个注视点、首个注视点延迟时间、首次注视时间和扫视时长 | 愤怒、高兴、中性、物体 | 在焦虑唤醒条件下, 首个注视点延迟时间更短, 但首次注视时间更短 |
| Wieser, Pauli, Weyers, Alpers, & Mühlberger, 2009 | BFNE | 3000 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是首个注视点比例、首个注视点延迟时间、首次注视时间, 扫视时长 | 愤怒、高兴、中性 | 最先注视愤怒男性和高兴女性的面孔, 0~1000 ms时间段内对情绪面孔注视时长更长, 但是在1000~1500 ms时间段内更短 |
| Singh, Capozzoli, Dodd, & Hope, 2015 | FNE | 3 s, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是首个注视点延迟时间、注视点个数、扫视时长 | 愤怒、高兴、中性 | 在状态焦虑水平高时对负性情绪面孔的首个注视点延迟时间更长, 在状态焦虑水平低时表现为警觉 |
表1基于眼动技术的动态注意偏向研究总结
| 研究 | 被试 筛选 | 实验设计 | 刺激 类型 | 主要研究结果 (SAD个体或高社交焦虑水平个体) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gamble & Rapee, 2010 | ADIS-IV | 5000 ms, 以1000 ms为时间间隔, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是注视点比例 | 高兴、愤怒、中性 | 在前500 ms对愤怒面孔注视比例更高 |
| Liang, Tsai, & Hsu, 2017 | BFNE | 10 s, 前2 s时间间隔为250 ms, 总体时间间隔为2 s, 同一面孔4个表情自由扫视, 因变量有首个注视点、首次注视时间和注视点比例 | 高兴、愤怒、中性、悲伤 | 250~1000 ms期间对愤怒面孔注视比例更高; 对愤怒面孔的初次注视会导致更长的第一注视时长 |
| Fernandes et al., 2018 | MCMI | 1500 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是首个注视点延迟时间、首次注视时间和扫视时长 | 高兴、愤怒、中性 | 对正性面孔的扫视时长在0~1000 ms时间段内降低的速度更慢 |
| Schofield, Johnson, Inhoff, & Coles, 2012 | SIAS | 1500 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 点探测, 因变量是首个注视点, 扫视时长, 从情绪面孔到靶子的迁移时间 | 高兴、恐惧、愤怒、中性 | 首个注视点有更大比例位于情绪面孔, 对愤怒面孔的扫视时长更长, 从愤怒面孔到靶子的迁移时间更长 |
| Lazarov, Abend, & Bar-Haim, 2016 | LSAS, MINI | 6000 ms, 16张面孔自由扫视, 半中性半厌恶, 因变量是首个注视点延迟时间, 首个注视点, 首次注视时间和扫视时长 | 厌恶、中性 | 对厌恶面孔的注视时长更长, 但比中性面孔短 |
| Lange et al., 2011 | LSAS | 500 ms和2500 ms, 16张面孔, 中性-愤怒和高兴-愤怒两种组合, 6种比例, 判断面孔组合效价 | 愤怒、高兴、中性 | 只有在2500 ms条件下, 当第一个注视点是愤怒面孔时, 首次注视时间更短 |
| Buckner, Maner, & Schmidt, 2010 | SIAS | 2000 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 面孔-物体以1:3的比例呈现, 自由扫视, 因变量为注视时长 | 厌恶、高兴、物体 | 只有1500~2000 ms阶段, 对厌恶面孔的注视时长更高, 当总体而言呈现下降趋势 |
| Garner, Mogg, & Bradley, 2006 | FNE | 1500 ms, 点探测, 因变量是首个注视点、首个注视点延迟时间、首次注视时间和扫视时长 | 愤怒、高兴、中性、物体 | 在焦虑唤醒条件下, 首个注视点延迟时间更短, 但首次注视时间更短 |
| Wieser, Pauli, Weyers, Alpers, & Mühlberger, 2009 | BFNE | 3000 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是首个注视点比例、首个注视点延迟时间、首次注视时间, 扫视时长 | 愤怒、高兴、中性 | 最先注视愤怒男性和高兴女性的面孔, 0~1000 ms时间段内对情绪面孔注视时长更长, 但是在1000~1500 ms时间段内更短 |
| Singh, Capozzoli, Dodd, & Hope, 2015 | FNE | 3 s, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是首个注视点延迟时间、注视点个数、扫视时长 | 愤怒、高兴、中性 | 在状态焦虑水平高时对负性情绪面孔的首个注视点延迟时间更长, 在状态焦虑水平低时表现为警觉 |
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