Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52076080), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China(Grant No. E2020502011), and the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities, China (Grant No. 2020MS105)
Received Date:28 October 2020
Accepted Date:16 November 2020
Available Online:29 March 2021
Published Online:05 April 2021
Abstract:Thermoelectric materials, which can convert wasted heat into electricity, have attracted considerable attention because they provide a solution to energy problems. The Si/Ge superlattices have shown tremendous promise as effective thermoelectric materials. The period lengths of the Si/Ge superlattices can effectively tailor the phonon's transport behaviors and control their thermal conductivities. In this paper, three kinds of Si/Ge superlattices with different period length distributions (uniform, gradient, random) are constructed. The non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) method is used to calculate the thermal conductivities of Si/Ge superlattices under the different period length distributions. The effect of the sample’s total length and temperature on the superlattice's thermal conductivity are studied. The simulation result shows that the thermal conductivity of gradient and random periodical Si/Ge superlattices are significantly reduced at room temperature compared with that of the uniform period Si/Ge superlattices. Phonons are transported by wave or particle properties in the different periodical superlattices. The thermal conductivity of uniform period superlattices has an obvious size effect with the increasing of the sample total length. In contrast, the thermal conductivity of gradient, random periodical Si/Ge superlattices are weakly dependent on the sample’s total length. At the same time, temperature is an important factor affecting the heat transport properties. We find that the temperature affects the thermal conductivities of the three kinds of superlattices in different ways. With the increase of the temperature, (i) the thermal conductivity of uniform periodical superlattices shows an obvious temperature effect; (ii) the thermal conductivity of the gradient and random periodical Si/Ge superlattices are nearly unchanged due to the competition between phonon localization weakness and phonon-phonon scattering enhancement. In addition, the phonon densities of states of superlattices with three different periodical length distributions are calculated. We find that in the picture of uniform periodical Si/Ge superlattices, the number of pronounced peaks quickly decreases as the period length increases, particularly at higher frequencies. This indicates that as the period length increases, fewer coherent phonons will be formed over the superlattices. Moreover, the scattering mechanisms of phonons for gradient and random periodical Si/Ge superlattices are basically the same at 100 K and 500 K. These findings provide a developmental way to further reduce the thermal conductivity of superlattices. Keywords:superlattice/ phonon/ period length distribution/ thermal conductivity
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2.计算方法如图1, 我们建立了均匀周期(周期长度相同)、梯度周期(周期长度渐变排列)和随机周期(周期长度随机排列)3种Si/Ge超晶格结构. 为了避免因横截面积过小带来热导率误差, 在体系中垂直热流方向的横截面积大小定为4 × 4个单位晶胞. 其中, 均匀周期超晶格的周期长度定义为一对连续的Si层和Ge层的总厚度, 而对于梯度周期超晶格和随机周期超晶格, 周期计算为整个结构中Si层和Ge层的平均长度之和. 本文采用的纳米尺度传热试样的原理模型如图2所示, 超晶格被放置在两边的两个热浴区域之间, 模型的最外层设置了绝热壁, 它的作用是减少导热层内的粒子蒸发, 防止与外界产生热量交换, 并且设定该区域粒子的速率为0. 各个方向均采用周期边界条件, 其中, 热流传输方向为Z方向. 图 1 不同周期长度分布的超晶格 (a)均匀周期; (b)梯度周期; (c)随机周期 Figure1. The different period length distribution of superlattices: (a) Uniform period; (c) gradient period; (c) random period.
图 2 NEMD模拟计算热性质的示意图 Figure2. Schematic diagram of the NEMD model for calculating the thermal properties.