1.National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China 2.Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the Science Challenge Project, China (Grant No. JCKY2016212A501), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11802290, 11704357), and the National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics (Grant Nos. JCKYS2018212004, JCKYS2018212002), China
Received Date:16 June 2020
Accepted Date:15 July 2020
Available Online:27 November 2020
Published Online:20 December 2020
Abstract:The knowledge of phase transition of material under dynamic loading is an important area of research in inertial confinement fusion and material science. Though the shock-induced phase transitions of various materials over a broad pressure range have become a field of study for decades, the loading strain rates in most of these experiments is not more than $ {10^{6}}\;{{\rm{s}}^{ - 1}} $. However, in contrast with the strain rate range where the phase diagram is a good predictor of the crystal structure of a material, at higher strain rate ($ > {10^{6}}\;{{\rm{s}}^{ - 1}} $) the phase diagram measured can be quite different not only in shifting the boundary line between various phases, but also in giving a different sequence of crystal structure. High-power laser facility can drive shock wave and simultaneously provide a precisely synchronized ultra-short and ultra-intense X-ray source. Here, based on the Prototype laser facility, an in situ X-ray diffraction platform for diagnosing shock-induced phase transition of polycrystalline material is established. The in situ observation of material phase transition under high-strain-rate shock loading is carried out with typical metals of vanadium and iron. Diffraction results are consistent with vanadium remaining in the body-centered-cubic structure up to 69 GPa, while iron transforms from the body-centered-cubic structure into hexagonal-close-packed structure at 159 GPa. The compressive properties of vanadium and iron obtained in in situ X-ray diffraction experiment are in good agreement with their macroscopic Hugonoit curves. The decrease in the lattice volume over the pressure step period yields a strain rate on the order of $ {10^{8}} - {10^{9}}\;{{\rm{s}}^{ - 1}} $. The available of the presented in situ X-ray diffraction plateform offers the potential to extend our understanding of the kinetics of phase transition in polycrystalline under high-pressure high-strain-rate shock compression. Keywords:high-strain-rate loading/ in situ X-ray diffraction/ shock-induced phase transition/ high power laser facility
实验采用第九束激光驱动铁样品产生冲击波, 当冲击波传播到样品中间位置(厚度方向)但未抵达后界面时, 再利用四束激光辐照铁背光靶产生1 ns, 6.70 keV超强X射线脉冲, X射线衍射将此刻高压、高应变率下铁的瞬时微观结构“冻结”在IP成像板上. 同样由于X射线衍射探测时刻, 冲击波阵面还未传到样品后界面, 样品中波后的区域处于高温高压状态, 而波前区域仍处于常温常压状态, 因此透射式X射线衍射图像同时记录了铁样品冲击载荷下和常温常压下的晶体结构. 实验中铁样品和铁背光靶均采用15 μm的多晶材料(Goodfellow), 衍射探测器阵列中三块IP板记录到的X射线衍射图像经扫描展开, 如图4(a)所示. 经轧制的铁样品, 晶粒取向主要是[110]方向垂直于样品表面, 且晶粒尺寸介于3—5 μm. 平面晶体谱仪采集到的X射线源积分能谱如图4(b)所示, 能谱中除高强度的${\rm{H}}{{\rm{e}}_\alpha }$外, 还有弱${\rm{L}}{{\rm{y}}_\alpha }$和${{\rm{K}}_\alpha }$线谱. 图 4 (a)冲击压力为 (159.30 ± 6.11) GPa时多晶铁原位X射线衍射图像; (b)平面晶体谱仪测量的高功率激光驱动铁箔产生的X射线源能谱, 能谱中主要是${\rm{H}}{{\rm{e}}_\alpha }$线 Figure4. (a) In situ X-ray diffraction image recoded for iron under pressure of (159.30 ± 6.11) GPa; (b) the X-ray spectrum emitted by the resulting iron foil is measured with crystal spectrometer and shows the dominant ${\rm{H}}{{\rm{e}}_\alpha }$ line.
经坐标变换, 衍射图像转换到常用于X射线衍射分析的$2\theta\text{-}\phi$空间, 如图5(a)所示. 进一步沿$ \phi $方向积分得到常规的X射线衍射曲线, 如图5(b)所示. 透射式X射线衍射既记录到铁样品冲击压缩和常温常压下的衍射峰, 又捕获到准直孔钽的衍射峰. 常温常压下铁和钽的衍射峰可用于衍射系统角度的精密校准, 另外常温常压下铁的衍射信号还可以为精密衍射分析中消除因初始样品差异引入的误差提供参考. 根据激光干涉测速仪中示波器记录的条纹数据分析得到的样品自由面粒子速度演化历史见图5(c). 若冲击波后粒子速度可近似为样品自由面粒子速度的一半, 利用(1)式和(2)式可计算得到样品的冲击压力为(159.30 ± 6.11) GPa. 图 5 (a)通过坐标变换将铁原位X射线衍射图像转换到$2\theta\text{-}\phi$空间; (b)沿$\phi$方向积分并扣除本底后得到一维X射线衍射曲线; (c)激光干涉测速仪(DISAR)测量的铁样品自由面粒子速度演化历史, 据此可计算样品压力; (d)原位X射线衍射实验测量的压力与压缩比($\rho/\rho_{0}$)的关系, 实线代表轻气炮测量得到的铁Hugoniot曲线 Figure5. (a) X-ray diffraction data for shock-compressed iron projected into $2\theta\text{-}\phi$ space; (b) the corresponding background-subtracted one-dimensional X-ray diffraction pattern; (c) the free surface velocity of iron recorded by the DISAR system; (d) pressure vs. compression ratio ($\rho/\rho_{0}$) for iron, where Hugoniot measurements from gas gun experiments are shown as solid line.