Abstract:Recent work has rendered possible the formulation for the nonlinear propagation of pressure waves in liquids by using the generalized Navier - Stokes equations and the modified equations of state, with the heat transfer and fluid viscidity taken into consideration. And the nonlinear approximation solution of the second order term is obtained. The conclusion concerns the acoustic pressure, phase speed, attenuation, and velocity distribution function. When the amplitude of driving acoustic pressure is higher than the cavitation threshold of the host liquid, the cavitation occurs. The cavitation bubbles will prevent the sound field from spreading in the liquid, and the acoustic energy accumulates near the cavitation zone. So when studying the transmission characteristics of acoustic wave in the liquid, the cavitation attenuation must be considered. Note that the particularity of cavitation bubble movement, cavitation bubble vibration and viscous force are simulated under the initial driving sound. Through the analysis, it is found that the transmission of sound is influenced by the viscosity of the fluid, heat transfer, driving sound pressure (amplitude, frequency, duration) and cavitation bubble in liquid. The physical mechanism is that the higher driving pressure causes the cavitation to turn stronger, the acoustic loss to be faster, the sound propagation distance to be smalletr and the vibration of bubbles to transfer energy from the fundamental wave to harmonics. As a result, the stronger absorption from the liquid causes abnormal phenomena, and the output sound is lower finally. It shows that the nonlinear radial motion of cavitation bubble is mainly responsible for the sound intensity attenuation. Keywords:nonlinear acoustics/ Navier-Stokes equations/ cavitation bubbles
单个声空化泡所受黏滞力在不同声压下的变化曲线如图4所示. 由图可知, 空化泡所受的黏滞力随着作用时间的变化关系很复杂, 随着作用时间的增大, 黏滞力的幅值不断增大, 而且声压越大黏滞力增大得越快. 从图4中可知, 驱动声压幅值为3bar的声波的作用下, 空化泡在0.1 ms附近所受的黏滞力的幅值已经超过了驱动声压值. 声波的连续作用时间越长、声压越大黏滞耗散就越大. 图 4 黏滞力随时间的变化曲线 Figure4. The curve of viscosity with distance.
23.3.空化场中的声压分布及其衰减 -->
3.3.空化场中的声压分布及其衰减
当驱动声压高于液体的空化阈值时, 空化场中的声衰减不仅与驱动声场有关还与空化泡的大小、数密度、热传导、液体介质的黏滞性密切相关. 在不同驱动下液体中的声压分布如图5所示. 可以看出, 在计及空化影响时波在传播过程中声压减小的速度加快, 远场处的声压更低; 驱动声压越高频率越大衰减越明显. 图 5 有无空化两种情况下的声压分布 Figure5. Distribution of the sound pressure with or without cavitation.