Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11604262), the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2018JM1052), the Shaanxi Provincial Research Plan for Young Scientific and Technological New Stars, China (Grant No. 2019KJXX-058), the International (Regional) Exchange Program of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2019KW-027), and the Research Plan of Xi’an University of Posts & Telecommunications, China (Grant No. CXJJ2017001)
Received Date:02 September 2019
Accepted Date:22 October 2019
Published Online:05 February 2020
Abstract:The upconversion (UC) emission properties of rare-earth ions are not only dependent on the host materials, but also relate to the excitation conditions. In this work, taking the Ho3+ ions for example, upconversion emission properties are studied in two NaYF4 and LiYF4 fluoride microcrystals through changing excitation conditions, namely the excitation power and the sample environment. The NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ and NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ microcrystal are synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The typical X-ray diffraction patterns of NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ and LiYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ microcrystal indicate that the prepared samples possess pure hexagonal phase NaYF4 structure and the pure tetragonal phase LiYF4 structure with high crystallinity, respectively. Most of NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ microcrystals show uniform and regular rod shape with diameter and length of approximately 3 μm and 10 μm, respectively. Few rods with a length of approximately 5 μm are also observed. The LiYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ microcrystals are all octahedral in shape with a smooth surface, the average size is around 10 μm. The spectral peculiarities of Ho3+ are investigated by using confocal microscopy equipment under near infrared 980 nm excitation. Beautiful patterns with different upconversion emissions of Ho3+ are discovered in single NaYF4 and LiYF4 microcrystal. As the excitation power increases, the upconversion emission of Ho3+ turns from green to pink in single NaYF4 microrods due to the cross-relaxation between Ho3+ and the energy back transfer from Ho3+ to Yb3+. However, in single LiYF4:Ho3+ microcrystal no similar phenomenon is observed. Nevertheless, when the powder of NaYF4 and LiYF4 microcrystals are excited by a 980 nm laser, increasing the power can turn the output colours of Ho3+ all green. Because particles outside the laser radiation are not directly covered by the laser, most of them are excited by the scattered light from the laser, and the actual excitation energy is low compared with at the center position. This result can be proved in the single NaYF4 and LiYF4 microcrystal under low excitation power. Thus, the results indicate that UC emission of rare-earth ions is controlled by changing the excitation condition. Using the new testing methods we can not only observe more interesting spectral phenomena, but also find a new way to further study its luminescence mechanism. Keywords:NaYF4/ LiYF4/ upconversion/ fluorescent regulation
图 4 在980 nm激光激发下, 单颗NaYF4:20.0%Yb3+/2.0%Ho3+微米晶体和LiYF4:20.0%Yb3+/2.0%Ho3+微米晶体的上转换发射光谱图(激发功率为100 mW/cm2) Figure4. Upconversion emission spectra and corresponding optical micrographs of single NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ and LiYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ microcrystal under local excitation at 980 nm (100 mW/cm2).
为了有效观测Ho3+离子在不同单颗粒中的发光现象, 图5为在不同980 nm激光激发功率下, 单个NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+和LiYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+微米晶体的上转换发射光谱, 蓝光、绿光和红光发射峰强度比, 红绿比(R/G)及相应光学显微照片. 如图5(a)和图5(b)所示, 当激发光的功率从20 mW增加到100 mW时, 发现样品在不同激发功率下展现出了不同发射特性, 尤其是在单个NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+微米晶体中. 当激发功率较低(≤ 40 mW)时, 单个NaYF4和LiYF4微米晶体均发射出较强的绿光发射, 并且其发射强度随激发功率一直增强. 然而, 当激发功率高于40 mW时, 在两种微米晶体中则观察到不同的光谱现象. 在单个NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ 微米晶体中, 红光和蓝光上转换发射强度明显增强, 同时其R/G比从0.57增加到1.77, 增加近3倍, 如图5(c)所示. 而在单个LiYF4微米晶体中, 红光和蓝光上转换发射强度始终低于绿光发射强度, 其相应的R/G比从0.65缓慢增加到0.90, 变化幅度相对较小, 如图5(d)所示. 从这个过程中可清楚地发现, 当激发条件改变时, Ho3+离子在单个LiYF4微米晶体与单个NaYF4微米晶体的光谱现象是不相同的. 事实上, 在传统测试中很难观察到这种现象. 图6为在常规测试条件下, 改变980 nm激光的激发功率时, NaYF4和LiYF4微米粉末中Ho3+的上转换发射光谱, 蓝光、绿光和红光发射峰强度比, 红绿比(R/G)及相应光学显微照片. 随着激发功率的增加, NaYF4和LiYF4微米粉末的上转换发射强度均有增强. 当激发功率增加到100 mW时, NaYF4微米粉末一直呈现出绿光发射, 与LiYF4非常相似. NaYF4微米粉末的R/G从0.35变为0.55, LiYF4微米粉末的R/G从0.35变为0.42, 同时两种样品的蓝光发射也极其微弱. 由此可见, 在这种测试条件下, 很难观测上述单颗粒光谱特性, 即一些特殊的光谱现象很难区分, 限制了对发光离子光谱特性的深入研究. 图 5 在980 nm激光激发下, 单颗粒(a) NaYF4:20.0%Yb3+/2.0%Ho3+微米晶体和(b) LiYF4:20.0%Yb3+/2.0%Ho3+微米晶的上转换发射与其激发功率的依赖关系, 插图为其对应光谱图案; (c)和(d)为对应不用激发功率下的峰面积, 插图为其随激发功率变化的红绿比图 Figure5. (a), (b) Upconversion emission spectra and corresponding optical micrographs, (c), (d) the peak area of the green and red emission intensity and corresponding R/G ratio of single NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ (a), (c) and LiYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ (b), (d) microcrystal with excitation power densities increasing from 20 mW to 100 mW.
图 6 在980 nm激光激发下 (a) NaYF4:20.0%Yb3+/2.0%Ho3+微米粉末和(b) LiYF4:20.0%Yb3+/2.0%Ho3+微米粉末的上转换发射与其激发功率的依赖关系, 插图为其对应发光光谱图案; (c)和(d)为对应不用激发功率下的峰面积图, 插图为其随激发功率变化的红绿比图 Figure6. (a), (b) UC emission spectra and corresponding optical micrographs, (c), (d) the peak area of the green and red emission intensity and corresponding R/G ratio of cluster NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ (a), (c) and LiYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ (b), (d) microcrystals with excitation power densities increasing from 20 mW to 100 mW.