Fund Project:Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2017 YFB0403100, 2017 YFB0403102)
Received Date:26 June 2019
Accepted Date:04 October 2019
Available Online:27 November 2019
Published Online:01 December 2019
Abstract:In recent years, graphene has received wide attention due to its excellent optoelectronic properties and has been applied to transparent electrodes of light-emitting diodes to replace the scarce and expensive indium antimony oxide (ITO), which is a typical current spreading layer in lateral GaN LED. However, there are some problems in graphene transparent electrode, such as the mismatch between graphene work function and p-GaN work function, and difficult-to-form good Ohmic contact with p-GaN, resulting in poor current expansion and high voltage of devices. In this paper, a thin ITO layer is used as an insertion layer between a three-layer graphene transparent electrode and and p-GaN, thereby improving the Ohmic contact between them. And a three-layer graphene/ITO composite transparent electrode LED is prepared and also compared with the pristine three-layer graphene LED. The thickness of ITO is only 50 nm, which is much thinner than the thickness of ITO in conventional LED. The sheet resistance of the prepared three-layer pristine graphene transparent electrode is 252.6 $ \Omega/\Box $, and the sheet resistance of the three-layer graphene/ITO composite transparent electrode is reduced to 70.1 $ \Omega/\Box $. The specific contact resistance between the three-layer pristine graphene transparent electrode and the p-GaN layer is 1.92 × 10–2 Ω·cm2, after the ITO being inserted, the specific resistance is reduced to 1.01 × 10–4 Ω·cm2. Based on the three-layer graphene transparent electrode LED, the forward voltage is 4.84 V at an injection current of 20 mA, while the forward voltage of the three-layer graphene/ITO composite transparent electrode LED is reduced to 2.80 V; under small currents, the ideal factor of the three-layer graphene/ITO composite transparent electrode LED is less than that of the three-layer graphene transparent electrode LED. In addition, with the current increasing, the luminous intensity of the three-layer graphene/ITO composite transparent electrode LED increases, so does the radiant flux, which is because the addition of the ITO thin layer reduces the barrier height at the interface between the three layers of graphene and p-GaN, and the sheet resistance of the composite transparent electrode is also reduced, thereby improving the Ohmic contact between graphene and p-GaN. At the same time, the current spread is more uniform. The composite transparent electrode uses the much less ITO and obtains better optoelectronic performance, and thus providing a feasible solution for the LED transparent electrode. Keywords:transparent electrode/ graphene/ indium antimony oxide/ specific contact resistivity
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3.1.透明电极的方块电阻以及透明电极与p-GaN比接触电阻率的测量
比接触电阻率可以定量地反映金属电极和半导体材料之间欧姆接触质量[15]. 采用圆点传输线法测量透明电极与p-GaN之间的接触特性, 图2(a)为圆点传输线模型, 图2(b)为样品图, 在外延片表面制备一系列圆环结构, 其中圆环的内半径均为r0, 每个圆环外径rn从小到大依次增加为r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6, 6个圆环为一组; 图2(b)中黑色部分为去掉透明导电层后露出的p-GaN层, 金色部分自上而下为Au层、Ni层和透明电极层. 将探针分别放置在圆环内外, 施加测试电流, 测量两端电压, 得出RT, 它由半导体材料的体电阻和圆环两侧的接触电阻构成, 分别测试6个圆环的RT, 表示为[16] 图 2 圆点传输线模型 (a)模型示意图; (b)测试样品图 Figure2. Dot circular transmission line model (dot-CTLM): (a) Model diagram; (b) test sample.
表1复合透明电极方块电阻及其与p-GaN比接触电阻率的测量结果 Table1.Composite transparent electrode sheet resistance and its measurement results of contact resistivity with p-GaN.
23.2.复合透明电极LED性能测试 -->
3.2.复合透明电极LED性能测试
图3是LED I和LED II的I-V曲线图, 芯片尺寸为44 mil × 10 mil (1 mil = 0.0254 mm), LED I和LED II在20 mA电流下工作电压分别为4.84 V和2.80 V, 工作电压降低了42%. 图 3 大电流下, LED I与LED II的I-V测试曲线 Figure3.I-V curves of LED I and LED II under high current.
根据Shah等[18]提出的模型, 对图3进行lnI-V曲线处理后的斜率得器件的理想因子[19]. 通过对lnI-V的拟合, 得出LED I的理想因子为3.24, LED II的理想因子为2.67, LED II的理想因子相比LED I更低, 是由于ITO插入层改善了石墨烯与p-GaN之间的欧姆接触, 降低了二者的势垒高度, 减小了LED的串联电阻[20], 使得LED II的开启电压更低. 图4是两种透明电极LED在注入20 mA电流下的发光效果, 可以看出, 两个器件都能均匀发光, 图4(b)更亮; 图5是对未封装的蓝光裸芯进行测试, 通过探针施加5, 10, 20, 30和40 mA电流, 得到不同电流下LED光谱对比图, 内插图为半高宽随电流的变化, 随着电流的增加, LED I和LED II的强度均增加, 半高宽也随之增加, 但在相同电流, LED II的光谱面积和半高宽大于LED I, 说明LED II的发光性能更好[21]; 图6是不同电流下两种器件辐射通量对比图, 在小电流下两种LED的辐射通量相差较小, 而当电流增加时, 两者辐射通量相差逐渐增大. 这是因为石墨烯/ITO复合透明电极的方块电阻远远小于石墨烯的方块电阻, 当LED的注入电流增加时, 石墨烯/ITO复合透明电极的电流扩展较石墨烯更均匀, 发光效率更高. 图 4 LED发光光学照片 (a) LED I; (b) LED II Figure4. Optical graphs of LEDs: (a) LED I; (b) LED II.
图 5 LED I与LED II的光谱图(内插图为半高宽随电流的变化) Figure5. Spectrum of LED I and LED II. Inset shows the curves of the FWHM with current
图 6 LED I与LED II辐射通量随电流变化对比图 Figure6. Comparison of radiant flux of LED I and LED II