1.College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China 2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51371010, 51572066, 50801002)
Received Date:08 May 2019
Accepted Date:06 August 2019
Available Online:01 October 2019
Published Online:20 October 2019
Abstract:[Ca24Al28O64]4+(4e–) eletride, as the first room-temperature stable inorganic electride, has attracted intensive attention because of its fascinating chemical, electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. However, it usually needs synthesizing through a complicated multistep process involving high temperature (e.g., 1350 °C), severe reduction (e.g., 700–1300 ℃ for up to 240 h in Ca or Ti metal vapor atmosphere) and post-purification. Owing to the H2O sensitivity of mayenite, the post-purification is quite troublesome once impurities are introduced. High-density, loosely bound encaged electrons with a low work function make it promise to possess practical applications. Therefore the facile method of massively producing the high-quality C12A7:e– with high Ne is extremely desired. In this work, C12A7:e– bulks are for the first time synthesized by simple spark plasma sintering process directly from a mixture of C12A7, CA and Ca powders under milder conditions (e.g., sintered at 1070 ℃ for 10 min in a vacuum). The obtained electride, which exhibits a relative density of 99%, an electron concentration of ~2.3×1021 cm–3 and an obvious absorption peak at 2.5 eV, is obtained via SPS process at 1100 ℃ for 10 min. Electronic structure is also investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance. The occurrence of Dysonian characteristic, a typical feature of good electronic conductors, strongly suggests that the electrons are trapped in mayenite cavities. Furthermore, the obtained C12A7:e– exhibits good sinterabilty on a crystal scale of 5–40 μm. Thermionic emission test results show that the thermionic emission begins to occur at 700 K and a large current density of 1.75 A/cm2 is obtained in the electron thermal emission from a flat surface of the polycrystalline C12A7:e– with an effective work function of 2.09 eV for a temperature of 1373 K with an applied electric field of ~35000 V/cm in a vacuum. Owing to no external reductant is needed, this developed route exhibits notable superiority over the conventional reduction method for phase-pure C12A7:e–. Therefore, these results not only suggest a novel precursor for fabricating mayenite electride but also make it possible to produce efficiently the electride in large volume. Keywords:C12A7:e–/ calciothermic reaction/ thermionic emission
其中, Js (A/cm2)是发射电流密度的饱和值, φ(eV)是逸出功, A (A·cm–2·K–2)是有效Richardson常数, T (K)是阴极温度, E (V/cm)是引出电场强度. 如图4(a)所示, 当阴极温度分别为为973, 1073, 1173, 1273和1373 K, 引出电场为35000 V/cm时, 最大热发射电流密度为0.39, 0.80, 0.92, 1.48和1.75 A/cm2. C12A7:e–由于具有较低的逸出功而广受关注, 可以通过肖特基外延法对本实验制备的C12A7:e–的逸出功进行计算. 当引出电场E为0时, 可以得到零场发射电流密度如下 [30]: 图 4 (a) 不同温度下发射电流密度随电场强度的变化; (b) 零场电流密度的拟合直线; (c) Richardson直线; (d) 发射稳定性曲线 Figure4. (a) Emission current density as a function of electric field at various in the range of 973 to 1373 K; (b) Schottky plots at various temperatures, fitting of the curves result in zero field emission current density at each temperature; (c) Richardson plot of the sample; (d) scatter plot of the emission current density versus time.