Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11974217, 11874242) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. ZR2018MA037)
Received Date:07 May 2019
Accepted Date:11 July 2019
Available Online:01 September 2019
Published Online:05 September 2019
Abstract:The stretching and breaking processes of stilbene-based molecular junctions, which contain S or N atoms in the terminal groups, are studied by using density functional theory. The numerical results show that for pyramid-shaped gold electrodes, a stretching force of about 0.59 nN is needed to break the molecular junction with —S terminals, which is larger than the force of 0.25 nN that is required by the molecule to stretch —SH terminals away from pyramid-shaped gold electrode. However, it is obviously smaller than the force of about 1.5 nN that is needed by the molecule to break —S terminals from planar-shaped gold electrode. If the terminal group is —NH2 or —NO2, the force for breaking the molecular junction is about 0.45 nN or 0.33 nN, respectively. More delocalized molecular orbitals formed by the coupling between the frontier occupied orbitals of molecule and electrodes, higher stretching force for breaking molecular junction is required. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis shows that more NBO net charges that the terminal atom possesses can enhance the stability of the molecule-electrode contact if there is no bonding orbital formed between end group of molecule and electrode. Based on the numerical results and the combination with previous studies, it can be found that —S terminal and —NH2 terminal show evident properties in distinguishing tip structures of gold electrodes, which provides useful information for precisely controlling the interactions and interface structures between molecule and electrodes. Keywords:single-molecule device/ molecular junction stretching/ molecular junction breaking/ natural bond orbital/ interface distinguishing
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3.结果与讨论电极拉伸和压缩过程中各体系的单点能以及末端基团和金电极之间作用力随电极距离的变化如图2所示(图中正值为拉力, 负值为压力). 图中显示, 对于M-S体系, 分子结在电极距离为2.97 nm时达到平衡, 即能量取得最小值. 在分子结拉伸过程中, 拉力做正功, 体系能量上升. 当电极距离增加到体系即将断裂时, 中间分子沿末端基团所在的轴发生了大约40°旋转, 末端的S原子轻微的偏离了二苯乙烯平面(如图3(a)所示). 随着电极距离的进一步增大, 分子与一端金电极断开, 电极和功能分子由于弛豫发生回缩. 断裂时电极距离为3.19 nm, 断裂前分子与电极间最大作用力约为0.59 nN, 这一结果与Xu等[59]在实验中拉伸含—S末端的分子结时, 在统计中出现的0.5 nN的断裂峰基本一致, 这表明实验中电极尖端原子的排列存在一定概率的金字塔式构型. 对于—S末端, 更大的概率是连接在Au(111)面的空位上, 已有的实验及我们以前的计算结果显示, 硫原子从金电极的空位上断开时需要的作用力大约为1.5 nN[3,4,58,59]. 如果表面上有孤立的单个金原子与硫原子相连, 则分子结断裂需要约为0.9 nN的拉力[61,62]. —S末端与不同界面间断裂力的差异表明—S末端对于电极界面具有明显的识别功能. 图 2 M-S, M-SH, M-NH2和M-NO2分子结体系的能量及作用力随电极距离的变化曲线 Figure2. Energy and force curves as functions of electrode distances for M-S, M-SH, M-NH2 and M-NO2 molecular junctions
图 3 M-S, M-SH和M-NH2分子结体系的拉伸过程及分子相对于电极的旋转演化过程 Figure3. Stretching processes for M-S, M-SH and M-NH2 molecular junctions and rotation-evolution processes of the molecules relative to the electrodes of the molecular junctions.
表1M-S, M-SH, M-NH2和M-NO2体系分子与电极间的结合能、末端原子与电极间的成键轨道数、末端原子的孤对电子数以及末端原子的NBO净电荷数 Table1.Binding energies between the molecules and the electrodes, the numbers of bonding orbitals between the terminal atoms and the electrodes, the numbers of lone electrons on the terminal atoms and the NBO net charges on the terminal atoms for M-S, M-SH, M-NH2 and M-NO2 molecular junctions.