1.College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China 2.Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Fund Project:Project supported by Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry Education (Grant No. 30916014103).
Received Date:05 November 2018
Accepted Date:22 January 2019
Available Online:23 March 2019
Published Online:05 April 2019
Abstract:It is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the regulation of the structure, morphology and properties of nanomaterials by using high voltage electric field in the field of functional materials. Here, ZnO nanocrystalline powders are synthesized under the condition of high voltage electric field. The effect of electric field on the structure, point defect and Raman spectrum of ZnO is studied.The structure, Raman shift and defect distribution of the product are characterized by (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy (Raman spectroscopy).The results show that the complete crystallization time and temperature of zinc oxide under high voltage electric field are longer and higher than those without electric field. The direct current electric field can significantly promote the nucleation of zinc oxide in the precursor and reduce the rate of crystallization.The morphologies of ZnO obtained under different electric field intensities are obviously different. At a lower electric field intensity, ZnO presents lamellar or stripy morphology that is formed by many 50 nm-diameter nanoparticles. At a higher electric field intensity, ZnO exhibits short conical particles. It can be inferred that the high voltage electric field inhibits the growth of zinc oxide along the c axis (the strongest polar direction).The Raman spectra of the cathode surface and the anode surface showing obvious difference after the nano-ZnO powder has been polarized in the DC electric field.The intensity of the second-order optical phonon mode A1(LO) on the anode surface at 1050 cm–1 increases significantly under the condition of obvious leakage current, and the ratio (I1/I2) of Raman intensity (I1 = 438 cm–1 and I2 = 1050 cm–1) is linearly related to the field strength of the polarized electric field.When the positive and negative sides of the sample disc turn over, the 1050 cm–1 peak increases on the anode surface and tends to disappear on cathode surface.The zinc vacancies with negative charge move toward the anode and the concentration of zinc vacancies on one side of the anode increases significantly, which makes the surface of zinc oxide nanoparticles in the local area of the anode surface exhibit obvious negative electric properties, and increases the local electric field significantly to form a double Shaw base barrier.The Raman shift of 1050 cm–1 belongs to the second order optical phonon A1 (LO) vibrational mode, which is usually in inactive or silent state. When the current passes through, the grain boundary double Schottky barrier is established, which enhances the vibration of the A1 (LO) phonon and increases its Raman frequency shift.It can be concluded that the enhancement of the 1050 cm–1 Raman peak on the anode surface is related to the redistribution of defects in ZnO grains and the double Schottky barrier. Keywords:external electric field/ nano zinc oxide/ Raman spectra/ crystallization/ defect
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2.1.样品的制备
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(AR, ≥ 99%, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)和NaOH(AR, ≥ 96%, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)分别配制成0.0125 mol/L的水溶液. 在1800 r/min的磁力搅拌速度下, 按照物质量配比将Zn(NO3)2溶液缓慢滴加到NaOH溶液中. 滴加完成后持续搅拌1 h. 将所得产物用去离子水和无水乙醇分别离心洗涤5次. 在60 ℃下干燥24 h得到纳米氧化锌前驱体粉末(氢氧化锌). 取适量纳米氧化锌前驱物装入石英皿(10 mm × 10 mm × 50 mm), 其两个外侧面安装2片平行金属板电极, 并连接直流高压电源. 将石英皿置于油浴中, 于一定温度和时间条件下进行热处理生成氧化锌纳米晶. 实验装置如图1所示. 按照文献[22]的方法, 取适量纳米氧化锌粉末, 用压片机制成厚度为 0.8 mm, 直径为13 mm 的圆形试片, 置于高压极化仪(ET2673D-4)上, 在不同条件下对样品进行外电场极化处理. 一次极化后, 将试片阴阳极面调转方向, 置于电场进行二次反向极化. 所得一次和二次极化试片分别进行阴极面和阳极面的拉曼光谱测试. 图 1 高压直流电场条件下纳米氧化锌晶化实验装置示意图 Figure1. Schematic diagram of experimental device for nano ZnO crystallization under high voltage DC electric field.
图 7 拉曼峰438 cm–1和1050 cm–1的强度比(I1/I2)与电场强度的关系 Figure7. Relationship of strength ratio of Raman peak I1(438 cm–1)/I2(1050 cm–1) with electric field intensity.