1.Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China 2.College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFB0405101) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11474024).
Received Date:14 December 2018
Accepted Date:20 January 2019
Available Online:01 March 2019
Published Online:20 March 2019
Abstract:The LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface has been one of the topics studied most during the past few years due to its many intriguing properties such as the two-dimensional electron gas, transient photoconductivity (PC), persistent photoconductivity (PPC), and the coexistence of the PC and PPC. Of them, the PPC effect is the most interesting because of its potential application in exploring the photoelectric memory devices. Until now, tuning of the PPC of the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface under the external stimuli, such as electric or magnetic field is less addressed, while the relevant knowledge is of great value for exploring the memory devices with multifunctionality. In this paper, we report on an electric field control of the persistent PPC at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface. Our LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterojunction is fabricated by growing the LaAlO3 film on the SrTiO3 substrates through using pulsed laser deposition. The substrate temperature is kept at 750 ℃ and the partial pressure of oxygen is maintained at 3.3 × 10–5 Torr (1 Torr = 1.33322 × 102 Pa) during the deposition. The thickness of LaAlO3 film is controlled to be about 2 nm by setting an appropriate deposition time. The X-ray diffraction experiment confirms that the LAO film is well epitaxial and of single phase. To guarantee the good electric contacts, Al electrodes are soldered at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface and the back side of the SrTiO3 respectively by ultrasonic welding. We find that the PPC at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface can be significantly reinforced and modulated by the light-enhanced gating effects: that is, after a negative back gate voltage processing combined with a simultaneous light illumination, the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface can exhibit a notable PPC effect. And the PPC effect increases as the negative gate voltage increases, and then attains a maximum at a back gate voltage of about –70 V. Further increase of the negative gate voltage can cause the PPC to decrease. Additionally, the PPC is also found to increase monotonically with increasing the gating time. The present result can be understood in terms of the migration of the oxygen vacancies under the influence of photoelectric synergetic effect. This field enhanced PPC effects at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface may find their applications in designing the photoelectric memory devices with electric tunability. Keywords:LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface/ persistent photoconductivity/ illumination/ gating effect
首先研究了无门电压影响下LAO/STO的光电导效应. 为测量LAO/STO异质结的光电导效应, 实验仍选用30 mW的405 nm连续激光照射异质结的表面. 利用四电极法测量LAO/STO异质结界面电阻R随时间t的变化, 其结果如图4所示. 图 4 光照对LAO/STO界面电阻R的影响, 图中“on”和“off”分别代表光照的开和关 Figure4. Effect of light illumination on the LAO/STO resistance. “on” and “off” represent the switch on and off of the illumination, respectively.
考虑到LAO/STO的光电协同增强的场效应主要发生在负的门电压区, 因此在本节及下文, 将着重探究负门电压区的光电协同的场效应对LAO/STO界面光电导效应的影响. 首先研究的是Vgate = –30 V的门电压与光照的协同效应对光电导效应的影响, 其中照射光源与上节所述相同. 具体实验过程如下: 首先测量不施加门电压和光照时LAO/STO的界面电阻R随时间t的变化, 结果在图5中给出. R稳定时的初始电阻值记为R0, 约130 ${\rm k}\Omega$, 为该异质结的初始电阻. 然后, 从500 s开始同时施加门电压和光照, 其中门电压Vgate = –30 V. 从图5可见, 同时施加光照与栅压后, LAO/STO的界面电阻R上升显著, 约增加到145—160 ${\rm k}\Omega$. 栅压与光照的协同处理时间共150 s. 在第650 s去掉光照和门电压, R缓慢下降, 直到稳定在一个新的电阻值Rn附近, Rn约为137 ${\rm k}\Omega$. 可见Rn大于R0, 这说明LAO/STO界面进入了一个高于初始电阻R0的新的电阻态, 即Rn电阻态. 然后, 再用相同的光源第二次照射该异质结, 进一步研究该新电阻态Rn的光电导效应. 发现激光照射后, LAO/STO界面电阻从Rn处迅速减小到RL附近(见图5中830—1460 s区间的电阻变化), 表现出正的光电导效应. 值得注意的是, 此时再去掉光照, LAO/STO的界面电阻不能恢复到电阻态Rn附近, 而只是恢复到130 ${\rm k}\Omega$附近, 该电阻与R0相当, 然而明显小于Rn. 为清楚起见, 图5中的内插图给出了光照前后Rn与R0的对比. 该实验实际上表明在LAO/STO界面出现新的电阻态Rn后, 光照使得该异质结出现了明显的持续光电导效应, 即光照后的电阻与光照前的电阻不相等. 图 5 LAO/STO界面R随t的变化, 其中测量期间, 门电压或光照来回“开”和“关”; 图中, “L”代表加光照, “U”代表加电压; “on”和“off”分别代表门电压或光照的开和关; 内插图为830—1460 s区间的放大图 Figure5.R of the LAO/STO interface as a function of response time while the gate voltage (marked by “U”) and light illumination (marked by “L”) is switched on and off. Inset is a close view of the R-time curve between 830 s and 1460 s.
在本节中, 进一步探究负向栅压大小对LAO/STO界面的持续光电导的调控. 实验中的光照条件与上一节相同, 其中栅压与光照的协同处理时间仍为150 s, 所得的几种典型的R-t测量结果在图6中给出. 图 6 LAO/STO界面R分别经不同栅压处理后的随t变化, 其中测量期间, 门电压或光照来回“开”和“关” (图中, “L”代表加光照, “U”代表加电压; “on”和“off”分别代表门电压或光照的开和关) (a) –40 V; (b) –60 V; (c) –70 V; (d) –80 V Figure6. Time dependences of R of the LAO/STO interface after the processing of various gate voltages while the gate voltages (marked by “U”) and light illumination (marked by “L”) are switched on and off: (a) –40 V; (b) –60 V; (c) –70 V; (d) –80 V.
本文进一步研究门电压与光照的协同处理时间(td)对光电导的影响. 光电协同处理和测量过程与上一节类似, 仍选择照射光为30 mW的405 nm激光, 选择的门电压Vgate = –50 V. 改变该门电压与光照的协同处理时间td, 分别测得经光电协同处理后的界面电阻Rn及其光照后的电阻. 研究发现: 经第二次光照后电阻都能从Rn恢复到R0, 并且R0基本不变; 而Rn随td的增加而增加, 结果如图8中内插图所示. 根据(2)式计算得的PPC值随td的变化结果如图8所示. 图 7 PPC值随Vgate的变化, 其中内插图为Rn随Vgate的变化 Figure7. Relationship between the PPC value and gate voltage (Vgate). Inset is the dependence of Rn on Vgate.
图 8 门电压的处理时间td对PPC值的影响关系, 插图为Rn随td的变化关系 Figure8. The PPC value as a function of gating time td. Inset is the dependence of Rn on td.