<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/mathjax/2.7.2-beta.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script> <script type='text/x-mathjax-config'> MathJax.Hub.Config({ extensions: ["tex2jax.js"], jax: ["input/TeX", "output/HTML-CSS"], tex2jax: {inlineMath: [ ['$','$'], ["\\(","\\)"] ],displayMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ["\\[","\\]"] ],processEscapes: true}, "HTML-CSS": { availableFonts: ["TeX"] }, TeX: {equationNumbers: {autoNumber: ["none"], useLabelIds: true}}, "HTML-CSS": {linebreaks: {automatic: true}}, SVG: {linebreaks: {automatic: true}} }); </script> 胡最^1,2,3, 邓运员^,1, 刘沛林⁴, 彭惠军¹1. 衡阳师范学院城市与旅游学院,衡阳 421002
2. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
3. 湖南省智能信息处理重点实验室,衡阳 421002
4. 长沙学院经济与管理学院暨乡村振兴研究院,长沙 410022

The semiotic mechanism of cultural landscape genes of traditional settlements

HU Zui^1,2,3, DENG Yunyuan^,1, LIU Peilin⁴, PENG Huijun¹1. College of City & Tourism, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China
2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
3. Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing of Hunan Province, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China
4. School of Economics and Management and Rural Vitalization Institution, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China

通讯作者: 邓运员(1973-), 男, 湖南永州人, 硕士, 教授, 从事传统村落研究。E-mail: dyydyy@163.com

收稿日期:2018-08-9修回日期:2019-11-8网络出版日期:2020-04-25

基金资助:

国家自然科学基金项目.41771188 国家自然科学基金项目.41771150 国家社科基金重大项目.16ZDA159 湖南省教育厅项目.16A030 湖南省社科基金项目.17ZDB050 衡阳师范学院基金项目.16D14

Received:2018-08-9Revised:2019-11-8Online:2020-04-25

Fund supported:

National Natural Science Foundation of China.41771188 National Natural Science Foundation of China.41771150 Major Program of National Social Science Foundation of China.16ZDA159 Education Bureau Research Project of Hunan Province.16A030 Social Science Foundation of Hunan Province.17ZDB050 Research Project of Hengyang Normal University.16D14

作者简介 About authors
胡最(1977-),男,湖南宁乡人,博士,教授,主要从事GIS原理与应用研究E-mail:fuyanghuzui@163.com。






摘要
传统聚落文化景观基因是解读传统聚落景观蕴含的深层次地学特征的重要切入点。然而该理论目前尚未从符号学的视角探索文化景观基因的符号机制。对此,本文首先从符号哲学的视角系统地分析了文化景观基因的特征：① 文化景观基因是宏观的聚落意象与微观的细节特征、物质外观表征与内在文化寓意、整体性特征与局部自我更新、定性与定量分析方法、优势性与内涵丰富性的辩证统一;② 文化景观基因有着多样的形态特征和复杂的空间结构,具有非线性、自组织和自迭代的重要特征。其次,论文探索了文化景观基因符号机制的概念,论述了文化景观基因的符号特征、分类和相应的表达方法,明确了构建文化景观基因符号的理论依据。最后,运用VC#.net程序语言开发了文化景观基因符号库原型程序,并给出了相应的实例。本文研究工作表明,开展文化景观基因符号机制的探索,对于完善传统聚落文化景观基因理论,促进文化景观基因资源的数字化等深化应用,具有重要的意义。
关键词： 传统聚落文化景观基因;特征;符号机制;符号库;数字化

Abstract
The concept of cultural landscape genes of traditional settlements (CLGTS) was proposed by Chinese scholars in 2003. Since then, CLGTS has been playing a key role in capturing the deep-level geographic features of traditional settlements. However, there is a lack of work on covering CLGTS from the perspective of semiotics. Now, people are often involved in difficulties when they are trying to explore the nature of cultural landscapes of traditional settlements through using CLGTS. Obviously, it is of great significance to explore the concepts and methods of semiotic mechanism of CLGTS under the support of semiology. To lock this issue, we outline the dialectical features of CLGTS through the following five aspects. (1) For a given traditional settlement, its whole image at the macro-scale is in accordance with its cultural landscape genes at the micro-scale. (2) For the cultural landscape gene of a given traditional settlement, its core characterizations are in accordance with its appearance features. (3) For a given traditional settlement, its self-updating mechanism at local scale is in accordance with its global characterizations. (4) CLGTS can be treated as the scientific analysis method merged with the quantitative and qualitative approaches for dissecting the cultural features of traditional settlements. (5) For a given traditional settlement, its outstanding features of cultural landscape are in accordance with its rich cultural connotation. Then, this work proves the diversity of forms and complexity of spatial structures of CLGTS through ample examples. To some extent, this reveals the nonlinearity, self-organization, as well as self-iteration features of CLGTS. Based on the above, this research presents a conceptual framework of semiotic mechanism of CLGTS. Within the framework, we further summarize the symbols' main features, classifications, and expression ways of CLGTS. Through this work, we make clear the requisite theoretical conditions of making symbols of CLGTS by employing GIS. Ultimately, based on the aforementioned conceptual framework, this paper develops a prototype program for making symbols of CLGTS. The test results of the prototype program with a case of ancient village of Hunan Province show that it can run well in serving to establish a symbol database of CLGTS for a given region. Hence, this research proves that semiotic mechanism of CLGTS will make sense of perfecting the theory of CLGTS and forwarding its digital protection.
Keywords：cultural landscape genes of traditional settlements;features;symbolic mechanism;symbol database;digitalization


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本文引用格式
胡最, 邓运员, 刘沛林, 彭惠军. 传统聚落文化景观基因的符号机制. 地理学报[J], 2020, 75(4): 789-803 doi:10.11821/dlxb202004009
HU Zui. The semiotic mechanism of cultural landscape genes of traditional settlements. Acta Geographica Sinice[J], 2020, 75(4): 789-803 doi:10.11821/dlxb202004009

1 引言

近年来,中国社会各界加强了对“历史文化名村名镇”“中国传统村落”等传统聚落的关注,因为它们富集了古代的建筑、艺术、规划以及人地关系哲学等优秀传统文化遗产。理论界对传统聚落的保护、生态环境、建筑与旅游价值等重要问题^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]}进行了深入研究,一定程度上促进了“乡村振兴”和“新型城镇化”等战略的实施。综合分析现有研究文献,理论界目前尚未从符号学的视角解读传统聚落文化景观的地学特征,这不利于人们全面地了解传统聚落的科学内涵并构建相应的研究框架。符号是人类交流和传播信息的媒体,是人们解析社会文化因子内涵的重要工具;符号学则是探讨社会文化意义的重要理论基石^[10],如构建智慧制造系统框架的符号学机制^[11]、人机交互界面中的图形符号设计^[12]、工程图标设计^[13]等,这启发着人们从符号学的视角审视传统聚落中的文化因子隐含的社会文化意义。自索尔提出文化景观概念以来,人们尝试从“相继占用”“形态基因”等不同视角解释地区文化的发展演化特征。现代****则结合定量方法、感知理论、空间意象等方法阐释不同类型传统聚落的文化特征,如建立极化函数^[14]。然而现有研究尚未取得实质性的进展^[15]。因此,尝试从符号学的视角构建传统聚落文化特征分析的新方法可以为传统聚落文化景观特征的相关研究积累有益的经验。

人类历史文明进程表明空间信息具有极为重要的战略价值,这使得可以用于描述、交流和传输空间信息的地图（即人类的“第三语言”）得以形成。长期以来,人们对地图及其符号系统的发展演化、认知规律、信息传输特征、设计模式等取得了重要进展^{[16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]},如二维码技术已经应用到地图符号设计和制图实践当中^[24]。此外,人们对于地图符号的语言学特征、结构与约束变换理论等也开展了富有成效的工作,实现了地图符号的自动生成与动态设计^[25,26]。地图符号能描述地理对象的语义属性与语义特征,是存储、传输、交流和表达空间信息的媒体^[27,28]。同时,地图符号又是以可视化的方式呈现的符号系统,具有人类语言的基本特征。因此,从符号学的视角来看,地图符号是表征地理空间信息特征、地理现象和地理系统发展演化、地理规律等最为有效的语言工具,可以为解读传统聚落文化景观特征提供重要的方法支持。

传统聚落是附着在自然景观基底之上的人类文明活动的结晶,既具有自然景观的属性特征又承载了丰富的历史和社会文化信息,是极为特殊的地理对象,这在客观上要求人们从空间信息的维度来考察传统聚落景观的社会文化属性特征与历史文化价值。因此结合地图符号的原理与方法,借助可视化的符号语言归纳传统聚落景观蕴含的地理信息特征,有助于充分解读传统聚落景观的地学特征,同时又符合人们的思维习惯和认知规律。

传统聚落文化景观基因理论以识别中国传统聚落中具有标志性意义的文化因子的特征为切入点,在生物信息学和地学信息图谱的支持下构建文化景观基因的科学图解^[29],从而解读传统聚落景观的地学特征,在地域文化基因识别与区划、建筑景观特征解读、旅游规划等领域得到了广泛应用^{[30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37]}。然而该理论在现阶段尚未深入探索文化景观基因的物质形态、外观表征、空间结构和表达机制等深层次的科学问题。归结起来,前述问题的根源在于目前尚缺乏结合符号学的相关原理与方法探索文化景观基因特征的研究。因此,本文尝试从地图符号的视角探讨传统聚落文化景观基因的符号机制,着重从文化景观基因的特征出发来分析其符号特征与相应的分类体系、符号化表达方法,进而为构建文化景观基因符号库程序提供理论支持。本文的相关研究工作可望进一步完善传统聚落景观基因理论体系并促进其深化应用。

2 文化景观基因的科学特征

文化景观基因理论是构建中国传统聚落文化景观基因图谱的重要方法^{[29, 35, 37]}。因此,厘清文化景观基因内建的科学特征具有重要的意义。

2.1 辩证特征

道金斯最早将生物基因的概念引入到社会文化领域,在1976年提出了文化基因（Meme）的概念。威尔逊分析了人类文化的获得性传递特征,创立了基因—社会文化协同进化理论^[38]。地理****主要从人本主义出发探讨地域文化基因的特征,如康采恩提出了“市镇形态基因”。中国****在分析中国传统聚落的古代生态理念、规划特征和人地关系哲学等的基础上提出了文化景观基因的概念^[39],并发展出了图案、文本、构成元素或者结构特征等识别方法^[39,40],初步构建了完整的研究框架。

文化景观基因的科学意义在于它提供了一种从自然科学的视角透视传统聚落景观的文化地理学特征的分析方法,这具有科学的哲学辩证意义。

（1）宏观的聚落景观意象与微观的文化因子的辩证结合。从概念范畴来看,文化景观基因具有鲜明的可识别性。实践中,人们主要从整体视角考察传统聚落景观的意象特征来区分具有相似的文化特质的不同聚落。如张谷英村的“龙”形格局（图1）需要将不同的村落组团当成整体才能识别^[31]。同时,存在于不同传统聚落中的文化景观基因又可以从不同的细节特征或层次上反映不同的聚落文化差异。如马头墙是中国传统合院式建筑中广泛使用的一种装饰性建筑样式,人们可以通过造型、弧度、弯曲等细节特征来区分不同地域的马头墙的文化差异。

图1

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图1文化景观基因的概念

Fig. 1Concept of cultural landscape gene of traditional settlements



（2）外在的物质表观特征与内在的传统文化寓意的辩证结合。一般而言,传统聚落中的文化因子都拥有物质载体,即使是非物质文化因子也拥有相应的物质指征对象。如傩戏的呈现需要借助特定的物质空间场所。传统聚落空间是文化景观基因得以存续和传承的物质空间场所。也就是说,文化因子必须承载传统聚落赋予的特定功能,并占据专门的空间位置,反映一定的社会伦理、功能或者文化意义才能真正成为具备可识别特征的文化景观基因,进而构成聚落的空间意象。

（3）传承过程中的整体性特征与局部自我更新机制的辩证结合。生物基因在遗传过程中可以保持自身特征不发生根本性的改变,但在某些特殊因子的诱导或刺激下可以发生一定程度的性状改变（即突变）。同样,文化景观基因在传承过程中也具有类似的性质。一方面文化景观基因总是力图保持重要特征或特性的稳定;另一方面文化景观基因在传播过程又会因为不同的文化生态环境而发生相应的改变,即在某些细节上出现了一定程度的自我更新。如客家土楼的围合形状经历了由方形到拟方形再到圆形的变化^[41],即土楼的围合基因出现了局部更新,但其功能、地位和象征意义等主体特征并没有变化。

（4）传统聚落景观特征的定性与定量分析语言的辩证结合。在地理学的发展历程中,定性研究方法曾长期居于主导地位。地理学经历计量革命之后,定量研究方法逐渐成为主流研究方法。然而在文化地理学领域,****们仍然倾向于使用定性研究方法而较少兼顾定量研究方法。不过,文化景观基因的相关研究工作却实现了定性与定量研究方法的有机结合。这是因为文化景观基因本身就大量借鉴了生物信息学的定量研究方法,如湖南省传统聚落景观基因的空间特征识别主要使用定性方法^[30],湖南省传统聚落景观基因组图谱的空间特征挖掘主要使用定量方法^[35]。

（5）聚落景观主体特征的优势性与文化内涵的丰富性的辩证结合。文化景观基因是传统聚落空间中具有最高可识别度和可理解度的文化因子,如鼓楼是侗族传统村寨中最为雄伟和壮观的建筑,也是识别侗族村寨最重要的文化标识。同时,文化景观基因又往往包含了丰富的文化内涵而决不仅仅只反映传统聚落景观的某一种特征。这是因为文化景观基因经历了较长历史时期的传承,承载了丰富的文化内涵。值得注意的是,聚落景观特征的优势性与文化内涵的丰富性是文化景观基因的两个方面,两者是一致的而不是截然对立的关系。

基于上述辩证关系：文化景观基因是一个科学概念（图1）,它既具有客观实在的客体对象,又包含了深层次的传统社会制度、传统伦理、传统哲学、传统习俗、宗族等丰富的传统文化特征;既从自然科学的视角挖掘传统聚落景观的科学特征,又从文化地理的视域归纳传统聚落景观的传统文化特征。

2.2 形态特征

文化景观基因拥有专门的物质载体和物质外观,或者依赖于特定的物质载体和客观过程而存在。聚落空间中不同的文化景观基因并不是孤立地存在的,相互之间有着密切的联系。如岳阳县张谷英村的当大门由三组共同排列在同一中轴线上的院落建筑共同构成,形成一个“丰”字形状（图1）。中国很多传统聚落在选址、规划和营造的过程中注重符合传统习俗并突出自身的个性特征,注重结合不同的地理环境特征,因时、因地、因势制宜的营造出寓意丰富的空间意象。古人在营造聚落时一般都根据聚落所处的自然地理环境营造出富有传统风水寓意的空间形态。如湖南省新田县黑砠岭村龙家大院的“五代同塘（堂）”的格局。这在客观上使得文化景观基因具有多样的空间形态,又如湖南省很多传统聚落的布局有扇形、圆形等空间形态^[35]。大体上,中国文化景观基因的形态主要有方形和圆形两大谱系（图2）,以及结合风水理论因地制宜地造就的多种形态^[42]。在方形的基础上逐渐衍生出了各种变体。如四合院演变形成了进、厅堂、天井等多种形态。在圆形的基础上逐渐衍生出了椭圆、近圆等形态,如福建南靖土楼群即有圆形、椭圆形等形态。一般而言,传统聚落的形态由方形向圆形或不规则形发展变化。

图2

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图2传统聚落的布局形态举例^[41]

注：参考刘沛林等^[41]绘制。
Fig. 2A few examples on the forms of spatial layouts of traditional settlements^[41] (Liu P L, 2011)

2.3 结构特征

文化景观基因在空间组织方式上呈现出不同的特色,形成了寓意丰富的空间结构^[35]。参考现有的相关研究案例^{[40,41,42,43]}可以发现：文化景观基因的空间结构具有非线性、自组织和自迭代的特点。

首先,文化景观基因在聚落空间中呈非线性排列。线性结构是自然界中常见的物质空间中的结构排列方式,可以通过线性方程进行精确的描述,如蜂巢格子的排列方式。相对应地,自然界中同样存在着丰富的非线性结构,如DNA分子的双螺旋结构。

传统聚落的构成要素是非线性排列的,这是由传统聚落所处的自然地理环境决定的。自然地理环境是复杂的、非线性的和随机的,这使得聚落空间中的各类要素难于形成规则的线性排列。传统聚落中的街道、巷道等要素的布局须与聚落所在的地理空间相适应。相应地,聚落的构成要素也难于形成规则的线性结构。事实上文化景观基因可以理解为聚落空间中的各类物质文化因子在社会文化维度上的映射。因而,聚落空间中的文化因子也多为非线性的空间排列。如《考工记》记载古人理想的城市是边长为三里的方形城市（即“方三里”）。不过,这种规整的城市在现实世界中几乎不存在,这是由地理空间环境的复杂性特征决定的。

其次,文化景观基因在聚落空间中具有自组织的特性。聚落在其发展进程中,随着人口的增加,规模不断扩大。相应地,各种构成要素也逐渐由无序走向有序,由不规则变得规则。这既符合自然系统的发展演化规律,也是人类文明演进规律的体现。聚落中具有相似功能的要素总是会趋向于聚集,如苏州的周庄、同里等水乡古镇仍然保存着水街（沿河商铺）,这是因为商铺聚集在一起可以最大限度地共用聚落的基础设施并吸引顾客。此外,很多传统聚落将各种要素有机地组织在一起并形成具有特定寓意的空间结构。如浙江省诸暨市兰溪村形成了八卦形街巷结构。

第三,文化景观基因在聚落空间中具有自迭代的特征。迭代是一种有规律的自我复制过程,可以用分形数学进行精确的描述。自然界中具有迭代特征的客观对象拥有精细的空间结构,如峰巢、树木纹理、生物基因等,迭代是自然系统在演化进程中形成的自我修复和发展机制。实际上,人文与社会经济领域同样也存在着自迭代现象,如不同家族世代繁衍的过程就是一种有规律的迭代过程,可以通过族谱进行描述。类似于生物学基因,文化景观基因在传承过程中,其文化内涵、外在表观或者物质载体都得到完整的复制与传播,具有类似于迭代的特征。如笔者在调查中发现湖南省汝城县金山村的工匠完整地传承了源起于几百年前的祠堂鸿门梁制作技艺,从形制、镂雕、着色和安装等都可以做到丝毫不差。

3 文化景观基因符号机制的内涵

自然语言是一种综合的符号表意系统,拥有特定的符号系统和广泛的社会文化约定属性,是人们记录、交流、传播信息的媒体。传统聚落拥有丰富的文化景观基因,如镂雕技艺、房屋的形制、聚落布局和空间结构、空间的构筑方式、公共空场所等,它们都拥有专门的物质载体或媒介,携带一定的社会文化信息,共同表征特定的传统文化寓意。文化景观基因的传承形式和途径多样,既有物质外观或者载体的传承,也有文化内涵等约定属性的传承。显然,文化景观基因具有类似语言符号的特性,这使得从符号学的视角解析文化景观基因的特征成为可能。

3.1 文化景观基因符号机制的概念

文化景观基因符号机制是指借鉴地图符号学的相关原理与方法,构建传统聚落文化景观基因的符号描述模型及其图示表达体系,深入解析文化景观基因蕴含的传统文化内涵及其内在特征,为绘制特定区域的传统聚落景观基因组图谱提供支持。从符号学的视角出发,文化景观基因符号机制涵盖了文化景观基因的解析、符号模型的定义、符号分类体系和图示表达等研究内容。

从符号学的角度来看,文化景观基因是携带了特定社会历史文化信息的符号单位,可以通过特定的方式进行系统的描述。本文主要借鉴地图符号的模型构建方法、符号变量、图示表达理论等方法探究文化景观基因符号的特征。然而文化景观基因符号与地图符号又有着显著的区别,这主要体现在社会文化信息和社会历史信息是文化景观基因符号最为本质的特征,也是其主要的约定属性;同时,文化景观基因符号又包含了重要的地理环境特征和地理空间位置信息,地图符号主要描述地理对象的地理空间位置信息和地理语义特征。

探索文化景观基因的符号机制具有重要意义,是从语言学和符号学视角对传统聚落景观基因理论的重要扩展,也是从地图学视角丰富传统聚落景观基因理论的研究方法。同时,文化景观基因符号机制为绘制区域传统聚落景观基因组图谱提供了新的方法和技术途径,也使得开展区域性的传统聚落景观基因数字化保护与资源普查具备了技术途径上的可行性。

3.2 文化景观基因的符号特征

从符号学的视角来看,文化景观基因具有两个重要的符号特性。

首先,文化景观基因的社会文化内涵和空间属性特征可以通过符号进行概括和综合表达。通过构造符号表达体系,人们可以更好地理解具有相似的内涵或者外观形式的不同文化景观基因之间的细微区别。这是因为符号是音形义的结合体,具有可视化的外观形状,便于人们进行观察和区分。同时,图式符号设计领域中的很多原理和方法也有助于人们区分不同的文化景观基因的差异,如借用地图符号的颜色、样式、纹理等变量来区分具有相似性质的文化景观基因。

其次,文化景观基因是传统聚落空间中具有社会文化意义的物质载体与具有符号意义的传统文化信息媒体相互融合的结晶,即作为具象化存在的客观实在与抽象化存在的符号意义的结合体。这充分说明文化景观基因在本质上是具有专门的“形”和“义”的符号,这也是本文借鉴地图符号的相关原理来思考文化景观基因符号特征的理论依据。

自然语言中的每一个符号都对应着客观世界中的一个实体对象,即语言符号构建了客观世界完整的表达体系。与此类似,每一个文化景观基因都对应着传统聚落空间中唯一存在的文化因子,它们之间有着唯一且客观存在的对应关系。

一般而言,文化景观基因与其对应的客观实在之间存在着映射、概略和约定关系。映射关系指文化景观基因是在符号层面对其物质载体或者物理存在进行语义描述,即构建文化景观基因与客观实在之间的严格对应关系。这表明,人们可以通过符号来表达文化景观基因的抽象的文化属性特征与具象的物理载体之间的映射,即构建文化景观基因的符号图示表达模型。概略关系强调文化景观基因的图示符号必须遵循一定的设计原则,要符合语言学和符号认知规律,要突出最为显著的文化特征的表达。约定关系指文化景观基因携带的具有特定传统文化寓意的历史、文化和社会伦理等信息。因此,通过符号来表示文化景观基因同样需要遵守这种约定关系。如用方形符号表示四合院,再结合形状、色彩等的变化来表示各种四合院的变体（图3）。

图3

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图3用不同变量组合表示四合院基因及其变化

Fig. 3Different variables used to express the cultural landscape gene of Siheyuan and its development



总之,文化景观基因本身可以视作表达特定传统文化含义的特殊符号。因此,可以结合符号学的相关原理来构建文化景观基因的图示符号表达体系。

3.3 文化景观基因符号的分类

结合文化景观基因的内涵与发生学原则,按照表现方式可以将文化景观基因符号分为图形、图片、文本和空间综合格局等4类符号（表1）。

Tab. 1
表1
表1文化景观基因符号的分类
Tab. 1A classification for the symbols of cultural landscape gene of traditional settlements

符号类别	说明	备注
图形	通过基本图形元素的组合构成图形符号表达特定的文化景观基因的含义	简单符号
图片	直接将图片等定义为符号表达部分特殊的文化景观基因的含义	简单符号
文本	直接通过文本来描述文化景观基因的含义	语言符号
空间综合格局	结合GIS软件的地图功能来直观地表达布局类文化景观基因符号的含义	复合符号

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图形符号指通过基本图形元素的组合或者特定的图案等来表达特定的文化景观基因的含义和重要属性。如凤凰古城存在着大量以凤凰神鸟为主要造型的建筑装饰,故可以设计一组凤凰神鸟为主要内容的符号来描述凤凰古城的文化景观基因。

图片符号指通过图片、图像或影像来表示某些难于制作成抽象图形符号的文化景观基因。一般而言,很多需要通过局部或者细节特征才能识别的文化景观基因可以直接通过图片来构建相应的符号。如笔者调查发现湖南省汝城县很多古村落的祠堂通常绘制有风格各异的装饰性图案,不同祠堂的图案之间的区别主要在于相应的人物设定或故事情境等,故可以直接通过图片来展示这些细节上的差异。

文本符号指直接通过文本来描述文化景观基因的主要特征或属性。这是因为：① 有些非物质文化遗产难于直接通过图形符号或者图片符号进行表达,如汝城广泛流行的“香火龙”习俗包含了一系列内涵丰富的传统民俗文化活动,故而适合直接用文本描述其文化内涵;② 有些文化因子本身就是用文本来描述、记录或者表达的,如江永女书;③ 有些文化因子的核心文化内涵难于直接通过图形或图片进行概括,需要使用文本进行表达,如土家族摆手堂的形制。

空间综合格局符号指结合GIS的地图功能系统地表达传统聚落的自然环境特征、空间规划和布局特征。传统聚落的空间布局是古人关于聚落选址与规划等的传统生态哲学、生存智慧和人地关系思想、社会伦理等知识与自然地理空间环境的有机结合。因此,从整体的角度进行观测和归纳可以深入地理解聚落布局的传统文化意境。显然,可以直接借助地图来展现一个传统聚落的空间规划和布局特征,进而归纳相应的布局基因。如湖南省会同县高椅村、浙江省金华市琐园村、浙江省诸暨市兰溪村等村落都因地制宜地根据聚落周边的自然环境特征创设宜居的居住空间并表达吉祥的风水寓意,从而形成了独特的村落空间格局。

3.4 文化景观基因符号的表达

在实践中,人们一般将符合特定条件的文化因子识别为传统聚落的文化景观基因：① 具有显著的传统文化特色,从而使得一个聚落可以区别于其他聚落的文化因子,即具有鲜明的可识别性,如佤族村寨的（牛头）图腾柱;② 具有较强的认同感或认知度,是传统聚落中重要的精神空间的标志,即聚落的精神空间,如土家摆手堂、侗族鼓楼;③ 具有鲜明的古代文化哲理、传统的社会制度和社会伦理等重要特征,如祠堂门楼的造型、规制等;④ 经历了较长历史时期的传承但仍然保持了其传统文化内涵不发生重大的改变,如土楼的形制、四合院的围合特征等。由此可见,文化景观基因是对传统聚落中的文化因子在社会伦理层面进行文化内涵和重要属性的概括与抽象的结果,也是在符号层面对古代的传统文化特征、社会制度、社会道德等文化内涵的综合。

值得指出的是,考察一个文化景观基因,决不能单纯地仅从文化因子本身出发,而是需要将其置于其原生的文化生境中进行解析才能真正揭示其蕴含的传统文化特征。相应地,文化景观基因符号的图示需要含义明确、构图简洁、表达直观。同时,文化景观基因又是存在于传统聚落空间中的最小的历史文化信息单元,既具有空间地理位置属性,又蕴含了丰富的传统文化特征信息。

值得注意的是,文化景观基因符号是对客观实在的概念化描述,也就是通过概括或抽取客观实在的客体对象在形状、质底、尺寸、图案、颜色和布局等方面的重要属性或特征构建起形式化的逻辑描述框架（表2）。这表明人们可以从符号学的视角充分地表达文化景观基因的显著特征或属性差异。如可以通过牛头造型的图案符号来表示佤族的图腾（佤族以牛为图腾,村寨中通常有很多牛头造型的装饰物）。借鉴地图符号的相关原理,人们可以通过符号变量来表现不同的文化景观基因的特征或差异。一般来说,形状、颜色、尺寸、质底、图案、布局等符号变量及其组合可以突出不同地域和不同文化背景下的文化景观基因的差异。因此,通过符号变量的科学使用,可以有效地突出文化景观基因蕴含的社会文化意义,从而提高相应的文化景观基因符号的设计质量,更好地区分不同的文化景观基因,如不同形状的土楼的围合基因就可以通过不同形状的符号来加以区分,用方形表示方形围合土楼、圆形表示圆形围合土楼、椭圆表示椭圆形围合土楼,这可以更好地体现土楼围合基因在细节层次上的差异（图4）。

Tab. 2
表2
表2文化景观基因符号的基本变量
Tab. 2Basic variables of symbols of cultural landscape gene of traditional settlements

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图4

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图4不同土楼的围合形态基因符号

Fig. 4The symbols of closed shapes for Tulou

4 传统聚落文化景观基因符号库设计

符号数据库是运用数据库技术对服务于特定应用任务的符号进行集中统一管理的一类特殊数据库。在地理信息领域的实践中,人们通常根据地理信息工程任务的需要构建不同的数据库实现对地图符号的集中统一管理。一般而言,地图符号数据库中存储的地图符号具有风格和样式一致、格式规范,同时又符合相关的国家图式符号规范要求的技术标准。本文结合理论研究成果,借鉴基于语言学机制的地图符号库设计思路与方法^[44],构建了某地区的传统聚落文化景观基因符号库（Traditional Landscape Genetic Symbol Database, TLGSD）。

TLGSD以VC#.net程序语言为主要开发环境,直接从底层自主开发,同时内嵌ArcEngine控件的部分功能。程序可以在完成文化景观基因符号数据库的创建和维护的同时,也可以完成文化景观基因符号的创建、编辑、修改、编码与符号入库等基本操作。

TLGSD中,文化景观基因符号通过符号名称、符号类别、符号编码（图5）、符号内涵等核心属性特征来构造。符号名称是文化景观基因对应的唯一名称。符号类别是文化景观基因的符号学分类,包括图形、图片、文本和综合格局4类。符号编码是文化景观基因的唯一标识码,共由16位编码构成,内容涵盖文化景观基因的地理空间位置特征和文化属性特征。符号内涵则是专门用于描述文化景观基因的社会文化意义和特征的变量。此外,TLGSD中的文化景观基因符号的属性特征还包括符号特征描述和典型案例聚落等。为了便于进行符号的创建与维护,程序将创建符号的各个属性整合到同一个工作界面内（图6）。

图5

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图5文化景观基因符号的编码

Fig. 5Coding system for symbols of cultural landscape gene of traditional settlements

图6

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图6TLGSD程序运行效果与文化景观基因符号编辑工具

Fig. 6Running results of TLGSD and the edit tool of TLGSD for symbols of cultural landscape gene



符号编辑是TLGSD中创建文化景观基因符号的核心环节。根据理论研究结果,程序将景观基因符号定义为图形、图片、文本和复合（即综合格局符号）4类。其中,图形符号允许用户根据若干种基本图元自主进行设计,图片符号允许用户根据实地考察等获取的一手图像资料进行编辑生成,文本符号直接保存用户定义的用于描述文化因子特征的文本,复合符号则保存与传统聚落空间格局特征相关的自然地理环境特征资料。中国的传统聚落拥有丰富的古代人地关系哲学思想,特别讲究因地制宜地进行空间合理布局。这也使得在分析一个传统聚落的空间布局基因时需要综合聚落周边的地形、水系、地貌特征等地理环境特征以及传统风水地理知识等进行综合的研判。因此,TLGSD直接内嵌ArcEngine控件的地图文档读取功能,允许用户将传统聚落空间格局地图直接定义为相应的复合符号。

此外,TLGSD的主要功能还包括符号入库与查询功能。符号入库功能包括连接数据库、往数据库中添加符号、数据库更新操作。符号查询功能主要供用户查看已经存储在数据库中的符号,可以通过符号名称、符号编码、符号案例聚落等方式进行查询。

TLGSD的其他文件存放、读取、符号图元设置等功能在这里不再赘述。运行测试结果表明（图7）,TLGSD运行稳定,可以满足特定地域范围的传统聚落文化景观基因数据建库的基本需要。

图7

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图7文化景观基因符号实例

Fig. 7An example of symbols of cultural landscape gene

5 结论与展望

传统聚落文化景观基因是中国优秀传统文化遗产的重要组成部分,对实现中华民族的伟大复兴具有重要的意义。针对传统聚落景观基因理论缺乏符号学视角的理论思考与技术探索这一问题,本文从符号学视角探讨了传统聚落文化景观基因的重要特征,系统地开展了文化景观基因符号的科学探索：

（1）通过阐述文化景观基因的哲学辩证意义、空间形态与空间结构特征,明确了文化景观基因是对传统聚落空间蕴含的文化制度、社会制度、社会伦理、传统哲学等的综合与概括。文化景观基因在聚落空间中具有相对应的物理实体或指征对象。这为构建文化景观基因符号奠定了理论基础,对于完善传统聚落文化景观基因理论具有积极的意义。

（2）明确了文化景观基因符号的概念与内涵。文化景观基因符号是从符号学视角对传统聚落蕴含的文化景观基因的本质特征进行深刻剖析的结果,也是分析传统聚落景观的文化内涵的科学图式语言。这对促进文化景观基因资源的数字化等深化应用具有重要的意义。

（3）结合文化景观基因符号的分类与表达方法,借鉴地图符号相关理论,构建了专门的传统聚落景观基因符号库管理系统。这在事实上探索了传统聚落文化景观基因符号化的可行技术途径,对于促进传统聚落及其文化景观的数字化保护具有现实的方法论意义。

然而,作为一项探索性很强的工作,当前研究还有许多问题亟待深入：① 文化景观基因符号的形式化描述模型,这涉及到后续研究工作中界定文化景观基因符号的设计原则和类别体系等问题;② 文化景观基因符号的构建与应用技术途径,如如何在当前的互联网信息技术体系和应用环境下实现不同平台的文化景观基因符号库调用等,这涉及到今后相当长的时期内促进传统聚落文化景观基因数字化这一重要问题。因此,在下一步工作中笔者将深入探索文化景观基因符号的形式化描述模型、编码方法与途径、符号构建标准、符号特征等重要问题,同时也期待更多的同行赐教。

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China is a country with exuberant cultural traditions, yet little of which has been paid attention to in rapidly urbanizing context in contemporary China. Lineage refers to the organized group of descendants of a single ancestor by which the lineage membership is determined. Despite the disappearance of many villages in the city, the ancestral hall often survived as the symbolic tie between the single-lineage villagers. Previous studies on Chinese rural restructuring mainly focus on the societal and cultural consequences. What these two aspects in studies of rural areas tend to vanish, or only take it implicitly, is the spatial processes that is closely related to the societal and cultural restructuring. Therefore, this paper intends to apply the sociological architecture thinking in space syntax methodology to explore the social logic behind the transforming spatial character of the typical lineage architecture, the ancestral hall. Taking two typical ancestral halls located respectively in Liede and Zhucun urban villages in Guangzhou as the research objects, the paper has unfolded the relationship between the morphological characteristics and behavioral patterns of villagers. Through field survey and mapping and face-to-face interviews in the Leide and Zhucun villages, it is found that (1) The newly-built ancestral hall in Liede village shows great difference compared with the old one in Zhucun village owing to the need to adapt to the new social functions, which is embodied in such transformation in spatial form as the breaking of axial symmetry pattern and the declining position of the sacred space in the overall spatial organization; (2) The decline and restructuring of spatial functions and the correspondent spatial organization highly conforms to the waning of the lineage consciousness, in which many traditional sacrificing activities are replaced by entertainment activities, and recreation and feasting have become the primary activities for villagers in the ancestral halls. Compared with the old ancestral halls, the newly-built ones in the central locations, as in our Leide case, evolved into non-excluded space that is aimed at profit-generating in the course of urbanization; (3) As the representative for lineage culture, the evolving spatial morphology of the ancestral halls is the intuitive evidence of lineage culture's recession and reconstruction, reflecting the changing mode of villager behaviors; (4) In the time of the couple made??families after the 20th century, the lineage consciousness of villagers is in the gradual recession, especially when the overall cultural environment for traditions has changed drastically. To sum up, the study not only provides new perspective for studying the traditional architectural type and traditional villages, but also in practical terms gives valuable suggestions to the protection and regeneration of traditional architecture and milieu in the context of rapid urbanization.
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China is a country with exuberant cultural traditions, yet little of which has been paid attention to in rapidly urbanizing context in contemporary China. Lineage refers to the organized group of descendants of a single ancestor by which the lineage membership is determined. Despite the disappearance of many villages in the city, the ancestral hall often survived as the symbolic tie between the single-lineage villagers. Previous studies on Chinese rural restructuring mainly focus on the societal and cultural consequences. What these two aspects in studies of rural areas tend to vanish, or only take it implicitly, is the spatial processes that is closely related to the societal and cultural restructuring. Therefore, this paper intends to apply the sociological architecture thinking in space syntax methodology to explore the social logic behind the transforming spatial character of the typical lineage architecture, the ancestral hall. Taking two typical ancestral halls located respectively in Liede and Zhucun urban villages in Guangzhou as the research objects, the paper has unfolded the relationship between the morphological characteristics and behavioral patterns of villagers. Through field survey and mapping and face-to-face interviews in the Leide and Zhucun villages, it is found that (1) The newly-built ancestral hall in Liede village shows great difference compared with the old one in Zhucun village owing to the need to adapt to the new social functions, which is embodied in such transformation in spatial form as the breaking of axial symmetry pattern and the declining position of the sacred space in the overall spatial organization; (2) The decline and restructuring of spatial functions and the correspondent spatial organization highly conforms to the waning of the lineage consciousness, in which many traditional sacrificing activities are replaced by entertainment activities, and recreation and feasting have become the primary activities for villagers in the ancestral halls. Compared with the old ancestral halls, the newly-built ones in the central locations, as in our Leide case, evolved into non-excluded space that is aimed at profit-generating in the course of urbanization; (3) As the representative for lineage culture, the evolving spatial morphology of the ancestral halls is the intuitive evidence of lineage culture's recession and reconstruction, reflecting the changing mode of villager behaviors; (4) In the time of the couple made??families after the 20th century, the lineage consciousness of villagers is in the gradual recession, especially when the overall cultural environment for traditions has changed drastically. To sum up, the study not only provides new perspective for studying the traditional architectural type and traditional villages, but also in practical terms gives valuable suggestions to the protection and regeneration of traditional architecture and milieu in the context of rapid urbanization.

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Language plays an important role in communication, sharing and conveying information for human beings. GIS language is very important in understanding, researching, representing and transmitting geographical information. It gradually evolves and develops with promotion of the science and technology progress and cognition level. Concerning with the theoretical progresses from the geographical information ontology, espistemology and linguistic theory, this paper firstly proposes the conception and basic features of GIS language according to the geographical language's changes in language structure, function and characteristics. GIS language could be regarded as a synthetic and digital symbolic system. It is a comprehensive representation of geographical objects, phenomenon and their spatial distribution and dynamic processes. This representation helps us to generate a universal perception of geography space by the geographical scenarios or symbols with geometry, status, processes, temporal-spatial relationship, semantic and attribution features. Furthermore, this paper states that GIS language is a new generation geographical language by its intrinsic characteristics, structure, functions and systematic content. As the former's theoretical foundation, the paper definitely illustrates the important status and contributions of the GIS language to geographical researches. All in all, GIS language is the new geographical language with some new features including temporal-spatial multi-dimension representation, interactive visualization, virtual geographical scenario, multi-sensor sensing, expediently broadcasting with web, in current new era.
GIS language is the highest level of geographical language because it integrates the semantic definition, features extraction, geographical dynamic representation and temporal-spatial unifying computation of geographical objects. GIS language have five important characteristics: abstraction, systemization, strictness, definition and hierarchical structure. In summary, GIS language provides a new tool for the recognition, understanding and simulation of the whole geographical environments. So, the exploration of GIS language's function in contemporary geographical development becomes increasingly important. Meanwhile, the construction of the conceptual model and scientific systems of GIS language will promote the development of geography discipline and geographical information sciences. Therefore, the paper forecasts the GIS language's future development from the viewpoints of digital technologies, geography norm, geography discipline development and geographical modeling.
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Language plays an important role in communication, sharing and conveying information for human beings. GIS language is very important in understanding, researching, representing and transmitting geographical information. It gradually evolves and develops with promotion of the science and technology progress and cognition level. Concerning with the theoretical progresses from the geographical information ontology, espistemology and linguistic theory, this paper firstly proposes the conception and basic features of GIS language according to the geographical language's changes in language structure, function and characteristics. GIS language could be regarded as a synthetic and digital symbolic system. It is a comprehensive representation of geographical objects, phenomenon and their spatial distribution and dynamic processes. This representation helps us to generate a universal perception of geography space by the geographical scenarios or symbols with geometry, status, processes, temporal-spatial relationship, semantic and attribution features. Furthermore, this paper states that GIS language is a new generation geographical language by its intrinsic characteristics, structure, functions and systematic content. As the former's theoretical foundation, the paper definitely illustrates the important status and contributions of the GIS language to geographical researches. All in all, GIS language is the new geographical language with some new features including temporal-spatial multi-dimension representation, interactive visualization, virtual geographical scenario, multi-sensor sensing, expediently broadcasting with web, in current new era.
GIS language is the highest level of geographical language because it integrates the semantic definition, features extraction, geographical dynamic representation and temporal-spatial unifying computation of geographical objects. GIS language have five important characteristics: abstraction, systemization, strictness, definition and hierarchical structure. In summary, GIS language provides a new tool for the recognition, understanding and simulation of the whole geographical environments. So, the exploration of GIS language's function in contemporary geographical development becomes increasingly important. Meanwhile, the construction of the conceptual model and scientific systems of GIS language will promote the development of geography discipline and geographical information sciences. Therefore, the paper forecasts the GIS language's future development from the viewpoints of digital technologies, geography norm, geography discipline development and geographical modeling.

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Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2014,24(3):560-576.
DOI:10.1007/s11442-014-1106-2URL [本文引用: 1]
Language plays a vital role in the communication, sharing and transmission of information among human beings. Geographical languages are essential for understanding, investigating, representing and propagating geo-spatial information. Geographical languages have developed and evolved gradually with improvements in science, technology and cognitive levels. Concerning the theoretical progress from geographical information ontology, epistemology and linguistic theory, this paper firstly puts forward the concept of a GIS language and discusses its basic characteristics according to changes in the structures, functions and characteristics of geographical languages. This GIS language can be regarded as a system of synthetic digital symbols. It is a comprehensive representation of geographical objects, phenomena and their spatial distributions and dynamic processes. This representation helps us generate a universal perception of geographical space using geographical scenarios or symbols with geometry, statuses, processes, spatio-temporal relationships, semantics and attributes. Furthermore, this paper states that the GIS language represents a new generation of geographical language due to its intrinsic characteristics, structures, functions and systematic content. Based on the aforementioned theoretical foundation, this paper illustrates the pivotal status and contributions of the GIS language from the perspective of geographical researchers. The language of GIS is a new geographical language designed for the current era, with features including spatio-temporal multi-dimension representation, interactive visualization, virtual geographical scenarios, multi-sensor perception and expedient broadcasting via the web. The GIS language is the highest-level geographical language developed to date, integrating semantic definitions, feature extraction, geographical dynamic representation and spatio-temporal factors and unifying the computation of geographical phenomena and objects. The GIS language possesses five important characteristics: abstraction, systematicness, strictness, precision and hierarchy. In summary, the GIS language provides a new means for people to recognize, understand and simulate entire geo-environments. Therefore, exploration of the GIS language&rsquo;s functions in contemporary geographical developments is becoming increasingly important. Similarly, construction of the conceptual model and scientific systems of the GIS language will promote the development of the disciplines of geography and geographical information sciences. Therefore, this paper investigates the prospects of the GIS language from the perspectives of digital technology, geographical norms, geographical modeling and the disciplinary development of geography.

[29] Hu Zui, Liu Peilin . The conceptual model and characterization of landscape genome maps of traditional settlements in China
Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015,70(10):1592-1605.
DOI:10.11821/dlxb201510005URL [本文引用: 2]
Thousands of traditional settlements with prominent historical and cultural information of China are considered as the Chinese traditional treasures. They play an important role in the new tide of current social-economic development and urbanization processes of China. Recently, the Landscape Gene Theory (LGT), which aims to dissect the cultural features of traditional settlements of China, is a powerful tool for a better understanding of the landscape patterns of traditional settlements and is gaining more and more attention. Plenty of prominent cultural factors derived from the traditional settlements are identified by LGT. These are very helpful knowledge about the intrinsic cultural features implicated in the traditional settlements. However, LGT does not still cope well with the co-relationships among landscape genes of traditional settlements. Therefore, LGT cannot capture the mechanisms between the prominent cultural factors and landscape images of traditional settlements. Targeted to partly resolve this issue, this paper employs methods in genome mapping of biology and LGT to integrate into a new research framework to address these mechanisms. The framework is named as Traditional Settlement Landscapes' Genome Maps (TSLGM) according to its conception and connotation. The paper is organized in the following orders. Firstly, it makes the definition and classification of TSLGM by the theoretical fundamental and essential features of LGT. Secondly, the functionalities and academic significances of TSLGM are also highlighted. Thirdly, practical flowcharts for constructing and organizing an instance of TSLGM are brought forward. Finally, 30 well-known traditional settlements of Hunan Province of China are taken as study areas. The paper portrays the spatial pattern for the 30 traditional settlements according to their TSLGM. Furthermore, a genome pattern identification of landscape genes of traditional settlements is performed by using Jinshan village of Rucheng County as an example. To sum up, this paper indicates that TSLGM plays a paramount role in capturing characteristics of the traditional settlements, which is a potential methodological progress for LGT. From this paper, it is found that TSLGM has some potential points in traditional settlement digitalization, planning pattern mining and characteristics of regional traditional landscapes identification.
[ 胡最, 刘沛林 . 中国传统聚落景观基因组图谱特征
地理学报, 2015,70(10):1592-1605.]
DOI:10.11821/dlxb201510005URL [本文引用: 2]
Thousands of traditional settlements with prominent historical and cultural information of China are considered as the Chinese traditional treasures. They play an important role in the new tide of current social-economic development and urbanization processes of China. Recently, the Landscape Gene Theory (LGT), which aims to dissect the cultural features of traditional settlements of China, is a powerful tool for a better understanding of the landscape patterns of traditional settlements and is gaining more and more attention. Plenty of prominent cultural factors derived from the traditional settlements are identified by LGT. These are very helpful knowledge about the intrinsic cultural features implicated in the traditional settlements. However, LGT does not still cope well with the co-relationships among landscape genes of traditional settlements. Therefore, LGT cannot capture the mechanisms between the prominent cultural factors and landscape images of traditional settlements. Targeted to partly resolve this issue, this paper employs methods in genome mapping of biology and LGT to integrate into a new research framework to address these mechanisms. The framework is named as Traditional Settlement Landscapes' Genome Maps (TSLGM) according to its conception and connotation. The paper is organized in the following orders. Firstly, it makes the definition and classification of TSLGM by the theoretical fundamental and essential features of LGT. Secondly, the functionalities and academic significances of TSLGM are also highlighted. Thirdly, practical flowcharts for constructing and organizing an instance of TSLGM are brought forward. Finally, 30 well-known traditional settlements of Hunan Province of China are taken as study areas. The paper portrays the spatial pattern for the 30 traditional settlements according to their TSLGM. Furthermore, a genome pattern identification of landscape genes of traditional settlements is performed by using Jinshan village of Rucheng County as an example. To sum up, this paper indicates that TSLGM plays a paramount role in capturing characteristics of the traditional settlements, which is a potential methodological progress for LGT. From this paper, it is found that TSLGM has some potential points in traditional settlement digitalization, planning pattern mining and characteristics of regional traditional landscapes identification.

[30] Hu Zui, Liu Peilin, Cao Shuaiqiang . Spatial pattern of landscape genes in traditional settlements of Hunan Province
Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013,68(2):219-231.
DOI:10.11821/xb201302007URL [本文引用: 2]
Settlement is a special area for people to live and work in. For human beings, traditional settlements play an important role due to its unique historical and cultural characteristics or their historical landscapes. Hunan Province, located in Southern China, is one of the provinces of the country with its traditional settlements centralized and well preserved compared to other provinces of China, which are mainly attributed to its long history of culture and favorable geo-environments. This paper, taking the 30 historical and cultural ancient villages declared by the Central Government or Hunan Province government as cases, aims to interpret the spatial patterns of traditional settlements in this province according to Traditional Settlements Landscape Genes' Theory (TSLGT). By TSLGT, in order to further interpret the relationships in history or culture of traditional settlements, this paper takes the following steps firstly: (1) to construct a special index system of traditional settlements landscape genes, which is composed of residential buildings characterizations, cultural symbols characterizations, geo-environmental characters, distribution patterns of settlements; (2) to define a workflow procedure to identify the landscapes genes of traditional settlements in Hunan Province by integrating some extraction methods such as landscape elements extraction method, pattern analysis method, structure identification method, conceptual extraction method, etc.; (3) to identify all the vital landscape genes of the 30 major samples of traditional settlements in order to construct a traditional settlements landscape genes dataset with GIS software. By the former research foundation, the author draws the laws of landscape genes' spatial patterns of traditional settlements in Hunan Province by according to the following three outstanding characterizations, building genes, site selection or distribution genes and totem culture genes. The research results of this paper provide some sense advices to conservation or reasonable development or management decision of traditional settlements in Hunan Province. Of course, these results or analysis methods of this paper can also provide some crucial references to the other provinces of China to preserve or develop their own traditional settlements.
[ 胡最, 刘沛林, 曹帅强 . 湖南省传统聚落景观基因的空间特征
地理学报, 2013,68(2):219-231.]
DOI:10.11821/xb201302007URL [本文引用: 2]
Settlement is a special area for people to live and work in. For human beings, traditional settlements play an important role due to its unique historical and cultural characteristics or their historical landscapes. Hunan Province, located in Southern China, is one of the provinces of the country with its traditional settlements centralized and well preserved compared to other provinces of China, which are mainly attributed to its long history of culture and favorable geo-environments. This paper, taking the 30 historical and cultural ancient villages declared by the Central Government or Hunan Province government as cases, aims to interpret the spatial patterns of traditional settlements in this province according to Traditional Settlements Landscape Genes' Theory (TSLGT). By TSLGT, in order to further interpret the relationships in history or culture of traditional settlements, this paper takes the following steps firstly: (1) to construct a special index system of traditional settlements landscape genes, which is composed of residential buildings characterizations, cultural symbols characterizations, geo-environmental characters, distribution patterns of settlements; (2) to define a workflow procedure to identify the landscapes genes of traditional settlements in Hunan Province by integrating some extraction methods such as landscape elements extraction method, pattern analysis method, structure identification method, conceptual extraction method, etc.; (3) to identify all the vital landscape genes of the 30 major samples of traditional settlements in order to construct a traditional settlements landscape genes dataset with GIS software. By the former research foundation, the author draws the laws of landscape genes' spatial patterns of traditional settlements in Hunan Province by according to the following three outstanding characterizations, building genes, site selection or distribution genes and totem culture genes. The research results of this paper provide some sense advices to conservation or reasonable development or management decision of traditional settlements in Hunan Province. Of course, these results or analysis methods of this paper can also provide some crucial references to the other provinces of China to preserve or develop their own traditional settlements.

[31] Liu Peilin, Liu Chunla, Deng Yunyuan , et al. Characteristic and genes-analysis of traditional settlements' landscapes in Chinese minority areas
Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2010,30(6):810-817.
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[ 刘沛林, 刘春腊, 邓运员 , 等. 中国少数民族传统聚落景观特征及其基因分析
地理科学, 2010,30(6):810-817.]
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[32] Zhang Gejuan, Xu Ya, Han Yi . The gene analysis and expression research of the ancient towns in southern Shaanxi under the effect of transitional geographical conditions
Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 2014,44(4):661-665.
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[ 张鸽娟, 徐娅, 韩怡 . 过渡性地理环境下的陕南古镇景观基因分析与表达研究
西北大学学报(自然科学版), 2014,44(4):661-665.]
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[33] Wang Xingzhong, Li Shengchao, Li Liang , et al. Regional cultural gene repetitions and the conception of humanism transgenosis space control
Human Geography, 2014,29(6):1-9.
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[ 王兴中, 李胜超, 李亮 , 等. 地域文化基因再现及人本观转基因空间控制理念
人文地理, 2014,29(6):1-9.]
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[34] Hu Zui, Min Qingwen, Liu Peilin . Identification on cultural landscape of traditional rice terraces in the southern area of China
Economic Geography, 2018,38(2):80-87.
[本文引用: 1]

[ 胡最, 闵庆文, 刘沛林 . 农业文化遗产的文化景观特征识别探索: 以紫鹊界、上堡和联合梯田系统为例
经济地理, 2018,38(2):80-87.]
[本文引用: 1]

[35] Hu Zui, Zheng Wenwu, Liu Peilin , et al. The forms and structures of traditional landscape genome maps: A case study of Hunan Province
Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(2):317-332.
DOI:10.11821/dlxb201802008URL [本文引用: 5]
A huge number of traditional settlements in China represent their outstanding values in such fields as economy, society, and culture. It is notable that researches on traditional settlements will help to promote the sustainable developments of economy and society currently. Lately, a new tide of research on the traditional settlements, stimulated by the new urbanizing strategy, is arising across the entire country. This paper mainly focuses on the methods in deriving the spatial forms and structural patterns in the traditional settlement landscape genome maps (TSLGM) by case studies of Hunan Province (located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Dongting Lake in China). Firstly, this work defines these five types as centralized-circular rings, pie-extensions, multiple-direction extensions, belt, discrete distribution, and blocks, respectively. The five basic spatial form types are spatially driven by their pertinent landscape genes' spatial sequences of the genome by map analysis. Mathematic features of the form types are derived by their structural details and related properties. Secondly, the mathematic features are further used to help draw the spatial structures of the Hunan Province's traditional settlements incorporated with the related landscape genomes by the supporting-field from the Spatial Syntax Theory. Deep comparisons of different spatial structured cases prove that the mainstream spatial structures of Hunan Province's traditional settlements are symmetry, boundary, street-alley-port, parallel, geomancy image, respectively. It is shown that the spatial morphology properties of the traditional settlements derived by TSLGM are helpful in improving the traditional settlement landscape gene theory, refining the understanding values of traditional settlements and forwarding the preservation progresses on the traditional settlements. More importantly, this work confirms that TSLGM is a very promising method in mining the geographical features from the traditional settlements and establishing the regionalization framework across the whole country.
[ 胡最, 郑文武, 刘沛林 , 等. 湖南省传统聚落景观基因组图谱的空间形态与结构特征
地理学报, 2018,73(2):317-332.]
DOI:10.11821/dlxb201802008URL [本文引用: 5]
A huge number of traditional settlements in China represent their outstanding values in such fields as economy, society, and culture. It is notable that researches on traditional settlements will help to promote the sustainable developments of economy and society currently. Lately, a new tide of research on the traditional settlements, stimulated by the new urbanizing strategy, is arising across the entire country. This paper mainly focuses on the methods in deriving the spatial forms and structural patterns in the traditional settlement landscape genome maps (TSLGM) by case studies of Hunan Province (located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Dongting Lake in China). Firstly, this work defines these five types as centralized-circular rings, pie-extensions, multiple-direction extensions, belt, discrete distribution, and blocks, respectively. The five basic spatial form types are spatially driven by their pertinent landscape genes' spatial sequences of the genome by map analysis. Mathematic features of the form types are derived by their structural details and related properties. Secondly, the mathematic features are further used to help draw the spatial structures of the Hunan Province's traditional settlements incorporated with the related landscape genomes by the supporting-field from the Spatial Syntax Theory. Deep comparisons of different spatial structured cases prove that the mainstream spatial structures of Hunan Province's traditional settlements are symmetry, boundary, street-alley-port, parallel, geomancy image, respectively. It is shown that the spatial morphology properties of the traditional settlements derived by TSLGM are helpful in improving the traditional settlement landscape gene theory, refining the understanding values of traditional settlements and forwarding the preservation progresses on the traditional settlements. More importantly, this work confirms that TSLGM is a very promising method in mining the geographical features from the traditional settlements and establishing the regionalization framework across the whole country.

[36] Huang Qinshi, Zhu Xigang, Chen Chuwen . Research on the landscape genetic code and derivation model of traditional settlement: Taking Nanxi River famous scenic site as an example
Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2016(10):89-93.
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[ 黄琴诗, 朱喜钢, 陈楚文 . 传统聚落景观基因编码与派生模型研究: 以楠溪江风景名胜区为例
中国园林, 2016(10):89-93.]
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[37] Liu Peilin. Traditional Settlement Cultural Landscape Gene: A Precise Interpretation for Traditional Settlement Landscape Gene's Maps. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2014: 1-298.
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[ 刘沛林 . 家园的景观与基因: 传统聚落景观基因图谱的深层解读. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2014: 1-298.]
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[38] Shi Shaobo . On the human genome: Co-evolution
Journal of Shandong Normal University (Human and Social Sciences), 2009,54(5):55-58.
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[ 史少博 . 论人类基因: 文化协同进化
山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2009,54(5):55-58.]
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[39] Liu Peilin . The gene expression and the sight identification of the ancient villages' cultural landscape
Journal of Hengyang Normal University (Social Science), 2003,24(4):1-8.
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[ 刘沛林 . 古村落文化景观的基因表达与景观识别
衡阳师范学院学报(社会科学), 2003,24(4):1-8.]
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[40] Hu Zui, Liu Peilin, Deng Yunyuan , et al. A novel method for identifying and separating landscape genes from traditional settlements
Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015,35(12):1518-1524.
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[ 胡最, 刘沛林, 邓运员 , 等. 传统聚落景观基因的识别与提取方法研究
地理科学, 2015,35(12):1518-1524.]
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[41] Liu Peilin, Liu Chunla, Deng Yunyuan , et al. Study on the identification of Hakka traditional village's landscape genes and analysis in the perspective of geography
Human Geography, 2009,24(6):40-43.
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[ 刘沛林, 刘春腊, 邓运员 , 等. 客家传统聚落景观基因识别及其地学视角的解析
人文地理, 2009,24(6):40-43.]
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[42] Liu Peilin, Liu Chunla, Deng Yunyuan , et al. A study of icon-expression of China's ancient-city landscape genes "Cell-Chain-Shape" and regional differences
Human Geography, 2011,26(1):94-99.
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[ 刘沛林, 刘春腊, 邓运员 , 等. 我国古城镇景观基因“胞—链—形”的图示表达与区域差异研究
人文地理, 2011,26(1):94-99.]
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[43] Zhai Wenyan, Zhang Kankan, Chang Fang . The cultural spatial cognitive structure of ancient city based on regional "landscape gene" theory: A case study of architectural style of Xi'an City
Human Geography, 2010,25(2):78-80.
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[ 翟文燕, 张侃侃, 常芳 . 基于地域“景观基因”理念下的古城文化空间认知结构: 以西安城市建筑风格为例
人文地理, 2010,25(2):78-80.]
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[44] Hu Zui, Yan Haowen . Analysis on linguistics mechanism for cartographic symbols and its application. Geography and Geo-information
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[ 胡最, 闫浩文 . 地图符号的语言学机制及其应用研究
地理与地理信息科学, 2008,24(1):17-20.]
DOI:10.1002/sci4.1984.24.issue-4URL [本文引用: 1]