Research progress and prospect on development geography
DENG Xiangzheng1,2,3, JIN Gui4, HE Shujin1, WANG Chengxin5, LI Zhaohua6, WANG Zhanqi7, SONG Malin8, YANG Qingyuan9, ZHANG Anlu10, CHEN Jiancheng111. Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China 2. Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4. School of Urban and Environmental Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China 5. School of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China 6. Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China 7. School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China 8. School of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, China 9. School of Geographical Sciences, Southwestern University, Chongqing 400715, China 10. College of Land Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China 11. Economy and Management College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Abstract In this paper, we review and sort out research progress on development geography since the 20th century, involving its connotation and theory, fields and methods, and development trends in this paper. Specifically, we systematically reviewed the research and application of development geography in the fields such as in the convergence of underdeveloped countries or regions, the convergence in the process of improving the quality of life in developed countries or regions. Then, in line with the analysis of the research progress on development geography in foreign countries, we indicate the development conditions and disciplinary advantages of development geography in China. Further, we pointed that future development geography research in China should focus more on the latest international academic frontier research and national macro-strategic needs. The future research of development geography should be guided by the theory of sustainable development, with the core of improving the sustainable livelihood capacity and regional green development level in underdeveloped areas, and aiming at constructing industrial policy and development geography theory and interdisciplinary integrated research system, and focusing on research on the spatial pattern, diffusion characteristics and convergence mechanism of regional development, to explore the regulatory policies and scientific paths that serve regional economic construction and industrial development. Keywords:development geography;development paths;sustainable development;growth convergence;regiona development;environmental sustainability
PDF (1353KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 邓祥征, 金贵, 何书金, 王成新, 李兆华, 王占岐, 宋马林, 杨庆媛, 张安录, 陈建成. 发展地理学研究进展与展望. 地理学报[J], 2020, 75(2): 226-239 doi:10.11821/dlxb202002002 DENG Xiangzheng. Research progress and prospect on development geography. Acta Geographica Sinice[J], 2020, 75(2): 226-239 doi:10.11821/dlxb202002002
发展地理学的研究以地理学为依托并融合管理学、经济学、生态学等学科的方法和手段,必然成为解决区域发展不收敛及失衡等问题的重要分析工具。发展的实践研究起源于20世纪40年代,产生于发展实践及以实践为基础的概念中,并具有跨学科的性质和丰富的社会科学形式。各国政府、国际机构、非政府组织和社区组织都参与促进实地发展的相关政策进程[14]。政治学和社会学等主流社会科学学科,人口学、国际关系学、人类学和历史学以及城市和区域规划等学科也为发展研究做出了贡献[3](图2)。当前地理学家凭借其区域和地区研究优势,借鉴经济学方式积极参与发展实践,促进了“发展地理学”的学科发展[8]。与地理学的其他分支学科不同,发展地理学的内涵应包括两个层面:一是欠发达国家或地区发展是否收敛,另一方面是发达国家或地区生活品质及人类福祉提升过程是否收敛。在全球环境变化、全球经济一体化以及全球地缘政治结构变化的国际背景下,不同地区面临着贫困、区域发展失衡、生态退化等影响人类社会福祉的巨大问题,利用发展地理学知识促进转型发展、缓解资源环境压力和实现可持续发展目标(Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs)等成为发展地理学研究的热点内容。
可持续发展是发展地理学研究的重要内容,以发展地理学综合视角与多学科优势,解决区域面临的社会、经济、政治、环境等多维度的发展问题,对推进可持续发展目标实现具有重要意义。全球变化背景下,人类社会发展面临诸多挑战,尤其是在环境脆弱、资源相对匮乏、贫困多发地区人类可持续生计亟待提升。20世纪90年代以来,针对可持续发展问题,联合国多次召开峰会,对全球层面的可持续发展目标体系进行设计,主要包括“21世纪议程”“千年发展目标(Millennium Development Goals, MDGs)”“我们期望的未来”、可持续发展目标等目标体系[22]。其中,MDGs将发展所涉及的概念与衡量贫困和发展水平所涉及的概念相结合,为全球发展提供了巨大的推动作用(表1)。但MDGs的实施在全球范围内仍存在巨大差距,且取得的进展极不均衡,新的挑战逐渐显现。为促使国际社会继续围绕人类发展的重大议题展开广泛合作,2016年联合国通过“2030年可持续发展议程”中的“可持续发展目标”取代MDGs的决议。“2030年可持续发展议程”的核心是设定面向2030年的全球可持续发展目标,并围绕全球可持续发展目标制定一系列促进国际发展融资和技术转让的体制机制,重构当今的全球可持续发展治理体系,对各国的发展空间乃至国内发展政策将产生重要影响,受到了国际社会的广泛关注[23]。随着对全球可持续发展问题的深入认识,可持续发展目标呈现演替与升级,与发展地理学重点关注的核心领域相一致,不仅关注物质生活的提高,而且强调人类社会的全面发展和生态系统的健康。因此,进一步推进发展地理学的理论探讨与实践应用将为推动可持续发展研究提供重要工具。
Tab. 1 表1 表1与发展地理学核心领域相关的千年发展目标取得的主要进展[24] Tab. 1Major progress towards the MDGs in the core area of development geography
发展地理学以发展指标衡量一个国家和地区的发展收敛水平,其包括定性与定量两部分(表2)。20世纪中期,对比分析、观察描述、理论探讨等定性方法,以及统计学、线性分析等定量分析方法得到快速应用和发展;20世纪60年代开始,相关研究通常采用人均国民生产总值、失业率等定量指标衡量经济增长与社会发展水平。Gould指出认知过程是环境给个体施加刺激后的客观产物,并提出追求风险损失最小化的“零和博弈”方法[72]。20世纪70年代,美国海外发展委员会提出了物质生活质量指数(Physical Quality of Life Index, PQLI),目的是为了衡量欠发达国家或地区的物质福利水平。20世纪80年代,受人本主义思潮影响,发展地理学引入了心理学分析方法研究的新思潮[73];联合国开发计划署于1989年将人类发展指数(Human Development Index, HDI)用以衡量经济和社会的发展水平。到20世纪90年代,随着学科研究领域的持续深化,国内外发展地理相关****逐渐认识到非经济因素与发展过程的相关性。涉及发展领域的定量方法逐渐增多,包括运用系统科学、运筹科学、计量学等,以揭示人文现象间的相互联系、相互作用的空间规律。美国运筹学家Saaty提出了定性与定量相结合的层次分析法,一定程度上降低了主观因素的影响,在相关领域得到广泛应用和发展[74]。“以人为本”的理念作为实现发展的渐进手段,促进了女权主义的发展,使发展地理学研究更具人性化。遥感技术的出现提高了发展表征指标数据收集和处理的准确性,Lowe提出了尺度不变特征变换方法(Scale Invariant Feature Transform, SIFT),并对其进行了总结完善,使得地理配准技术得到提高[75]。
Tab. 2 表2 表2发展地理学中衡量发展收敛水平的相关指标 Tab. 2The indicators to measure the level of development convergence in development geography
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