Impact of urbanization on terrestrial ecosystem production using Linear Modeling for Jiangsu
LIJianguo1,2,, WANGHuan1, WANGJing1, LIQiang1, ZHANGZhongqi1, LIULili1, PULijie3,4, 1. School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China2. Department of Geography and School of Global Studies, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK3. School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China4. Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resources, Nanjing 210023, China 通讯作者:通讯作者:濮励杰,E-mail:ljpu@nju.edu.cn 收稿日期:2017-06-9 修回日期:2017-10-9 网络出版日期:2018-01-20 版权声明:2018《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(41701371)教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目(17YJCZH085)江苏师范大学校自然科学基金项目(14XLA03) 作者简介: -->作者简介: 李建国,男,江苏泗阳人,博士,讲师,主要研究滩涂开发及其生态环境效应。E-mail:lijianguo531@126.com
关键词:城市化;土地利用与覆被;NPP;陆地生态系统生产能力损失;线性回归;江苏省 Abstract Terrestrial ecosystem production capacity is fundamental to regional ecosystem service functioning. Urbanization processes have been the main influencing factor to reduce terrestrial ecosystem production. Here we use net primary productivity (NPP) and urbanization determined using remote sensing and GIS to study the impact of urbanization on terrestrial ecosystem production losses. Remote sensing images from Jiangsu in 1985, 1995, 2005, 2010 and 2015 were collected to record land use and cover change (LUCC) processes from 1985 to 2015. NPP of corresponding times were determined using the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach. We found that urban construction lands of Jiangsu rose slowly from 1985 to 2015, and reached 10452.74 km2. During this period, the expansion rate peaked from 2005 to 2010. The urban construction land expansion rate in southern Jiangsu is significantly higher than that of northern Jiangsu. Jiangsu’s NPP varied from 33.3 to 40.23 Tg C/yr and had a rising tendency from 1985 to 2015 and the south-central part of which is highest including Yancheng City and Nantong City. The precision of NPP loss estimation rises significantly under linear modeling comprised using the traditional equalization method. Urban construction land expansion of Jiangsu triggered a significantly decrease in terrestrial ecosystem production losses of 4.43-5.99 Tg C over the past 30 years, of which the decreasing NPP in croplands caused by urbanization was the major reason, followed by wetlands. This study reveals that the rate of terrestrial ecosystem production loss in northern Jiangsu will be faster than that of southern Jiangsu in the future. Promoting urbanization quality, especially increasing the greening rate, will effectively mitigate the risk of terrestrial ecosystem production loss.
Keywords:urbanization;LUCC;NPP;terrestrial ecosystem production loss;Linear Model;Jiangsu -->0 PDF (11236KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 李建国, 王欢, 王净, 李强, 张忠启, 刘丽丽, 濮励杰. 基于线性拟合的城市化过程对陆地生态系统生产能力的影响——以江苏省为例[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(1): 32-43 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.01.04 LIJianguo, WANGHuan, WANGJing, LIQiang, ZHANGZhongqi, LIULili, PULijie. Impact of urbanization on terrestrial ecosystem production using Linear Modeling for Jiangsu[J]. RESOURCES SCIENCE, 2018, 40(1): 32-43 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.01.04
从结果可以看出(图3、表1),江苏省不同时段的城市扩张规模与速度有较大的差异。总体来看,江苏省1985—2015年间城镇建设用地扩张呈缓慢的上升趋势,累计扩张10452.74km2,但波动较大。2005—2010年间扩张规模和速度最大,达到5909.53km2,年均增加约1181km2,其次为2010—2015年,规模达到1291.42km2,年均增加约258.2 km2。其他分别是1985—1995年与1995—2005年。可以看出,除1995—2005年外,江苏省城市建设用地扩张基本保持年均增长在200km2以上。从建设用地不同的来源来看,耕地被占用是江苏建设用地扩展的主要方式,贡献接近90%。其次是湿地,包括湖泊、河流、滩涂盐沼等。近30年来因建设用地扩张被占用的湿地面积达到381.14km2。林地和草地占用规模差距不大,分别为174.8km2与189.43km2,其中2005—2010年间占用规模最大。未利用地占用最少,仅为15.43km2,但近年来呈逐渐增加的趋势,从1985—2005年间的0km2已经增加到2010—2015年的13.77km2。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图31985—2015年江苏省土地利用/覆被 -->Figure 3Land use change/cover map of Jiangsu from 1985 to 2015 -->
Table 1 表1 表1江苏省不同时段建设用地扩张规模和速度 Table 1The size and ratio of Jiangsu’s urban construction lands expansion in different periods (km2)
从江苏1985—2015年间的NPP变化来看(图4),总体呈缓慢上升的趋势。从不同的区位来看,江苏省的西部NPP总体要低于东部。从南北方向上看,呈中间高两头低的趋势。徐州、淮安以及长江以南区域NPP都较低,而高值区主要集中于江苏省的中南部。特别是盐城和南通两个沿海城市。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图41985—2015年江苏省不同时点的NPP -->Figure 4NPP of Jiangsu in the five time points from 1985 to 2015 -->
3.3 城市建设用地扩张对NPP的影响
根据公式(2)分别计算四个时段江苏省不同土地利用类型转向建设用地后的NPP变化量(表2)。由于遥感影像只记录每个时段的一头一尾两个时间节点的NPP变化量,要估算整个时段的NPP损失总量则需要将历年的NPP变化量进行加和。本研究假设城市建设用地扩展呈线性增长的趋势,运用线性拟合方程对不同时段内的NPP历年变化量进行拟合并加和(图4、表2)。可以看出,总体来看,除2005—2010年较低外,1985—2015年间江苏省因建设用地造成的NPP损失呈显著的上升趋势。1985—1995年、1995—2005年、2005—2010年和2010—2015年四个时段NPP损失分别达到0.56TgC、1.59TgC、0.33TgC和1.95TgC,30年间累计损失约为4.43TgC,其中2010—2015年间损失最多。从不同土地利用/覆被类型向建设用地流转的损失来看,依然是耕地损失最多,累计达到3.69Tg C,占到总损失量的83.11%。从不同时段来看,2010—2015年间损失最大,达到0.36Tg C,2005—2010年间损失最小(表2)。这与该时段巨大的耕地损失不符。主要是由于该时段的建设用地扩张主要集中在长江以南区域NPP低值区。苏南地区由于湖泊河网以及丘陵的存在,耕地较为破碎,在1km甚至是8km空间分辨率的遥感影像上象元混合较为严重,不能反映这一时段的真实损失[29]。湿地被占用造成的NPP损失也较大,累计达到0.92Tg C,2010—2015年间损失最多。第三是林地,因为林地相较于草地具有较高的净初级生产力,因此虽然林地与草地的损失面积接近,但是造成的区域陆地生态系统生产能力的损失差异很大,接近4倍的差距。30年间研究区林地占用损失了0.14Tg C的NPP,而草地仅为0.03TgC。未利用地向建设用地转变累计损失0.01Tg C NPP,其中2005—2010年因建设用地的扩展占用未利用地引起NPP增加0.000 27 Tg C,2010—2015年又降低0.010 27 Tg C。这主要是由于未利用地开发利用初期由于绿化建设的需要,会增加林草的布置,从而有可能会增加NPP[30]。但这一趋势并不稳定,主要是由城市建设用地具体用地类型和未利用地原生植被覆盖状况决定。 Table 2 表2 表2江苏省不同时段不同地类向建设用地转换导致的NPP损失 Table 2Total NPP losses of Jiangsu caused by urban construction lands expansion in different periods (Tg C)
城镇建设用地的扩张规模在不同区域具有不同的表现形式,主要表现有线性、对数甚至非线性和指数关系[35,36],而每年对应的NPP变化更为复杂。因此,完全真实的评估城市化带来的NPP损失具有很大的困难,本研究主要是基于城镇建设用地线性扩展的前提假设进行的提高估算精度的尝试。表5结果显示,运用线性拟合方法的结果多低于运用均值化处理的结果,近30年的NPP损失累计误差在50%左右。这反映出均值化处理对于长期观测结果存在不可避免的放大效应。这主要是因为均值化处理明显忽视了研究时段内城市建设用地扩张的动态过程。城市建设用地的扩张过程具有较大的不确定性。不同城市在不同时期其建设用地扩展都具有鲜明的差异。因此,构建基于不同城市扩展特色下的模型估算方法也是未来需要进一步深入的方向。在此基础上,引入模糊数学、系统动力学、神经网络等非线性因素,将可能使城市扩张导致的NPP损失估算达到更高的精度。长时间序列的研究难免会遇到由于遥感数据源不同带来的尺度与精度差异,进而影响结果的准确性。本研究运用8km的GIMMS-NDVI和1km的MODIS数据作为数据源,处理方法是将估算出的8km的NPP数据重采样成1km的栅格,以增加数据可比性。若运用带约束性线性分解或者非线性分解方法对估算前低分辨率数据进行像元分解(GIMMS-NDVI),对于进一步提高研究结果精度会有帮助,这也是改进未来研究的方向之一[37]。 Table 5 表5 表5线性模型与均值处理对区域陆地生态系统生产能力损失结果的影响 Table 5The results difference of terrestrial ecosystem production losses between the methods of linear fitting and equalization (Tg C)
(1)江苏省1985—2015年间城市建设用地扩张呈缓慢的上升趋势,累计扩张10 452.74km2,但波动较大。2005—2010年间扩张规模和速度最大,达到5909.53km2,年均增加约1181km2,其次为2010—2015年,规模达到1291.42km2,年均增加约258.20 km2。其次分别是1985—1995年与1995—2005年。耕地贡献最大,湿地次之。研究时段,苏南城市建设用地扩张速度快于苏北。 (2)江苏省NPP呈西低东高,南北两端低中间高的趋势,最高值位于中南部,盐城与南通最高。江苏陆地生态系统年均生产能力在(33.3~40.23)Tg C/a,研究时段呈波动上升的趋势。 (3)借助线性拟合方法可以有效提高NPP损失评估的精度。江苏省30年间因建设用地扩张累计损失4.43TgC的陆地生态系统生产能力,约占生产力总量的10%左右,其中2010—2015年间损失最多,其中耕地的损失最大,其次是湿地。氮沉降、农业管理与农作物品种的改良可能是研究区陆地生态系统生产能力上升的主要因素。如果考虑到技术进步与管理等因素的影响,潜在损失预计达到5.99Tg C。提升研究区城市化的质量,特别是绿化水平,可以有效降低城市化带来的区域陆地生态系统生产能力的损失。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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