关键词:生态补偿;退耕还林;经济增长;县域模型;拉姆塞-卡斯-库普曼宏观增长模型;陕西 Abstract Current research has largely overlooked macro perspective analysis of the impact of investment on regional economic growth. Here,we developed a theoretical analysis framework by including the amount of payment for ecosystem service (PES)fund and its ecological outcomes into the Ramsey-Cass-Koopmans model. With the developed theoretical model,the impact of PES fund on regional economic growth was analyzed. Our theoretical analysis shows that investment in PES boosts regional economic growth by raising capital growth rate in that area. To consolidate our theoretical findings,we empirically examined the relationship between Grain to Green Project (GTGP) investment and regional economic growth on data obtained from 79 counties in Shaanxi involved in the GTGP. We first employed a two-step clustering algorithm to categorize selected counties into two groups according to their GTGP participation scale. Then,the obtained cluster result for each county was used as the explanatory variable in panel data analysis to estimate the average impact of GTGP investment on regional economic growth. We found that GTGP scale,quantified by a dummy variable obtained from previous clustering analysis,positively impacts regional economic growth at the country level. Further,the marginal impact of GTGP investment on regional economic growth was investigated by employing quantile regression. The impact of GTGP investment on the regional economy increases with the economic growth rate,quantified by the area of farmland conversion and the total area involved in GTGP respectively. Within the GTGP,the contribution to economic growth is larger in farmland conversion compared to barren wasteland afforestation programs and close hillsides to facilitate afforestation program. This difference persists despite changes in the economic growth rate of a county.
为确保建模估计结果的有效性,避免经济时间序列趋同变化造成的伪回归,先用LLC单位根检验面板数据的平稳性。若变量为平稳序列,则可以进行多元回归分析。单位根检验结果如表3所示,各序列的滞后长度依据参照SIC准则确定,结果表明,被解释变量和控制变量均拒绝存在单位根的原假设,说明各序列是平稳的。考虑到经济增长率受到国家政策和全球经济环境外部冲击,且外部冲击存在时间变化,本文选择为时点个体固定效应模型,采用广义最小二乘法(GLS)进行逐步回归,回归结果如表4所示。 回归分析的结果表明: 最为关注的是退耕还林程度D的回归系数。由回归6可知,D的回归系数是0.0157,且在5%的置信水平上显著,这表明高退耕还林程度县的人均GDP增长率比低退耕还林程度县的平均高1.57%。和其他变量的回归系数相比,回归系数0.0157不算大,看似退耕还林生态补偿对促进地方经济增长的作用力度不大,实则不然。这是因为陕西省内几乎所有县域都不同程度地参加了退耕还林,本文的退耕还林程度虚拟变量不是以退耕或非退耕加以区分的,而是以高退耕还林程度和低退耕还林程度加以区分的。在控制其他变量的情况下,高退耕还林程度县的人均GDP增长率更高,反映了退耕还林生态补偿能够促进地方经济增长。 Table 4 表 4 表 4对人均生产总值增长率回归的结果 Table 4The regression results of per capital GDP growth rate
受退耕还林相关数据获取的限制,仅以陕西省为例进行实证分析,没能在更大的范围和时间跨度上进行分析;缺乏历年各县退耕还林的相关数据,没能分析退耕还林规模与县域经济增长的同步变化和滞后关系。下一步的研究应该将分析扩展到全国范围内,更侧重于考察生态补偿资金投入与县域经济增长的动态关系,进一步地分析退耕还林作为财政政策工具的经济效应。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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