Rural residential land recycling under the ecological concept
XUFeng, WANGZhanqi, ZHANGHongwei School of Public Administration,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China 通讯作者:通讯作者:王占岐,E-mail:zhqwang@cug.edu.cn 收稿日期:2016-10-20 修回日期:2017-02-21 网络出版日期:2017-07-20 版权声明:2017《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(71673258) 作者简介: -->作者简介:徐枫,男,湖北武汉人,博士生,主要从事土地经济与土地利用规划研究。E-mail:whcugxf@163.com
关键词:居民点再利用;生态理念;再利用评价;农村;湖北 Abstract The pattern of residential land recylcling in China's rural areas has changed into a simple cycle model,resulting in second abandonment after land consolidation and environmental pollution in some areas. Here we used ecological land as a new direction for rural residential land recycling under the ecological concept. We then built a recycling evaluation system with human-land multi-factors,and put forward a framework for evaluating the priority direction of residential land recycling to reduce idle cultivated land and improve the eco-environment. Using Fang County in Hubei as the empirical area, we establish cultivated land and forest land as examples of two priority rural residential recycling directions,and suggest the recycling of more than 400 pieces of rural residential land through a comparative study between the improved TOPSIS method and comprehensive scoring method. The result shows that potential reusable land has obvious regional characteristics and is mainly concentrated in towns with excellent or poor traffic location. However,the overall scale of potential land has been declining yearly,and the results of the two methods demonstrate that less than half(45.46% and 30.67%,respectively)of residential land is suitable for cultivation. The evaluation system is effective at a micro-level,and there is room to expand the dimensions of influencing factors and enrich the diversity of evaluation results. The recycling evaluation is particularly urgent and the diversity of evaluation methods makes it possible to flexibly determine the scale of reusable land,followed by the integration of the processes and indicators of various land consolidation projects. In the future study, we should focus on establishment of the evaluation framework through the whole process of residential land recycling, and take the factors influencing the recycling implementation into consideration.
现有农村土地利用类型主要包括代表农村生活用途的居民点土地与代表农业生产用途的耕地[27],其利用变化表现为人为的建设(占用耕地)与再建设(整理复垦为耕地)。然而,农村居民点是农户生活产生的废气、废水、固体废弃物(统称为“三废”)聚集的场所,居民点再利用应考虑这类污染源的吸收和附着问题。另外,与发生二次抛荒的复垦地具有相似特征的居民点地块面临重复建设的风险,需考虑进行再利用转型。图1所示的再利用模式摒弃了传统居民点整治过程中优先实施复垦的策略,提出将生态用地作为居民点整理再利用的新选项,满足农村生态环境保护与修复需要,帮助吸收、固化生活“三废”,让各类负面资源在农村生态系统内得到缓解甚至消失,并为生态资本累积提供有效载体。这种考虑生态环境的再利用模式使得土地利用兼顾经济与生态效益,符合生态文明建设的必然要求,引导不适宜复垦的居民点进行生态型再利用,矫正农村土地资源配置扭曲,提高农村土地利用综合效益,使其具有发展可持续性。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1考虑生态环境的居民点再利用模式 -->Figure 1Mode of residential land recycling in consideration of ecological environment -->
2.2 引入生态理念的居民点再利用框架
从经济、社会视角出发,农民迁入城镇、随之发生的农村宅基地空置现象受到经济发展、城镇化建设与政策扶持等多因素驱动。以城市扩张为核心的土地利用与发展模式受生态环境制约的问题日益显现,与此同时,农村生态环境恶化、生态系统价值缺失等问题尚待解决,在生态理念逐渐融入经济社会建设各项事业的大背景下[1],为实现农村经济、社会与环境的协调发展,急需更新和拓展农村土地利用的指导思路与方式,将生态意识、资源节约与环境保护等理念落实到农村土地利用环节,对不适宜复垦的居民点地块,采用生态型整理模式,使之服务于农村环境的改善和修复。另外,复垦地二次抛荒现象的出现,反映出农村土地利用效率的缺失,尤其是居民点再利用问题,除受到政策引导、资本投入等宏观因素的影响之外,对单一地块使用方式的微观影响因素尚有待查证。基于考虑生态环境的居民点再利用模式的可行性分析,图2所示生态理念下的人地多因素居民点再利用框架对上述两个问题给出解决方案:以生态理念指导农村居民点再利用,以环境保护、生态资本积累为核心目标,新增生态用地为农村居民点再利用选项,兼顾人的主观因素(耕作意愿)与地的客观因素(土地禀赋),建立更加完备的评价指标体系,对单一居民点地块进行再利用方向的辨析,鉴于生态用地较耕地具有更强环境容忍性,将居民点是否宜耕作为再利用判定标准:若其适宜耕作,则进行复垦整理,保障粮食生产和农业安全;若其不适宜耕作,则进行生态型整理,既能补充农村生态型用地资源,又能为存在二次抛荒风险的居民点找到再利用转型途径。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图2生态理念下的多因素居民点再利用 -->Figure 2Residential land recycling based on multi-factors under ecological concept -->
3.2.1 指标选取 根据2.2章节的居民点再利用框架,借鉴考虑耕地质量和立地条件的LESA评价体系[28,29]与应用实例[30],本研究主要选取土地因素、区位条件、个人因素三方面共15项评价因子,建立如表1所示的评价体系。 Table 1 表1 表1居民点土地再利用评价体系 Table 1Index system of residential land recycling evaluation
(1)本研究以农村居民点整理复垦后存在二次抛荒及农村环境污染问题为切入点,提出考虑生态环境的居民点再利用模式,完善农村各主要用地类型的转化途径,将生态用地作为居民点再利用选项,帮助改善、修复农村生态环境,解决具有二次抛荒风险的居民点整理转型问题,并进一步将生态理念引入农村居民点土地再利用框架,提出基于土地、区位与农户个人等影响因素的再利用评价体系,并以湖北省房县为研究区验证了居民点再利用模式与评价体系的可行性。 (2)本研究提出了更适合微观层面土地再利用的评价体系,综合考虑了土地的耕作适宜度及农户的耕作意愿,围绕影响居民点耕作预期选取指标,将居民点是否“宜耕”作为判定标准,对减小可能发生的居民点复垦后“二次抛荒”的风险具有一定参考价值。但是,影响农村人地关系,尤其是微观居民点地块再利用的因素还包括土地产权状况、国土功能分区情况、村镇发展规划布局和周边土地利用情况等等,本研究区具有一定的特殊性,部分影响因素因地块差异性不大而舍弃,部分影响因素因数据获取原因尚未进行考虑。此外,还需进一步研究加入表示土地生态适宜性与生态价值的指标因子,增强评价体系对生态用地方向再分类的能力。 (3)实证结果显示:相当比例的居民点地块被判定趋于“非耕”的再利用方向,这反映出科学评价居民点再利用的必要性和紧迫性,也充分说明当前“复垦优先”的居民点整理模式的不合理。在拓展居民点再利用方向的前提下,根据不同地方经济建设、农业生产、人地协调发展的客观需要,可考虑采用不同评价方法形成不同利用方向下的居民点指标规模,并探索调整现有增减挂钩政策实施途径,尝试将不同目标的土地整理工作进行流程与指标对接,放开土地生态型整理指标的区域漂移限制,实现区域内各类土地整治项目综合指标的“增减挂钩”,优化农村土地供给侧结构,推动土地整治的理念与模式创新。 (4)本研究所完成的工作仍属于居民点再利用全过程中的一部分,再利用模式的实现与评价结果的实施、尤其是再利用方向的多样化会使得居民点整理工作趋于更复杂,下一阶段应结合农村宅基地退出机制、农村生态系统服务消费体系与标准、维护农村生态用地及行为的激励措施等研究内容,进行更加深入、全面的探索研究,尝试建立贯穿农村居民点再利用全过程的评价框架体系。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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