Grassland degradation monitoring and spatio-temporal variation analysis of the Hulun Buir Ecological Function Region
WANHuawei1,, GAOShuai2, LIUYuping1, ZANGChunxin3, XUShiguang2 1. Satellite Environmental Application Center,Ministry of Environmental Protection,Beijing 100029,China2. State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science,Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China3. Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012,China 收稿日期:2016-01-10 修回日期:2016-07-13 网络出版日期:2016-08-25 版权声明:2016《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(41271348)国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目(2012AA12A310)国家高分辨率对地观测重大专项项目(05-Y30B02-9001-13/15) 作者简介: -->作者简介:万华伟,女,山东东阿人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事定量遥感应用、生态系统与生物多样性遥感监测与评价相关研究。E-mail:livelyhw@163.com
关键词:草地生态系统;草地退化;遥感监测;气候变化;时空特征;呼伦贝尔生态功能区 Abstract Grassland degeneration has resulted in a series of social,economic and ecosystem environmental problems,so monitoring changes in grassland is very important. With the development of technology,Remote Sensing (RS)and GIS provide new means for the study of grassland degeneration. Based on the classification of grassland degradation degree calculated by vegetation coverage,we introduced the Grassland Degradation Index (GDI)to characterize grassland degradation in our focal area. The value range of GDI is from 0 to 5. When GDI is large,it means that the area of grassland degradation is more serious. When GDI>4,it means there is extremely severe degradation and when GDI <1,it shows that there is no degradation of pasture in the area. Hulun Buir Grassland was dynamically monitored from 2003 to 2012 using long time series of MODIS data and the two indicators of vegetation coverage and GDI. Finally,the driving force of changes during the ten years were analyzed combined with meteorological data. The results indicate that the Hulun Buir Grassland Ecosystem is fragile,and interannual variability of GDI is dramatic. There is spatial heterogeneity in the grassland degradation degree:grassland degrades more seriously in the west than in the central and eastern regions. In recent years,however,grassland degradation in the central and eastern region has aggravated while the west region has improved. Moreover,the comprehensive analysis of meteorological and artificial factors shows that changes in Hulun Buir Grassland Ecosystem quality are mainly affected by extreme climate,mining and industrial construction.
Keywords:grassland ecosystem;grassland degradation;remote sensing monitoring;climate change;temporal and spatial characters;Hulun Buir Ecological Function Region -->0 PDF (1044KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 万华伟, 高帅, 刘玉平, 臧春鑫, 许时光. 呼伦贝尔生态功能区草地退化的时空特征[J]. , 2016, 38(8): 1443-1451 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2016.08.04 WANHuawei, GAOShuai, LIUYuping, ZANGChunxin, XUShiguang. Grassland degradation monitoring and spatio-temporal variation analysis of the Hulun Buir Ecological Function Region[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(8): 1443-1451 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2016.08.04
呼伦贝尔防风固沙重要生态功能区位于内蒙古自治区高原东北部的海拉尔盆地及其周边地区(图1),行政区涉及内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市的7个旗(市、区),面积为7.5万km2。该区地处温带-寒温带气候区,气候较干燥,多大风,沙漠化的敏感性程度较高[7]。根据国家环境保护部和中国科学院完成的全国生态环境10年变化(2000-2010年)遥感调查与评估专项[15]成果,呼伦贝尔防风固沙重要生态功能区2010年土地利用状况为:草地面积占80.12%,湿地占8.5%,耕地占3.59%,林地占4.89%,居住、工业和交通用地等人工表面总计为1.33%,其他(荒漠、裸地等)为1.57%(图1)。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1呼伦贝尔研究区位置与2010年土地利用状况 -->Figure 1The study area and land use in 2010 -->
呼伦贝尔重要生态功能区2000-2010年三期各种土地利用类型的分布面积如表2所示。从表中可以看出,2000年、2005年和2010年,该地区草地面积分别为61 397.63km2、61 394.37km2和61 076.21km2,分别占功能区面积的80.54%、80.53%和80.12%,优势地位非常显著。从时间变化看,2000-2010年间,草地、森林和湿地有明显减少的趋势,而耕地和人工表面显著增加,2005-2010间的变化趋势明显高于2000-2005年间。 Table 2 表 2 表 22000-2010年呼伦贝尔生态功能区土地类型面积统计 Table 2Area statistics of land use in Hulun Buir ecological function region from 2000 to 2010(km2,%)
呼伦贝尔研究区2003-2012年草地退化分级分类结果如图3所示。可以看出,10年间(2003-2012年)呼伦贝尔生态功能区草场退化在空间上存在差异性分布,总体上,中西部地区草地退化比东部地区较为严重,满洲里市和新巴尔虎右旗均出现了大面积的极重度草地退化现象,其他地区以轻度和中度退化为主,这种现象在2006年以前更为明显,昝国盛等在该地区的研究也表明城市扩张使得新巴尔虎右旗,海拉尔区植被全部表现为严重和广泛的退化,植被生长环境变差[22]。2011-2012年,生态功能区中东部地区出现了重度退化的现象,与之相反,生态区西部地区(尤其是新巴尔虎右旗)从2010-2012年退化情况有所缓和,植被出现较大面积的复苏现象,草地覆盖保持较稳定的区域分布零散。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图32003-2012年呼伦贝尔草地退化分级演化情况 -->Figure 3Classificationof grassland degradation in Hulun Buir from 2003 to 2012 -->
从图4a(见第1448页)草地退化指数年际变化可以看出,呼伦贝尔生态功能区草地退化指数年际变化剧烈,总体在中度退化和重度退化之间波动,生态功能区表现脆弱。2012年呼伦贝尔生态功能区各旗、市的草场退化指数在空间上也展示出差异分布。退化较为严重的地区依次为满洲里(GDI=3.77)、新巴尔虎右旗(GDI=3.64)、新巴尔虎左旗(GDI=2.71)、海拉尔区(GDI=2.47)以及陈巴尔虎旗(GDI=2.33),其他地区草场虽然都出现了退化的现象,但退化程度普遍较轻。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图42003-2012年呼伦贝尔生态功能区草场退化指数、年均气温和总降水量年际变化 -->Figure 4Annual variation of grassland degradation index,annual average temperature and total precipitation in Hulun Buir ecological function region from 2003 to 2012 -->
遥感和GIS技术的发展和应用为研究大尺度、长时间序列的草场时空分布提供了一种有效手段。本文以长时间序列的MODIS数据为基础,在当前诸多的遥感监测方法中,筛选出基于植被覆盖度的草地退化等级确定方法,并引入区域草地退化指数指标,从面积和质量两个方面,对2003-2012年期间呼伦贝尔生态功能区草地退化进行了动态监测,从定量的角度分析了呼伦贝尔生态功能区草地退化的时空变化情况。本方法可以充分发挥遥感技术快速、便捷的特点,为区域草地退化监测和管理提供参考。GDI的引入有利于分析区域草地退化多源信息时空变化特征,结合空间分布可以较好描述草场退化等级分布的时空变化趋势,但考虑植物自身的生长复杂性,如何加入遥感的高光谱属性进行草地类型和退化识别,从而服务于生态安全评价是未来研究的重要内容[27,28]。 呼伦贝尔草地生态环境表现较为脆弱,尽管草地面积没有发生显著变化,但是草地退化指数年际间变化剧烈,草地退化等级波动较大,总体上,生态功能区草地退化等级全区呈现差异分布,西部地区,尤其是新巴尔虎右旗和满洲里市草地退化均十分严重,出现了大面积极重度退化现象,近几年退化趋势略有减缓,草地质量有所恢复;中东部地区较西部地区草地退化现象较轻,退化以轻度和中度退化为主,但是近几年重度退化现象有所加重。 呼伦贝尔生态功能区草地退化程度受到区域气候变化和人类活动共同的影响,另外,根据研究区草地退化指数年际间的剧烈变化,说明在全球气候的变化和人类活动干扰下,呼伦贝尔重要生态功能区的保护也应该是一个动态的保护过程,生态保护方案应该与生态功能区的动态变化相适应,做到实时监测及时调整方案。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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