Review of benefit evaluation research on ecological migration in China
JIAYaofeng1,2, 1. North University for Nationalities,School of Management,Yinchuan 750021,China 2. The Research Center of Governance and Social Management in the Northwest Minority Areas,North University for Nationalities,Yinchuan 750021,China 收稿日期:2015-11-6 修回日期:2016-05-25 网络出版日期:2016-08-25 版权声明:2016《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:宁夏回族自治区哲学社会科学规划项目(14NXBGL01) 作者简介: -->作者简介:贾耀锋,男,宁夏西吉人,博士,教授,主要从事资源开发和保护研究。E-mail:jiayf7779@aliyun.com
关键词:中国;生态移民;效益评估;研究现状;综述 Abstract Domestic ecological migration began in the early 1980s in China,in which the economic society began its rapid development. Ecological migration stemmed from incoordination between economic society systems and resource environment systems. The effect of the implementation of ecological migration policy has become a focus of governments and scholars. Here,I conduct a comprehensive review of domestic ecological migration research and systematically analyze the present research status by evaluating the object,content,methods and results of domestic ecological migration. Research on the evaluation of ecological migration benefits are mainly aimed at typical migrant projects in central and western provinces of China. By applying qualitative and quantitative analysis,research has investigated the economic,ecological and social benefits of ecological migration by single factor or multi factor from different perspectives,with a focus on the evaluation of the economic income of migrants. The results of the evaluation of the ecological migration benefits are affected by the capacity of the resource environment,the process of migration policy making and implementation,and adaptability of migrants,but data sources and evaluation methods for evaluation studies also influence the evaluation results. Research on the evaluation of the benefits of ecological migration in the future should pay more attention to the comprehensive investigation of economics,ecological environment and social cultural psychology of the whole migration area,and select third-parties to conduct the evaluation for the formulation,implementation and effect of ecological migration policy.
由生态移民实践引出的效益评估研究已是多学科领域众多****关注的热点问题之一,他们从不同的视角、应用多种方法对生态移民的经济、社会、环境和文化心理等方面的影响及效益进行了多层次的分析和评估,这对国内生态移民政策的科学实施起到了重要的现实指导作用。但通过以上对国内生态移民效益评估研究文献的全面分析,生态移民效益评估研究还需重点关注以下几个方面的问题: (1)评估内容的选择要充分考虑到生态移民对经济、社会、生态环境、文化心理等的复杂而深刻的影响。生态移民效益评估研究首先要关注移民政策设计的主要目标:脱贫和环境恢复,所以经济和环境效益应是评估的重点,这也在已有研究中得到充分体现。经济效益评估除注重包括宏观效益和微观效益的全面评估之外,还要甄选易于统计和测算的关键性的投入产出的系列指标,进行移民在移民前后的纵向比较,以及移民与未移民、非移民的横向比较研究。生态环境效益评估除对迁出区生态环境变化的考察外,更应持续关注迁入区因移民不断迁入,生产生活地域不断扩展和影响深度不断加深导致的生态环境变化问题,评估指标应依据移民区自然环境的特点及限制性资源环境因素进行甄选。另外,生态移民引起的文化心理等方面的变化评估应在移民效益评估研究中得到特别的关注。由于生产方式及其活动空间的巨大变化,移民固有的生活习俗、文化信仰、社会关系等会受到极大地冲击,广泛变革的社会文化深刻影响着移民的心理和对新环境的适应能力。面对新环境的压力,移民可以去适应,但巨大的差异可能使移民无法在短期内(或长期)改变已固化的文化心理状态,但他们却要面对现实的生产和生活,由此会产生深刻而复杂的社会影响。因此,对于由于移民引起的新的社会心理、文化等问题的关注和评估,就显得非常重要,而这恰是目前生态移民效益评估方面最大的不足,急需重点关注诸如移民意识形态、社会族群/民族关系、生产方式、文化心理适应等因移民之后而发生的深刻变化。 (2)生态移民政策的制定、实施及效果的全程考察和评估。政策评估是评估主体根据一定的政策评估标准和程序,对政策系统质量、政策过程效益和政策结果等方面进行评价,其目的是改善政策系统质量和提高政策过程效益,以保证政策目标实现。生态移民政策是一项综合的系统工程,涉及到移民政策的制定、实施和结果,政策实施过程中的共同行动的复杂性和政策执行的动态关系影响着政策执行的效率。所以对于生态移民的科学评估也应包括政策形成、实施过程及其结果的整个过程,除现在关注的移民结果评估之外(狭义的移民评估),还应对移民意愿、需求、过程、效率等进行全方位评估。如在制定移民计划时移民参与程度不同,影响着移民真正需求能否满足,或期望的基本实现。另外,生态移民效益评估除重点关注对移民之后现状的考察分析(现状评估)之外,还应关注生态移民政策在实施之前的预测评估,以最大限度避免移民政策实施之后复杂而不可逆转问题的发生。 (3)生态移民效益评估要特别重视对移民真实情况的把握,即对信息真实性的强调。在依据区情构建评估指标体系(包括评估指标的选择、权重确定和效益测算)之后,要深入实地对反映移民、非移民、未移民和移民区(迁出地和迁入地)的这些指标进行全面的社会调查,以获得能揭示生态移民各方面情况的真实数据,避免局限于对官方统计数据简单分析的政绩性评估。 (4)构建可行的生态移民效益第三方评估制度。政策评估的权威性有赖于政策评估中独立第三方的形成[75],生态移民政策实施效果评估主体的选择对评价结论具有非常重要的影响。从文献研究表明,由政府主导的生态移民效益评估容易突出成绩而淡化存在的问题,为了客观公正反映生态移民的真实效益和存在的问题,在基于移民群体评价、政府评价、学术界评价以及监督与媒体评价的基础上,应选择第三方作为评估主体,因为第三方的独立性在逻辑上是源于政府内部评估的矛看、政策涉及的多元利益的冲突、社会公正的本质要求以及政策评估的专业化发展。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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