The adaptive irrigation behavior of farmers and impacts on yield during extreme drought events in the North China Plain
YANGYu1,3,, WANGJinxia2,, HUANGJikun2 1. School of Business,Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu 610059,China2. Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy,School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China3. Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China 通讯作者:通讯作者:王金霞,E-mail:jxwang.ccap@pku.edu.cn 收稿日期:2015-10-9 修回日期:2016-01-7 网络出版日期:2016-05-25 版权声明:2016《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(2012CB955700)国家自然科学基金重大国际合作项目(71161140351)加拿大国际发展研究中心(IDRC)项目(107093-001) 作者简介: -->作者简介:杨宇,男,四川金堂人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为资源环境经济学。E-mail:yangy.11b@igsnrr.ac.cn
关键词:严重干旱事件;灌溉适应行为;灌溉成效;华北平原 Abstract As an important agricultural production region and vulnerable region hit by drought in China,improving the irrigation adaptation capacity of farmers in the North China Plain (NCP)is of vital significance to food security in China. Using a large-scale survey of 1663 wheat plots of 889 households in five provinces in the NCP from the end of 2012 to early 2013,we built two-stage econometric models to quantitatively analyze the determinants of irrigation adaptation measures and assess the impacts of adaptation measures on wheat yield. We found that when wheat is shocked by severe drought,irrigation times significantly increase by 17.4% and the loss of wheat increases by 6.6% compared to the normal year. Irrigation adaptation measures play a significant and positive role in mitigating the adverse impacts of extreme drought events on wheat production. Specifically,losses will reduce by 14.2% with an increase of in 50% irrigation time (amounting to 0.9 irrigation times). Good water infrastructure plays an important role in adopting irrigation measure. For instance,relative to townships with irrigation of rural water infrastructure below average,farmer irrigation measures (average and above average)significantly increase irrigation times by 13.3% and 18.0% respectively. Household characteristics,such as farm size,age and education of household head have significant impacts on irrigation behavior. We discuss adaptation irrigation policy implications that governments should promote and popularize in dry areas to improve irrigation infrastructure investment in the NCP,especially in areas with bad water conservancy conditions.
本研究所用的数据来源于2012年末至2013年初中国科学院农业政策研究中心对华北平原的河北、河南、山东、江苏及安徽5省进行的实地调研问卷。采取了分层随机抽样的方法来选择样本。样本县的抽取原则为:在2010-2012年这3年中该县有一年是经历过严重的旱灾或者洪涝1)(1)灾害等级主要是与省水利厅和农业厅等相关部门的座谈及历史受灾资料来确定的。具体而言,如果减产超过30%,定义为严重受灾事件(受灾级别为高),减产10-30%定义为中等受灾事件(受灾级别为中),减产小于10%定义为轻度受灾事件(受灾级别为低)。),即定义为发生过严重气候事件(受灾年);也有一年未受灾或者受灾程度较轻(相对正常年)。从每个省所筛选的县随机抽取3个样本县。每个县随机分别抽取农田水利设施较好、一般及较差的3个样本乡镇。每个乡镇随机抽取3个村,每个村随机抽取10个农户,每个农户中选择2块种植粮食作物的地块。总调研样本覆盖15个县,45个乡镇、1350个农户和2700地块(调研区域见图1)。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1华北平原5省旱灾洪涝抽样分布 -->Figure 1The sampling distribution on drought and flood cities of five provinces in the North China Plain -->
对于农户灌溉适应行为模型(4)的设定,鉴于灌溉频次是0、1、2、3…等数值的非负的计数因变量,将考虑限制因变量模型,即泊松回归模型[14]。泊松回归模型的参数估计采用准极大似然估计法(QMLE)。农户灌溉成效模型(5)的参数估计采用最小二乘法(OLS)。总体来看,无论是灌溉适应行为模型还是成效模型,其运行结果都良好。灌溉适应行为模型的调整判定系数(Pseudo )和灌溉成效模型的调整判定系数 分别为0.111和0.114(表2);尽管两个模型的判定系数相对于时间序列得到的判定系数较低,但对于用农户和地块的横截面资料所做的分析是足够了。另外,灌溉适应行为模型的 值是1211(P=0.000)和灌溉成效模型的F检验值是11.18(P=0.000)(表2),表明两个模型运行结果总体而言是通过了显著性的统计检验。需要强调的是,在弱工具变量检验中(由于篇幅限制,未以表格的形式来整理),F检验值为22.74(P=0.000),拒绝了工具变量与内生变量相关性较低的原假设,表明选择的工具变量既符合经济直觉的预判也通过统计意义的检验。重要的是,关键性变量和部分控制变量的系数也通过统计的显著性检验且符合预期。 Table 2 表2 表2灌溉适应性行为的影响因素及对单产影响的回归结果 Table 2Regression results on the determinants of irrigation behavior and its impacts on yield
本文旨在研究,在应对严重干旱事件情况下,影响农户灌溉适应行为的主要因素和评估灌溉适应行为以及严重干旱事件对小麦单产的影响,希望为政府制定和执行有关应对严重干旱事件的适应措施的政策提供可靠的实证依据。基于覆盖华北平原5省、10个县、30个乡镇、90个村、889个农户及1663小麦地块的实地调研问卷数据,依据两阶段研究思路构建计量经济模型,分析农户实施灌溉适应行为的影响因素和定量评估严重干旱事件及农户灌溉适应行为对小麦单产的影响。并得出以下结论和提出相应的政策建议: (1)严重干旱事件显著地促使了农户增加灌溉适应行为强度,也对单产产生了显著的负面影响。例如,相比于相对正常年,严重干旱事件的发生显著地促使农户提高了约17.4%的灌溉频次;同样,平均来说,严重干旱事件的发生将增加约6.6%的小麦单产损失。 (2)灌溉适应行为的确在抵御和减缓严重干旱事件对小麦生产的负面影响上起着显著的积极作用。平均而言,每提高50%的灌溉频次,可以挽回14.2%的小麦单产损失。 (3)良好的农田水利基础设施对农户实施灌溉适应性行为有显著的正向效果,但是水利设施的薄弱依然是影响农户灌溉行为的限制因素。例如,相比于农田水利设施较差地区,一般和较好地区的农户灌溉行为分别显著地增加了13.3%和18.0%的灌溉次数;但是从样本村调研发现一些土渠和废井等陈旧农田水利设施,在灌溉季节不能保证农业灌溉供水,时常延误农户灌溉。 (4)农户的家庭特征也是影响农户实施灌溉适应行为的重要因素。例如,农户种植规模,户主的年龄以及户主的教育水平对农户的灌溉行为产生显著的影响。 基于上述结论,提出相应的政策建议。具体政策建议如下: (1)在农户灌溉适应措施的采用方面,政府应出台相应的政策去激励农户提高灌溉行为强度。样本资料表明,在应对严重干旱时,农户的灌溉强度仅仅有1.8次,与小麦生理需水(4次水)之间有一定差距,由此需继续提高华北平原农户灌溉适应行为强度。为了能有效地激励农户采用灌溉适应措施,政府应出台对农户灌溉适应行为进行物质、技术和资金支持方面的抗旱政策,减少农户抗旱资金压力和技术障碍,增加农户抗旱行为的经济效益,进而提高他们实施灌溉行为的积极性。 (2)政府应继续从农田水利设施方面改善农业生产条件,提高农户应对严重干旱事件的适应性能力。调研显示,34%的水渠长度是土渠和10%的机井是废井,在灌溉季节不能保证农业灌溉供水,时常延误农户灌溉。这表明农田水利设施的薄弱和滞后依然是影响农业生产稳定的短板。由此,对华北平原地区,尤其农田水利设施条件差的地区,应继续投资和维修诸如水渠和机井等农田水利设施,保障农田灌溉供水的可靠性和及时性,实现农田水利设施到农田的“最后1公里”目标,从而提高农户应对旱灾的适应能力。 (3)在制定提高农户灌溉适应行为强度的政策时,不要忽略农户家庭特征的影响。研究结论表明,农户种植规模、户主年龄及教育水平对农户灌溉适应行为产生不同程度和性质上的显著影响。因此,如果更好地挖掘农户实施灌溉适应行为的潜力,政府制定政策时要考虑农户家庭特征的影响。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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