綦昕瑶^1,2,,
刘秀铭^1,3,4,,,
马明明^1,3,
毛学刚^1,3,
Tabrez A.R.⁵,
吕镔^1,3,
何玲珊^1,2
1. 福建师范大学湿润亚热带山地生态国家重点实验室培育基地, 福建 福州 350007
2. 福建师范大学地理科学学院, 福建 福州 350007
3. 福建师范大学地理研究所, 福建 福州 350007
4. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia
5. National Institute of Oceanography, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Islamic Republic of Pakistan

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（批准号：41772180）资助


详细信息

作者简介: 綦昕瑶, 女, 25岁, 硕士研究生, 自然地理学专业, E-mail: qixinyao0930@163.com

通讯作者: 刘秀铭, E-mail: xliu@fjnu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P595,P318

收稿日期:2020-12-17
修回日期:2021-04-23
刊出日期:2021-11-30

The genesis of plain topsoil on the Indus River Basin and its significance

QI Xinyao^1,2,,
LIU Xiuming^1,3,4,,,
MA Mingming^1,3,
MAO Xuegang^1,3,
Tabrez A.R.⁵,
Lü Bin^1,3,
HE Lingshan^1,2
1. State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian
2. School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian
3. Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian
4. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia
5. National Institute Oceanography, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Islamic Republic of Pakistan


More Information

Corresponding author: LIU Xiuming,E-mail:xliu@fjnu.edu.cn

MSC: P595,P318

--> Received Date: 17 December 2020
Revised Date: 23 April 2021
Publish Date: 30 November 2021


摘要
摘要:有关印度河流域黄土的研究零星报道集中集于北部山区，南部平原长期以来普遍被认为是由印度河携带的沉积物冲积形成。人们对印度河流域是否存在第四纪风积物知之甚少。本研究小组从伊斯兰堡至卡拉奇沿着印度河河谷和平原，以及塔尔沙漠边缘进行了广泛考察，发现印度河平原广泛分布着第四纪风成黄土。采样研究结果表明，印度河流域黄土样品中的磁性矿物与中国黄土一致，以磁铁矿为主，含有少量磁赤铁矿，可能含有赤铁矿；粒度组成也与中国黄土高度相似；元素地球化学结果显示，样品的稀土元素配比模式依然表现为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损，Eu中度负异常的特征，与中国风积黄土特征高度相似；常量元素以SiO₂、Al₂O₃、CaO和Fe₂O₃占主导。印度河流域表土具有质地均一、疏松多孔等典型风成黄土特征，这些易耕又宜耕的黄土地沿着印度河平原广泛分布，与现代农业耕地高度重合。因此印度河流域与中国黄河流域相似，黄土地上快速发展的原始农业是推动古印度文明发展的重要动力。
关键词: 巴基斯坦/
印度河流域平原/
风积黄土/
环境磁学/
黄土地与农业/
古印度文明

Abstract:Continuously deposited loess is considered to be one of the best Quaternary sediments to record paleoclimate changes. Loess sections have been found in the mountainous areas in the northern part of the Indus River Basin, but loess deposits barely come to the plains in the southern part of the basin. Through field observation of the landform and sediment strata of the plain sediments in the Indus River Basin, the observation demonstrated that it is similar to most of the loess-paleosol sequence of Chinese loess, which excludes river alluvium bedding but includes a transitional gradual relationship between the strata. The obvious development of soil layers indicates that unrecognized aeolian sediments are likely to exist in the plains of the Indus River Basin. In order to further determine its cause, this study collected 51 samples(depth 3~5 cm) including surface soil(plain and dunes) and fluvial sediments from northeast to southwest along the Indus River and its tributary, the Chenab River, with a latitude span of 24°70.0596'~31°94.4706'N, the longitude span is 67°66.247'~74°16.9823'E, and the conventional parameters such as particle size, major elements, Rare Earth Elements(REE) and environmental magnetism of the samples have been measured.
The frequency curve of plain topsoil in the study area shows a bimodal negative skew asymmetric distribution, and the probability accumulation curve shows a single segment type. There are many silt particles in plain topsoil samples, with an average value of 68.66%, which are highly similar to Chinese loess, and are different from the fluvial sediments. It shows that the two have similar genesis. The dune topsoil samples have the most fine sand components, with an average content of 37.58%. Its frequency distribution curve shows a single peak, which is similar to the desert loess in arid and semi-arid areas, suggesting that the dune topsoil is mostly near-source aeolian sediments. The elemental geochemical results show that the rare earth element distribution pattern of the samples shows light rare earth enrichment, heavy rare earth deficit, and moderate negative anomaly in Eu which was basically consistent with the variation trend of typical aeolian loess; The major elements are dominated by SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO and Fe₂O₃, which is similar to that of loess in China, indicating that the two also have similar material source patterns and deposition processes. Thermomagnetic curves of typical samples all have obvious turning points at 580℃, indicating that magnetite is the main magnetic mineral in the samples. The magnetization of three samples decreases in varying degrees after heating, indicating that there is a small amount of maghemite. In addition, The magnetization of typical samples does not decrease to zero after 580℃, indicating that they likely contain hematite. Furthermore, conventional magnetic parameters are comparable with Chinese loess. Based on this. Aeolian loess deposits are widely distributed in the Indus River Basin, which may have promoted the development of Indian primitive farming and contributed towards the prosperity of ancient Indian civilization. This study also provides a new and valuable record for the research on paleoclimate changes in the study area in the future.
Key words:Pakistan/
Indus River Basin plain/
aeolian loess/
environmental magnetism/
loess and agriculture/
ancient Indian civilization



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