宗天宇^1,2,,
郭昕³,
刘欢⁴,
张翔宇³,
李悦^1,2,,
1. 西北大学文化遗产学院, 陕西 西安 710069
2. 西北大学文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710069
3. 西安市文物保护考古研究院, 陕西 西安 710068
4. 咸阳师范学院资源环境与历史文化学院, 陕西 咸阳 712000

基金项目: 国家社会科学基金项目（批准号：18CKG024）、陕西省教育厅重点科研计划项目（批准号：21JY042）和教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目（批准号：18YJC780004）共同资助


详细信息

作者简介: 宗天宇, 男, 24岁, 硕士研究生, 动物考古研究, E-mail: zongtianyu@stumail.nwu.edu.cn

通讯作者: 李悦, E-mail: liyue@nwu.edu.cn

中图分类号: K871.41,Q913.84

收稿日期:2021-03-05
修回日期:2021-06-19
刊出日期:2021-09-30

Animal remains reveal the development of subsistence economy from prehistory to Qin-Han periods in the Guanzhong region: Evidence from the Gongbeiya site in Xi'an

ZONG Tianyu^1,2,,
GUO Xin³,
LIU Huan⁴,
ZHANG Xiangyu³,
LI Yue^1,2,,
1. School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi
2. Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation(Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi
3. Xi'an Institute of Archaeology and Conservation on Culture Heritage, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi
4. College of Resources, Environment and History and Culture, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi


More Information

Corresponding author: LI Yue,E-mail:liyue@nwu.edu.cn

MSC: K871.41,Q913.84

--> Received Date: 05 March 2021
Revised Date: 19 June 2021
Publish Date: 30 September 2021


摘要
摘要:关中地区是中华文明形成与发展的核心区域，对研究中国古代生业经济的发展有重要意义。以往研究大多关注关中地区仰韶时期的生业经济，对商周、秦汉时期生业经济的认识还较为有限。西安市西南郊皂河西岸二级台地上的弓背崖遗址（34.180449°N，108.904768°E）发掘出土了一批仰韶时期至秦汉时期的动物遗存，为研究关中地区史前至秦汉时期生业经济的发展变化提供了重要资料。对这批动物遗存的研究表明，弓背崖遗址仰韶时期的家畜饲养模式较为单一，野生动物占有重要地位，家猪和鹿为遗址居民主要的肉食来源；东周时期，家养动物种类变得丰富，家养黄牛和羊在遗址中占一定比例，野生动物比重降低。这一特点延续至秦汉时期。关中地区史前至秦汉时期的生业经济发展总体上经历了两个阶段：仰韶至龙山时期家养动物与野生动物的占比大致相同，但存在明显波动，而商周至秦汉时期家养动物则占绝大多数，家养动物在生业经济中的地位不断提高。关中地区史前时期的生业经济与郑洛地区相比还存在一定差距，但这种差距在进入商周时期之后逐渐缩小。该研究弥补了关中地区东周时期生业经济研究的不足，有助于进一步认识关中地区史前至秦汉时期社会发展与文明演进的经济基础。
关键词: 弓背崖遗址/
动物遗存/
关中地区/
生业经济

Abstract:Having a vital role to play in the formation and evolution of Chinese civilization, the Guanzhong region is of central importance to the investigation of subsistence economy in ancient China. Gongbeiya site(34.180449°N, 108.904768°E) is located in the southwestern part of Xi'an, on the secondary terrace to the west of the Zao River. The excavation in 2017, directed by the Xi'an Institute of Archaeology and Culture Heritage Conservation, revealed 800 square meters, alongside a large number of cultural materials. This research analyzed 982 animal bones unearthed from contexts of the Yangshao period to the Qin and Han periods.
Results show that the number of identified specimens(NISP) was 595 and the minimum number of individuals(MNI) was 81, representing animals from 3 classes, 7 orders, and 17 species. The percentage of mammals in the animal assemblages was 96.64% (by NISP). Domestic animals included pigs(Sus scrofa domesticus) and dogs(Canis familiaris) during the Yangshao period, and pigs(Sus scrofa domesticus), dogs(Canis familiaris), cattle(Bos taurus), horses(Equus caballus), sheep(Ovis aries) and goat(Capra hircus) during the Eastern Zhou period and the Qin and Han periods. Deer(Cervidae) were the major wild animals.
During the Yangshao period, the Gongbeiya site exhibited a onefold pattern of livestock raising. While domestic pigs(40.88%) and deer(41.43%) were the major sources of meat for the site residents, wild species still took up the largest proportion in the animal assemblages. During the Eastern Zhou period, the number of domestic animal species increased and the proportion of wild animals(22.44%) decreased accordingly. This feature continued to the following Qin and Han periods. The development of subsistence economy in the Guanzhong region from prehistoric period to the Qin and Han periods generally experienced two main stages: (1) From the Yangshao period to the Longshan period, the proportions of domestic animals and wild animals were approximately the same, but with obvious fluctuations; (2) From the Shang and Zhou periods to the Qin and Han periods, domestic animals became dominant, playing an increasingly important role in the subsistence economy. The Guanzhong region lagged behind the neighboring Zhengluo region in the development of the subsistence economy during the prehistoric period. However, this gap between the two regions narrowed during the Shang and Zhou periods.
Our zooarchaeological data make up for the lack of research on the subsistence economy of Eastern Zhou period in the Guanzhong region, providing new insights into the economic basis of social, cultural, political developments in the Guanzhong region from prehistoric period to the Qin and Han periods.
Key words:Gongbeiya site/
animal remains/
Guanzhong region/
subsistence economy



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