Predicting the global areas for potential distribution of Gastrodia elata based on ecological niche models
ZHANGQin1, ZHANGDong-Fang1,2, WUMing-Li3, GUOJie1,4, SUNCheng-Zhong5, XIECai-Xiang1,*, 1Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China2School of Geographical Surveying and Urban and Rural Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China3Pharmacy Faculty, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China4School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Chinaand 5Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100039, China 收稿日期:2016-12-12 接受日期:2017-05-31 网络出版日期:2017-07-10 版权声明:2017植物生态学报编辑部本文是遵循CCAL协议的开放存取期刊,引用请务必标明出处。 基金资助:国家自然科学基金(81473304)和国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAI05B01) 作者简介: -->* 通信作者Author for correspondence (E-mail:caixiangxie@163.com)
关键词:天麻;生态位模型;潜在适生区;模型评价 Abstract Aims Previous studies on the globally suitable areas for growing the medicinal plant Gastrodia elata is lacking. This study aims to predict the global areas for potential distribution of this plant based on multiple ecological niche models. Methods A total of 220 global distribution points of G. elata and 19 ecological variables were compiled and eight environmental variables were selected for the model training. Three ecological niche models, including BIOCLIM, DOMAIN, and MAXENT, were used to predict the global areas for potential distribution of G. elata. The resulting data of different models were analyzed and compared with two statistical criteria: the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and Kappa value. Important findings The predictions of the three models are basically identical, showing that the global areas for potential distribution of G. elata are predominantly in the range of 20° N to 50° N in Asia, mainly in China, South Korea and Japan. A small proportion of the suitable areas occur in India, Nepal and the European countries near Mediterranean. The most suitable areas distribute in provinces close to the Sichuan Basin and the central East China, the mid-eastern parts of South Korea such as Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongsangnam- do, and the Kyushu region and the Shikoku region on Japan’s main island. Therefore, these three countries can be used as the main production areas of G. elata for its commercial development. The AUC average values of the three models are all above 0.9 and the Kappa average values all above 0.65, justifying their applications for predicting the potential areas of G. elata. Among them, the MAXENT model appears to perform the best, followed by DOMAIN and BIOCLIM.
Keywords:Gastrodia elata;ecological niche models;potential suitable distribution area;model evaluation -->0 PDF (1294KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 张琴, 张东方, 吴明丽, 郭杰, 孙成忠, 谢彩香. 基于生态位模型预测天麻全球潜在适生区. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(7): 770-778 https://doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0380 ZHANGQin, ZHANGDong-Fang, WUMing-Li, GUOJie, SUNCheng-Zhong, XIECai-Xiang. Predicting the global areas for potential distribution of Gastrodia elata based on ecological niche models. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41(7): 770-778 https://doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0380 天麻(Gastrodia elata)为兰科(Orchidaceae)天麻属植物, 又名赤箭、独摇芝、定风草、离母。其块茎是一种名贵中药, 具有息风止痉、平抑肝阳、祛风通络的功效, 常用于治疗头晕目眩、肢体麻木、失眠、中风、癫痫等症(陶云海, 2008; 柴锟等, 2014; 国家药典委员会, 2015)。天麻也是深受现代人青睐的保健食材, 在调理和增强人体机能方面发挥着重要作用。随着对天麻有效成分及其药理作用的深入研究, 天麻的临床需求量以及保健品用量也在不断增加。目前, 中国天麻的年出口量约500吨, 国内的年需求量约2万吨(胡一冰等, 2001; Kim et al., 2003; 张金霞等, 2013)。 天麻是一种无根无叶的异养兰科植物, 其种子萌发后主要依靠分解侵入其体内的蜜环菌菌丝获得营养。 天麻及其共生菌主要分布于亚热带、温带及寒温带的山地, 主要产自亚洲东部的中国、韩国、日本和俄罗斯远东地区, 产量以中国最多。野生天麻品质较好, 但是多年来遭到过度采挖, 其资源日见枯竭, 如今市场上的天麻多来源于人工栽培。目前在天麻栽培生产过程中仍存在许多问题, 如天麻、萌发菌和蜜环菌品种退化, 栽培密集导致减产, 菌材利用种类少, 种群种类失衡等, 导致天麻的产量远远跟不上市场需求, 严重影响天麻的产业发展(王丽馥和周常霞, 2013; 徐锦堂, 2013; 胡荣丽, 2015)。近年来有很多国内外研究均表明环境因子对植物生长和分布具有重要影响, 如土壤条件影响植物的矿质元素含量、水分吸收, 土壤中微生物也会影响植物的生长及分布(Engler et al., 2011; 邵璞和曾晓东, 2011)。天麻属异养植物, 其生长依赖于蜜环菌菌丝提供营养, 但是蜜环菌的生长也会受到环境因子(如温度和湿度)的影响(孙立夫等, 2007), 因此环境可通过影响蜜环菌生长进而影响天麻生长。天麻的分布与主产区的形成是生态因子综合作用于天麻和蜜环菌的结果(彭华胜和王德群, 2007), 适合天麻生长的地区也适合蜜环菌生长, 所以环境作为生物赖以生存的媒介, 是影响天麻生长分布的主要因素。目前关于天麻的研究多侧重于其种质资源的遗传多样性、栽培技术、药理药化分析等方面, 对天麻的栽培选址研究相对较少。因此, 为了避免盲目引种扩种带来的经济损失, 通过现代研究方法预测天麻全球潜在适生区, 扩大天麻栽培面积, 提高天麻产量和质量, 是解决天麻产业发展问题的一种有效途径。 生态位模型是利用物种已知的分布数据和相关环境变量, 根据一定的算法运算来构建模型, 判断物种的生态需求, 并将运算结果投射至不同的时间和空间中以预测物种的实际分布和潜在分布(Kulhanek et al., 2011)。目前生态位模型种类很多, 本文采用常用的3个模型(BIOCLIM、DOMAIN和MAXENT)模拟天麻全球潜在适生区。 BIOCLIM模型利用已知的物种分布资料和环境数据产生以生态位为基础的物种生态需求, 探索物种已知分布区的环境特征与研究区域的非随机关系(Busby, 1991); DOMAIN模型利用Gower算法, 通过点和点之间的相似矩阵来计算目标点上环境变量的适宜程度, 最终确定物种的分布范围(Carpenter et al., 1993); MAXENT模型是将物种与其生长环境视为一个系统, 通过计算系统具有最大熵时的状态参数确定物种和环境之间的稳定关系, 以此估计物种的地理分布(Phillips et al., 2006)。目前用生态位模型预测天麻潜在适生区的研究仅限于单个模型及小范围区域, 用多个模型预测天麻全球潜在适生区的研究尚未见报道。本文通过数据库和文献检索, 收集天麻全球分布数据, 以19个气候因子为环境数据, 采用3个模型预测天麻全球潜在适生区, 比较不同模型的预测结果, 分析全球范围内适合天麻生产的主要区域, 旨在为天麻科学引种栽培提供参考, 提高天麻产量和质量。
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 天麻全球样本点 根据全球生物多样性信息数据库网络(GBIF, http://www.gbif.org/), 中国数字植物标本馆(CVH, http://www.cvh.org.cn/), The plant list (http://www.theplantlist.org/)以及文献检索得到全球天麻样本点。为保证天麻样本点信息准确, 对所获得的样本点进行严格筛选。首先, 选取拉丁名准确和经纬度信息详实的点, 剔除拉丁名错误和经纬度信息不全以及重复的点; 其次, 对于有确切地名而无经纬度的点, 进一步根据“谷歌地球”进行经纬度定位, 最终得到220个天麻样本点, 并将天麻的分布数据保存为shp和csv格式。样本年份范围为1930-2008年, 主要分布在20°-50° N, 80°-160° E, 其中中国、日本和韩国分布较为集中, 俄罗斯、印度、尼泊尔等地有少数分布点。 1.1.2 环境数据 在大尺度空间影响物种分布的环境变量主要是气候因素(朱耿平等, 2013), 因此本文采用与温度和降水相关的19个气候变量, 见表1, 其来源于世界气候数据库(http://www.worldclim.org//)1960-1990年监测数据的平均值, 数据分辨率为2.5 min。地图资料来源于国家基础地理信息数据库(http://www.sbsm.gov.cn/)。 Table 1 表1 表1气候变量 Table 1Climatic variables
气候变量 Climatic variables
单位 Unit
年平均温度 Annual mean temperature
℃
月平均温度范围 Mean monthly temperature range
℃
等温性 Isothermality
-
温度的季节性 Temperature seasonality
-
最热月份最高温度 Max temperature of warmest month
℃
最冷月份最低温度 Min temperature of coldest month
℃
年温度变化范围 Annual temperature range
℃
最湿季平均温度 Mean temperature of wettest quarter
℃
最干季平均温度 Mean temperature of driest quarter
℃
最暖季平均温度 Mean temperature of warmest quarter
℃
最冷季平均温度 Mean temperature of coldest quarter
℃
年降水量 Annual precipitation
mm
最湿月份降水量 Precipitation of wettest month
mm
最干月份降水量 Precipitation of driest month
mm
降水的季节性 Precipitation seasonality
-
最湿季降水量 Precipitation of wettest quarter
mm
最干季降水量 Precipitation of driest quarter
mm
最暖季降水量 Precipitation of warmest quarter
mm
最冷季降水量 Precipitation of coldest quarter
mm
Climatic variables are from Global Climate Data (http://www.worldclim.org//). -, without unit.气候变量来源于世界气候数据库(http://www.worldclim.org//)。-, 无单位。 新窗口打开 1.1.3 生态位模型 DIVA-GIS软件(Version 7.5)下载自http://www.diva-gis.org/download, 用于天麻分布数据集的采样以及BIOCLIM和DOMAIN模型分析。MAXENT模型软件(Version 3.3.3k)下载自http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~schapire/maxent., 用于最大熵模型预测。ArcGIS 10.1是由ESRI公司开发的一个全面的地理信息系统平台, 用于图层和数据的格式转换以及重分类等。
从每个模型的10组预测图中选出AUC最大的图作为底图, 将其转换成ASCII格式导入GIS, 进行栅格重分类, 根据不同模型预测结果的默认值, 利用自然间断点分级法(Jenks)对物种适生区进行等级划分, 得到各个模型的适生区分布图, 如图1所示。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1不同生态位模型预测天麻全球潜在适生区。A, BIOCLIM模型。B, DOMAIN模型。C, MAXENT模型。 -->Fig. 1Global areas for potential distribution of Gastrodia elata based on different ecological niche models. A, Based on BIOCLIM. B, Based on DOAMIN. C, Based on MAXENT. -->
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