Preliminary study on pollen distribution in the surface soil of the Turpan region in the southern slope of Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China
WANGLi1,2,3, ZHANGYun1,*,, KONGZhao-Chen1, YANGZhen-Jing4, YANShun5, LIYue-Cong3 1State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environment Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China2College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China3College of Resources and Environment, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China4Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, Chinaand 5Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, China 收稿日期:2017-01-21 接受日期:2017-06-1 网络出版日期:2017-07-10 版权声明:2017植物生态学报编辑部本文是遵循CCAL协议的开放存取期刊,引用请务必标明出处。 基金资助:国家自然科学基金(41572331、41272386、41372183和40601104)、中国地质科学院基本科研业务费专项经费(YYWF201627)和教育部留学回国人员科研启动基金 作者简介: -->* 通信作者Author for correspondence (E-mail:zhangygl@ibcas.ac.cn)
关键词:吐鲁番地区;表土花粉;云杉;天山;新疆 Abstract Aims Our main purposes were to analyze the relationship between vegetation and pollen in the surface soil of the Turpan region, which is located in the southern slope of the eastern Tianshan Mountains, and to compare different pollen assemblages between the Turpan region and the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains.Methods We collected 36 modern pollen samples and carried out modern vegetation survey in the Turpan region along an altitudinal gradient from 2 000 m to -154 m. Detrended correspondence analysis and Redundancy analysis were applied to analyze the distribution pattern of pollen in surface soils. Important findings We divided the pollen spectra into four pollen assemblage zones (mountain desert-steppe and desert, Gobi gravel, typical desert and salt mash vegetation), corresponding to the major vegetation types in the Turpan region. When compared with the northern slope, the characteristics of pollen assemblages in the mountain desert-steppe and desert were similar to those in the forest-steppe on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains; the pollen assemblages in the Gobi gravel and the typical desert seemed to be more consistent with those in the typical desert on the northern slope; however, no analogue was found in the salt mash vegetation. Obviously, the vertical pollen spectra in Turpan region were incomplete, lacking typical forest and Artemisia desert pollen zones. Besides, similar pollen zones in the Turpan region were found at an elevation of about 300 m higher than those in the northern slope. It is remarkable that the typical tree pollen, such as Picea and Pinus, showed their extra representation in the Turpan region. On one hand, the valley forest on the southern slope of the Tianshan mountains played an important role in pollen dispersal. On the other hand, with the cold air on the northern slope over the Tianshan Mountains, pollen may be carried and deposited in the Turpan region. The rivers feeding into Aiding Lake in the Turpan region may also contribute to the distribution of Picea and Pinuspollen. Lots of pollen studies have shown that the ratio of Artemisia to Chenopodiaceae (A/C) can be used as a good indicator of the degree of humidity in the semi-arid and arid areas. Our study revealed that A/C can roughly reflect the characteristics of the desert zone in the study area. The results of Redundancy Analysis ordination on pollen assemblages and environmental factors (mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) and altitude (ALT)) revealed that MAP was the main environmental factor affecting the pollen assemblages in the surface soil in the Turpan region and had more significant effects on the distribution of Nitraria pollen than on the distribution of Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae.
Keywords:Turpan region;surface pollen;Picea;Tianshan Mountains;Xinjiang -->0 PDF (1219KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 王力, 张芸, 孔昭宸, 杨振京, 阎顺, 李月丛. 新疆天山南坡吐鲁番地区表土花粉的初步研究. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(7): 779-786 https://doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2017.0019 WANGLi, ZHANGYun, KONGZhao-Chen, YANGZhen-Jing, YANShun, LIYue-Cong. Preliminary study on pollen distribution in the surface soil of the Turpan region in the southern slope of Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41(7): 779-786 https://doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2017.0019 孢粉作为研究全球变化的稳定代用指标, 在第四纪的植被恢复和气候重建工作中发挥着重要作用。要提高利用化石孢粉资料恢复古环境的准确度, 就必须加强表土花粉与现代植被之间对应关系的研究。近年来统计学方法在孢粉-植被-气候的关系研究中广泛应用, 不仅验证了表土花粉与现代植被之间的关系(Wei & Zhao, 2015; Zhang et al., 2017), 而且为利用现代花粉资料重建古气候提供了重要参考(Schäbitz et al., 2013; Mauri et al., 2015)。 20世纪80年代以来, 新疆地区的表土花粉研究取得丰硕成果。较大范围的表土花粉分析结果表明新疆地区不同植被带对应于不同的孢粉组合, 但花粉浓度与其植被盖度的关系并非线性关系(Luo et al., 2009); 天山中部北坡的表土花粉研究结果显示云杉属(Picea)花粉在上行风的作用下, 其分布高度的上限高于云杉林植被, 藜科与蒿属(Artemisia)花粉的分布同样受到上行风影响(Yang et al., 2016)。较小尺度的表土花粉分析结果表明: 即使在荒漠及荒漠草原表土中也有一定含量的云杉属(Picea)和松属(Pinus)花粉(阎顺, 1993; 阎顺等, 2004; 罗传秀等, 2008; Zhang et al., 2015a, 2015b)。 尽管新疆地区的孢粉研究成果显著, 但采样点主要集中在天山以北地区。由于天山横亘于新疆中部, 致使其南北自然环境截然不同, 表土花粉垂直带谱间必然存在显著差异(许英勤等, 1996; 杨振京等, 2011)。通过研究天山不同区域、不同沉积环境中花粉组合的差异, 探讨其内在的动力机制, 进而较准确地重建全疆的古气候和古植被, 为预测未来气候变化提供理论依据, 很有必要加强对天山以南地区表土花粉的研究。本文拟通过对吐鲁番地区36个不同海拔的表土花粉样品进行分析, 探讨该地区表土花粉的垂直变化特征及其与植被之间的关系, 并与天山北坡的表土花粉组合特征进行比较, 为认识全疆的古环境提供参考。
在研究区从海拔2 000 m开始, 沿大河沿河、干沟、煤窑沟每下降100 m采集36个无人为干扰的表土花粉样品(图1), 同时对样点进行植被调查及GPS定位, 最终到达艾丁湖附近。样品基本上按照海拔高度顺序依次进行编号(表1)。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1新疆吐鲁番地区表土花粉采样点。图中等值线上的数字表示该处的海拔高度, 其间隔为100 m。三角表示采 样点。 -->Fig. 1Study area and locations of the pollen sampling sites in the Turpan region of Xinjiang. The contour lines represent elevation. The contour interval is 100 m. The triangles represent sampling sites. -->
Table 1 表1 表1新疆吐鲁番地区各样品对应的海拔与现代植被带类型 Table 1Altitude and vegetation zone of all samples from Turpan region of Xinjiang
以陆生植物花粉总数为基数, 计算各属种孢粉百分比含量, 并运用Tilia软件做出孢粉百分比图式(图2)。将花粉组合中含量较高的花粉类型如云杉属(Picea)、松属(Pinus)、麻黄属(Ephedra)、白刺属(Nitraria)、禾本科、藜科、蒿属等典型花粉的百分含量作为相应植被的孢粉数据矩阵, 通过Canoco软件实现除趋势对应分析(DCA分析)。为进一步分析表土花粉与环境因素之间的关系, 本文依据研究区附近54个气象站点1960-2000年的年平均气温与年降水量的平均值, 运用1 km插值的方法(Hutchinson, 2006)建立36个采样点所对应的年平均气温和年降水量。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图2新疆吐鲁番地区表土花粉组合图式。I, 山地荒漠草原和荒漠植被带(1 000-2 000 m); II, 戈壁砾石带(400-1 000 m); III, 典型荒漠带(0-400 m); IV, 盐沼植被带(-154-0 m)。 -->Fig. 2The pollen percentages and pollen zones in the surface soil in the Turpan region of Xinjiang. A/C, the pollen ratio of Artemisia to Chenopodiaceae; AP/NAP, the ratio of arboreal pollen to non-arboreal pollen. I, mountain desert-steppe and desert (1 000-2 000 m); II, Gobi gravel (400-1 000 m); III, typical desert (0-400 m); IV, salt mash vegetation (-154-0 m). -->
2 结果
2.1 孢粉组合特征
36块表土花粉样品共统计花粉13 050粒, 分属于23个植物科属, 均为新疆地区现生植被的陆生植物区系成分。依据研究区地貌特征及现代植被调查的相关资料, 将该区表土孢粉谱划分为4个孢粉组合带I、II、III、IV (图2)。 2.1.1 I 山地荒漠草原和荒漠植被带(1 000-2 000 m) 该带山地裸露, 主要优势种有盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)、驼绒藜、短叶假木贼、猪毛菜(Salsola collina)、霸王(Sarcozygium xanthoxylon)以及膜果麻黄等。孢粉组合中以麻黄属(25.2%)、白刺属(23.3%)、藜科(22.3%)、蒿属(15.5%)等旱生草本和灌木植物花粉为主, 乔木植物花粉平均值占9.0%, 其中云杉属花粉为5.8%, 松属达3.2%。麻黄属和白刺属的花粉百分比含量均为整个孢粉谱的最高值。该带蒿属与藜科花粉的比值(A/C)较高(0.99), 乔木植物花粉与非乔木植物花粉之比(AP/NAP)却较低(0.12)。 2.1.2 II 戈壁砾石带(400-1 000 m) 该带几乎无植被生长, 孢粉组合中灌木和草本植物仍占优势(83.1%), 麻黄属(23.6%)、藜科(20.7%)、白刺属(18.0%)的花粉含量比带I少, 而蒿属含量增至17.9%。值得注意的是, Ⅱ带的乔木植物花粉含量增至16.9%, 云杉属花粉的平均含量(10.9%)为整个孢粉带谱的最高值, 此外还见到少量松属花粉等。尽管该带的A/C值下降至0.84, 但AP/NAP为整个孢粉垂直带谱的峰值(0.94)。 2.1.3 III 典型荒漠带(0-400 m) 除绿洲外仅生长少量盐穗木等耐盐耐旱植物, 但河道或沟渠旁有杨(Populus)、榆(Ulmus)等阔叶树生长, 并见牛皮消(Cynanchum auriculatum)、铁线莲(Clematis florida)等缠绕草本以及天山蒲公英(Taraxacum tianschanicum)、大沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)等植物, 植被盖度高达70%。孢粉组合中灌木和草本花粉的含量达到最高(98.4%), 以蒿属(25.9%)、藜科(25.7%)、麻黄属(21.4%)及白刺属(17.4%)为主。乔木植物花粉含量大幅度下降至1.61%, AP/NAP为孢粉带谱最低值(0.02), 但A/C值增至0.98。 2.1.4 IV 盐沼植被带(-154-0 m) 主要为芦苇-碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)盐碱沼泽, 伴生种包括盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)、白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)、盐角草(Salicornia europaea)、盐穗木、獐毛(Aeluropus sinensis)、碱蒿(Artemisia anethifolia)等。孢粉组合中灌木和草本植物花粉含量下降至84.7%, 以藜科(29.4%)和蒿属(21.4%)为主, 麻黄属(14.5%)、白刺属(10.7%)均下降至孢粉带谱的最低值, 禾本科的百分含量略微上升至4.4%。乔木植物花粉含量大幅增至15.3%, 其中, 云杉属和松属花粉含量在海拔最低处分别高达19.8%和12.4%。AP/NAP值有所增加, 为0.25, 但A/C值降为0.81。
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Characteristics of the modern pollen distribution and their relationship to vegetation in the Xinjiang region, northwestern China. 1 2009
... 20世纪80年代以来, 新疆地区的表土花粉研究取得丰硕成果.较大范围的表土花粉分析结果表明新疆地区不同植被带对应于不同的孢粉组合, 但花粉浓度与其植被盖度的关系并非线性关系(Luo et al., 2009); 天山中部北坡的表土花粉研究结果显示云杉属(Picea)花粉在上行风的作用下, 其分布高度的上限高于云杉林植被, 藜科与蒿属(Artemisia)花粉的分布同样受到上行风影响(Yang et al., 2016).较小尺度的表土花粉分析结果表明: 即使在荒漠及荒漠草原表土中也有一定含量的云杉属(Picea)和松属(Pinus)花粉(阎顺, 1993; 阎顺等, 2004; 罗传秀等, 2008; Zhang et al., 2015a, 2015b). ...
The climate of Europe during the Holocene: A gridded pollen-based reconstruction and its multi-proxy evaluation. 1 2015
... 孢粉作为研究全球变化的稳定代用指标, 在第四纪的植被恢复和气候重建工作中发挥着重要作用.要提高利用化石孢粉资料恢复古环境的准确度, 就必须加强表土花粉与现代植被之间对应关系的研究.近年来统计学方法在孢粉-植被-气候的关系研究中广泛应用, 不仅验证了表土花粉与现代植被之间的关系(Wei & Zhao, 2015; Zhang et al., 2017), 而且为利用现代花粉资料重建古气候提供了重要参考(Schäbitz et al., 2013; Mauri et al., 2015). ...
Reconstruction of palaeoprecipitation based on pollen transfer functions—The record of the last 16 ka from Laguna Potrok Aike, southern Patagonia. 1 2013
... 孢粉作为研究全球变化的稳定代用指标, 在第四纪的植被恢复和气候重建工作中发挥着重要作用.要提高利用化石孢粉资料恢复古环境的准确度, 就必须加强表土花粉与现代植被之间对应关系的研究.近年来统计学方法在孢粉-植被-气候的关系研究中广泛应用, 不仅验证了表土花粉与现代植被之间的关系(Wei & Zhao, 2015; Zhang et al., 2017), 而且为利用现代花粉资料重建古气候提供了重要参考(Schäbitz et al., 2013; Mauri et al., 2015). ...