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高脂肪日粮对早期断奶羔羊断奶前后能量代谢和屠宰性能的影响

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-26

李文娟,, 陶慧, 张乃锋, 马涛, 刁其玉,中国农业科学院饲料研究所/农业农村部饲料生物技术重点实验室,北京 100081

Effects of High-Fat Diet on Energy Metabolism and Slaughter Performance of Early-Weaning Lambs

LI WenJuan,, TAO Hui, ZHANG NaiFeng, MA Tao, DIAO QiYu,Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081

通讯作者: 刁其玉,E-mail: diaoqiyu@caas.cn

责任编辑: 林鉴非
收稿日期:2020-07-26接受日期:2021-01-8网络出版日期:2021-05-16
基金资助:国家肉羊产业技术体系专项资金.CARS-38
公益性行业.农业科研专项201303143
中国农业科学院科技创新工程.CAAS-ASTIP-2017-FRI-04


Received:2020-07-26Accepted:2021-01-8Online:2021-05-16
作者简介 About authors
李文娟,Tel:18310638772;E-mail: liwjuan1226@163.com







摘要
【目的】脂肪是动物日粮中一种重要的营养元素,也是主要的供能物质,在动物生产中起重要作用,本研究旨在探讨早期断奶湖羊公羔羊在断奶前饲喂高脂肪日粮对其断奶前后生长性能、能量代谢和屠宰性能的影响,为早期断奶羔羊健康培育提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】试验采用配对试验设计,选用出生日龄相似、体重接近、健康的湖羊双胞胎公羔30对,在7日龄断母乳,随后每对双胞胎随机分为两个处理,即高脂肪日粮组(high fat记为HF:饲喂代乳粉和开食料的脂肪水平为26.89%和5.07%)和正常脂肪日粮组(normal fat 记为NF:饲喂代乳粉和开食料的脂肪水平为15.15%和2.80%),每处理10个重复,每个重复3只羊,饲喂在同一个圈舍。在7—60日龄期间,两组羔羊饲喂不同脂肪水平的代乳粉及颗粒料,饲喂至60日龄断代乳粉。60—120日龄期间两组羔羊饲喂相同颗粒料。羔羊分别于50—60、110—120日龄按平均体重随机选择9对双胞胎羔羊采用全收粪尿法进行消化代谢试验,用于评估断奶前饲喂不同脂肪水平日粮的羔羊断奶前后两阶段能量代谢情况,60及120日龄分别按照试验羊平均体重随机屠宰9对双胞胎羔羊,测定羔羊断奶前后的屠宰性能、器官指数及胃肠道发育情况。【结果】在断代乳粉前,两组羔羊的每日总干物质采食量(DMI),摄入总能(GE)、粪能(FE)、尿能(UE)、总能的表观消化率、总能代谢率(ME/GE),空体重(EBW)、屠宰率、GR值,及除蹄重外各器官、各胃室和各肠道占宰前活重的比例没有显著差异(P>0.05);但60日龄HF组羔羊体重,DE、ME、DE/ME,宰前活重(LBW)、头重、心重、蹄重及蹄重占宰前活重的比例、瓣胃重及小肠重有高于NF组羔羊的趋势(0.05<P<0.1),眼肌面积及皱胃重显著高于NF组(P<0.05)。断代乳粉后,所有羔羊饲喂同一种颗粒料至120日龄,前期饲喂高脂肪日粮组的羔羊61—120阶段的DMI和120日龄时羔羊BW,LBW、EBW、HCW、皮+毛重、心重、蹄重占宰前活重的比例及瘤胃重显著高于NF组羔羊(P<0.05),脾、肾重有高于NF组羔羊的趋势(0.05<P<0.1);断代乳粉前饲喂高脂肪日粮不影响断奶后羔羊的能量代谢、其他器官指数及胃肠道发育(P>0.05)。【结论】在本试验条件下,断奶前饲喂高脂肪日粮可提高羔羊断奶前体重、消化能和代谢能,改善胴体重及眼肌面积。哺乳期饲喂高脂肪日粮显著提高羔羊断奶后采食量、体重、宰前活重和胴体重。总之,断奶前提高日粮的脂肪含量可对湖羊双胞胎公羔断奶前后的能量代谢和屠宰性能产生积极影响。
关键词: 高脂肪;双胞胎;湖羊;能量代谢

Abstract
【Objective】Fat is an important nutrient element in animal diet, and it is also the main energy supply material, so it plays an important role in animal production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high fat diet on growth performance, energy metabolism and slaughter performance of early weaned Hu lambs before and after weaning, so as to provide theoretical basis and technical support for healthy breeding of early weaned lambs. 【Method】Thirty pairs of healthy Hu sheep twin lambs with similar birth age, similar weight were randomly divided into two groups, including high fat diet group (HF: 26.89% and 5.07%) and normal fat diet group (NF: 15.15% and 2.80%). The lambs of the two groups were fed with milk replacer and pellet with different fat levels from 7 to 60 days old and weaned milk powder at 60 days old, and then which were fed with the same pellet from 60 to 120 days. Nine pairs of twin lambs were randomly selected at the age of 50-60 and 110-120 days according to the average body weight, and the digestion and metabolism trails were conducted by the method of total feces and urine collection to evaluate the energy metabolism of lambs fed diets with different fat levels before and after weaning. According to the average body weight of lambs, nine pairs of twin lambs were randomly slaughtered at the age of 60 and 120 days to test slaughter performance, organ indexes, and gastrointestinal development. 【Result】Before weaning, the total dry matter intake (DMI), total energy intake (GE), fecal energy (FE), urinary energy (UE), apparent digestibility of total energy, total energy metabolic rate (ME/GE), empty body weight (EBW), slaughter rate, GR value of lambs in the two groups were significantly higher than those in the control group .There was no significant difference in the proportion of stomach and intestines to pre slaughter live weight (P>0.05); The body weight, DE, ME, DE/ME, HCW, head weight, heart weight, hoof weight, the proportion of hoof weight to live weight before slaughter, omasum weight and small intestine weight of 60 day old lambs in HF group were higher than those in NF group (0.05<P<0.1), and the eye muscle area and abomasum weight were significantly higher than those in NF group (P<0.05). After weaning milk powder, all lambs were fed the same pellet to 120 days of age. DMI of lambs fed high fat diet at 61-120 stage and BW, LBW, EBW, HCW, skin + gross weight, heart weight, hoof weight and rumen weight of lambs at 120 days of age were significantly higher than those in NF group (P<0.05), and spleen and kidney weight were also higher than those in NF group (0.05<P<0.1); the feeding high fat diet before weaning did not affect energy metabolism, other organ index and gastrointestinal development of lambs after weaning (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】Feeding high fat diet before weaning could improve the body weight, digestible energy and metabolizable energy, carcass weight and eye muscle area of lambs. Feeding high fat diet during lactation significantly increased feed intake, body weight, live weight before slaughter and carcass weight of lambs after weaning. In conclusion, the increasing dietary fat content before weaning had a positive effect on energy metabolism and slaughter performance of Hu sheep twin male lambs before and after weaning.
Keywords:high-fat;twin;Hu sheep;energy metabolism


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本文引用格式
李文娟, 陶慧, 张乃锋, 马涛, 刁其玉. 高脂肪日粮对早期断奶羔羊断奶前后能量代谢和屠宰性能的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(10): 2206-2216 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.10.016
LI WenJuan, TAO Hui, ZHANG NaiFeng, MA Tao, DIAO QiYu. Effects of High-Fat Diet on Energy Metabolism and Slaughter Performance of Early-Weaning Lambs[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(10): 2206-2216 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.10.016


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0 引言

【研究意义】随着规模化养殖的提高,对母羊的多胎多产以及羔羊的快速发育也有了较高的要求。在幼龄阶段羔羊的胃肠道功能不全,免疫力低。提高羔羊的生长发育,早期断奶是关键,研究表明代乳粉为早期断奶技术提供了有力的支撑,不仅可以降低成本,促进羔羊的生长消化器官的发育,而且有利于断奶后羔羊生产性能的发挥[1,2]。日粮脂肪是动物生长发育等生命活动不可缺少的重要营养元素,同等质量的脂肪所释放的热量是蛋白质和碳水化合物的2.25倍。日粮脂肪不仅影响羔羊的能量供应,而且会影响早期胃肠道的发育、饲料的采食量以及其他营养物质的消化吸收[3]。油脂被作为脂肪来源用于反刍动物饲料中[4],主要因为油脂的添加可以降低饲料反刍动物消化道中的排空速度,延长食糜在消化道内停留时间,日粮中的营养物质得以充分的消化、吸收和利用[5]。【前人研究进展】赵天章[6]研究发现,日粮中添加2.4%的油脂可以显著提高3月龄羔羊对日粮能量的利用效率及产肉性能。AWAWDEH等[7]研究表明,饲喂育肥绵羊含3.2%的豆油或黄油的日粮可显著提高其生长性能和屠宰性能,并有改善其胴体品质的效果。【本研究切入点】目前,大多数关于反刍动物脂肪营养的研究主要集中在育肥期和妊娠晚期[8,9],而脂肪对新生羔羊的研究很少。我国棕榈油和椰子油产量大,相对乳源脂肪有价格优势,且含有较高的对人类有益的多不饱和脂肪酸。假设在哺乳阶段添加适量的植物源脂肪增加代乳粉中的脂肪含量达到或接近绵羊母乳中脂肪含量,可对母羊产后乳汁不足、弱羔等问题得到有效解决。湖羊作为中国特有的品种,每胎产羔率200%以上,因此本试验选用双胞胎湖羊公羔作为试验模型,以期在遗传背景相同的基础上研究脂肪对羔羊的影响。【拟解决的关键问题】本试验在断奶前饲喂羔羊不同脂肪日粮,旨在研究哺乳期饲喂高脂肪日粮对断奶前羔羊和断奶后生长育肥羊营养物质代谢及屠宰特性的影响,为早期断奶羔羊健康培育提供理论依据和技术支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验时间及地点

本试验于2016年8月至2017年1月在江苏省海伦羊业有限公司进行。试验周期120 d。

1.2 试验设计

选用出生日龄相似、体重接近、健康的湖羊双胞胎公羔30对,共60只,出生后随母哺乳以保证羔羊吃到初乳,7日龄断母乳进食代乳粉,采用配对试验设计,分为两个处理,对照组(normal fat: NF)饲喂代乳粉Ⅰ和开食料Ⅰ中,其粗脂肪(EE)水平分别为15.15%和2.80%;高脂肪组(high fat: HF)饲喂代乳粉Ⅱ和开食料Ⅱ,其EE水平为26.89%和5.07%。每个处理30只羔羊,共10个重复,每个重复3只羊,饲养于一个栏中。羔羊在7—60日龄饲喂代乳粉,自由采食开食料。60日龄断代乳粉后,两个处理羔羊饲喂同一种开食料Ⅲ至120日龄。

NF组代乳粉参照我国发明专利ZL201210365927.6 [10],HF组代乳粉结合羊乳脂肪含量和生产实际情况,通过添加1:1的棕榈油和椰子油制成的脂肪粉,使得HF组的代乳粉和开食料的粗蛋白质(CP)含量与NF组相同而EE水平是NF组的1.8倍。开食料参照NRC(2007)[11]进行配制。本试验日粮组成及营养成分表见表1

Table 1
表1
表1代乳粉及开食料日粮组成及营养成分表
Table 1Composition and nutrient levels of milk replacers and starters (%)
项目
Items
代乳粉Milk replacer开食料 Starter
原料组成Ingredients(风干基础air dry basis)
玉米Corn (%)47.2550.0055.00
豆粕Soybean meal (%)28.7031.4819.00
麦麸Wheat bran (%)20.0010.007.60
羊草Leymus chinensis (%)0.000.0015.00
脂肪粉Fat powder (%)0.004.340.00
石粉Limestone (%)2.562.441.60
食盐Salt (%)0.430.440.35
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 (%)0.060.300.45
预混料Premix1) (%)1.001.001.00
合计Total (%)100.00100.00100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels(干物质基础 dry matter basis)
干物质DM (%)94.7795.0493.4893.4486.79
粗蛋白质CP (%)23.1223.5320.9721.0115.35
粗脂肪EE (%)15.1526.892.805.072.81
中性洗涤纤维NDF (%)--24.7915.7321.07
酸性洗涤纤维ADF (%)--5.184.522.48
粗灰分Ash (%)6.066.547.067.066.63
钙Ca (%)1.121.151.041.031.06
磷P (%)0.630.670.520.480.45
1)预混料为每kg开食料提供:Fe 22.1 g, Mn 9.82 g, Cu 2.25 g, Zn 27.0 g, Se 0.19 g, I 0.54 g, Co 0.09 g, VA 300000 IU, VD 300000 IU, VE 4000 IU。
1) 1 kg of premix contained the following: Fe 22.1 g, Mn 9.82 g, Cu 2.25 g, Zn 27.0 g, Se 0.19 g, I 0.54 g, Co 0.09 g, VA 300000 IU, VD 300000 IU, VE 4000 IU
NF: normal fat starter, HF: high fat starter, IS: identical starter

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1.3 饲养管理

试验开始前,用生石灰和聚维酮碘消毒液将羊舍全面消毒,试验期间每周对所有栏位进行消毒。羔羊每个栏位一个重复,每只羊的活动空间约3 m2,所有试验羔羊饲养管理方式相同并进行正常的免疫程序。

在试验期内,羔羊自由采食开食料,自由饮水。羔羊在7日龄断母乳人工饲喂代乳粉,7—50日龄,按体重的2%(风干物质基础)进行饲喂,50—60日龄按体重的1.5%饲喂,每10 d按羔羊体重调整一次代乳粉饲喂量,每天饲喂3次(6:00,12:00,17:30)。代乳粉的配制,用沸水冷却至50—60℃的热水冲泡,7—50日龄代乳粉与水的比例为1:6,50—60日龄冲泡比例为1:7,冲泡后搅拌均匀冷却至(38±2)℃,倒入带有刻度的羔羊专用奶瓶中进行饲喂;每次饲喂代乳粉后用干净的湿毛巾擦净羔羊嘴周。

1.4 体重及采食量

在羔羊7、60及120日龄晨饲前称重,每天记录饲喂量及剩料量,并计算采食量。

1.5 消化代谢试验

消化代谢试验共分为两期,分别在50日龄和110日龄时选取接近每组平均体重的9对健康双胞胎羔羊,利用全收粪尿法采集粪和尿液。每期消化代谢试验共10 d,前5 d为预试期,后5 d为正试期。详细记录每只羔羊每天采食量及粪、尿的排放量。同时采集饲料、粪及尿样品。

1.6 屠宰试验

分别在60和120日龄各选取接近每组平均体重的18只羔羊(9对),禁食16h,屠宰前称重,即为宰前活重(live body weight, LBW)。待屠宰羔羊经二氧化碳致晕,经颈静脉放血。剥去皮毛,头、蹄、内脏后称量胴体重及毛皮、头、蹄重分离内脏器官,称量小肠、大肠、心、肝、脾、肺、肾等并称量记录,计算各器官占宰前活重的比例;分离网胃、瓣胃、皱胃和瘤胃并结扎,除去食糜后清洗干净,并称重记录,计算网胃、瓣胃、皱胃和瘤胃各占宰前活重及复胃的比例。用硫酸纸描绘出倒数第一、二根肋骨之间背最长肌的轮廓,并用求积仪计算眼肌面积。使用游标卡尺测定第十二和十三根肋骨之间距背中线11cm处组织厚度即为GR值。相关指标计算公式[12]:

空体重(empty body weight, EBW, kg)=宰前活重-胃肠道内容物总重;

胴体重(hot carcass weight, HCW, kg)=宰前活重-皮毛、头、蹄、生殖器官及周围脂肪、内脏(除去肾脏及肾周脂)的重量;

内脏器官指数(Internal Organ Indexes, %)=100×各内脏器官鲜重/宰前活重;

屠宰率(dressing percentage, %)=100×胴体重/宰前活重。

1.7 样品采集与测定

1.7.1 饲料样品 试验过程中每周采集一次饲料样

品,同一种样品混匀。依照AOAC[13]的方法测定:其中总能(GE)测定使用Parr-6400氧弹式热量仪测定,CP含量采用Kjeltec TMSampler 8420全自动凯氏定氮仪(FOSS)测定;代乳粉EE水平按照GB/T5413.3- 2010[14]婴幼儿配方食品和乳品脂肪的测定,开食料EE水平采用ANKOMXT15全自动脂肪仪测定;有机物(OM)、粗灰分(Ash)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)含量测定参照《饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术》[15]

1.7.2 消化代谢试验样品 消化代谢试验的正试期,每天晨饲前收集每只羔羊粪便并称重,混合均匀,并取100 g粪样加入10%稀硫酸10 mL固氮后作为混合样品。同时记录每只羔羊的总尿量,按总尿量的5%取样。收集后的粪、尿样品于-20℃冷冻保存待测。粪样中DM、GE含量以及尿能测定方法参考AOAC(2015)进行,实验仪器如前所述。通过消化代谢试验结果计算各营养成分的消化能、代谢能、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率。公式如下:

消化能=摄入总能–粪能;

代谢能=摄入总能–粪能–尿能–甲烷能;

总能代谢率=代谢能/摄入总能;

消化能代谢率=代谢能/消化能。

其中:甲烷能按GE 8%(DENG等[16])计算。

1.8 统计分析

试验数据经过Excel 2016初步整理后,使用SAS9.4统计软件Paired T-test配对T检验,以P<0.05作为判断差异显著性的标准,0.05<P<0.1作为显著性趋势判断。

2 结果

2.1 羔羊采食量及体重

表2可知,7—60日龄阶段,高脂肪日粮对羔羊平均每日总干物质采食量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。在61—120日龄阶段,HF组羔羊的平均每日总干物质采食量显著高于NF组(P<0.05)。在7日龄两组羔羊体重基本一致;60日龄时,HF组羔羊体重有高于NF组的趋势(0.05<P<0.1);在120日龄时,HF组羔羊的平均体重显著高于NF组(P<0.05)。

Table 2
表2
表2高脂肪日粮对湖羊公羔断奶前后总干物质采食量及体重的影响(干物质基础, g·d-1
Table 2Effects of high-fat diet on total DMI and body weight of Hu lambs pre- and post-weaning (DM basis, n=30)
项目
Items
组别GroupsSEMP
NFHF
每日总干物质采食量Total DMI2)(g·d-1)
7-60d233.12237.0412.550.762
61-120d907.30b1)957.17a7.67<0.001
体重BW (kg)
74.154.170.130.877
6011.6312.780.190.070
12029.28b31.40a0.910.015
1)同行间标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),同行间标无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05);2)NF = normal fat; HF=high fat; DMI=day matter intake; BW=body weight

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2.2 羔羊能量代谢

表3展示的是羔羊能量代谢相关指标,在断奶前,与NF组相比,HF组的消化能(DE)、代谢能(ME)以及消化能的代谢率(DE/ME)有增加的趋势(0.05<P<0.1),摄入GE、FE、UE、总能的表观消化率及 ME/GE没有显著差异(P>0.05)。断奶后饲喂60 d相同饲料,两组羔羊的能量代谢相关指标没有显著差异(P>0.05)。

Table 3
表3
表3高脂肪日粮对早期断奶湖羊能量代谢的影响(干物质基础)
Table 3Effect of high-fat diet on energy metabolism of Hu lambs(DM basis)
项目
Items
组别GroupsSEMP
NFHF
50-60日龄 50-60 days of age
摄入总能GE Intake (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)1.671.980.1790.132
粪能FE (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)0.270.290.0450.716
尿能UE (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)0.040.040.0040.696
消化能DE(MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)1.391.680.1410.077
代谢能ME (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)1.221.490.1260.071
总能的表观消化率Apparent digestibility of GE (%)83.6585.431.2920.212
总能代谢率ME/GE (%)73.3675.641.2140.103
消化能代谢率DE/ME (%)87.6888.530.3750.069
110-120日龄 110-120 days of age
摄入总能GE Intake (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)2.001.990.1000.905
粪能FE(MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)0.530.550.0430.629
尿能UE (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)0.050.050.0050.231
消化能DE (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)1.481.440.0780.675
代谢能ME (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)1.261.240.0700.720
总能的表观消化率Apparent digestibility of GE (%)73.6072.651.5350.553
总能代谢率ME/GE (%)62.8862.271.6430.720
消化能代谢率DE/ME (%)85.3485.610.5920.653

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2.3 屠宰性能

高脂肪日粮对早期断奶羔羊屠宰性能的影响如下(表4),HF组羔羊在7—60日龄饲喂高脂肪日粮,在60日龄时,羔羊的宰前活重(LBW)有高于NF组的趋势(0.05<P<0.1),眼肌面积和胴体重(HCW)均显著高于NF组(P<0.05),而两组羔羊的空体重(EBW)、GR值和屠宰率无显著差异(P>0.05)。60—120日龄期间,两组羔羊饲喂相同饲料。在120日龄时,HF组羔羊LBW、EBW和HCW均显著高于NF组(P<0.05),而屠宰率虽数值上高于NF组,但无显著差异(P>0.05)。

Table 4
表4
表4高脂肪日粮对早期断奶羔羊屠宰性能的影响(60和120日龄)
Table 4Effect of high-fat diet on slaughter performance of early weaning lambs (60 and 120 days of age)
项目
Items
组别GroupsSEMP
NFHF
60日龄 60 days of age
宰前活重LBW(kg)9.5811.571.5420.096
空体重EBW(kg)7.468.580.8610.238
胴体重HCW(kg)4.33b5.41a0.4240.048
屠宰率Dressing percentage(%)44.8346.691.9310.277
GR值Grade rule(mm)1.121.210.0430.432
眼肌面积Rib eye area(cm2)8.43b10.29a0.2610.001
120日龄 120 days of age
宰前活重LBW(kg)30.00b32.72a1.7390.028
空体重EBW(kg)21.19b23.19a0.7320.025
胴体重HCW(kg)14.17b15.65a1.2490.022
屠宰率Dressing percentage(%)47.0547.721.2100.207
GR值Grade rule(mm)2.332.390.0520.121
眼肌面积Rib eye area(cm2)19.1120.440.7590.119

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高脂肪日粮对早期断奶湖羊羔羊器官指数的影响见表5,可以看出,在60日龄时,饲喂高脂肪日粮组羔羊的头、心、蹄的重量以及蹄重占宰前活重的比例有显著高于NF组羔羊的趋势(0.05<P<0.1),而肺的重量显著高于NF组(P<0.05),其他器官重量及其占宰前活重的比例均没有显著变化(P>0.05)。在120日龄时,HF组羔羊的皮+毛、心的重量均显著高于NF组(P<0.05),脾和肾的重量有显著高于NF组羔羊的趋势(0.05<P<0.1),而蹄重占宰前活重的比例显著低于NF组(P<0.05),其他器官重量及其占宰前活重的比例无显著差异(P>0.05)。另外,随着日龄的增加,从60到120日龄,羔羊的各器官重量均增加。除NF组肝脏重占宰前活重的比例外,各器官重量占宰前活体重量的比例均呈现下降趋势。

Table 5
表5
表5高脂肪日粮对早期断奶湖羊器官指数的影响(60和120日龄)
Table 5Effect of high-fat diet on early Hu sheep organ index (60 and 120 days of age)
项目
Items
组别GroupsSEMP
NFHF
60日龄 60 days of age
头Head重量Weight (g)694.83793.3345.6910.084
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)7.577.010.9620.201
皮+毛Fur重量Weight (g)869.171000105.4000.270
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)9.048.630.5110.270
蹄Hoofs重量Weight (g)362.50436.6732.5680.071
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)3.843.830.2840.072
心Heart重量Weight (g)48.0257.63.1430.064
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)0.520.50.3180.684
肝Liver重量Weight (g)187.85250.558.7610.102
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)1.952.180.5300.109
脾Spleen重量Weight (g)15.8721.052.5630.112
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)0.170.190.1910.249
肺Lungs重量Weight (g)134.62b171.02a5.8610.049
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)1.431.490.5040.591
肾Kidneys重量Weight (g)39.9344.552.7720.201
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)0.430.390.2240.14
120日龄 120 days of age
头Head重量Weight (g)15001577.7844.2800.117
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)5.054.850.4680.117
皮+毛Fur重量Weight (g)2544.44b2866.67a117.4000.025
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)8.478.770.2930.325
蹄Hoofs重量Weight/g840851.1129.4600.716
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)2.82a2.61b0.4810.030
心Heart重量Weight (g)113.92b130.84a4.0330.014
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)0.380.400.2520.464
肝Liver重量Weight (g)640.94679.3510.0920.291
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)2.122.080.4480.559
脾Spleen重量Weight (g)39.242.552.1880.069
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)0.130.130.1520.761
肺Lungs重量Weight (g)348.86359.728.9540.695
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)1.171.110.4510.428
肾Kidneys重量Weight (g)107.95116.153.2910.053
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of LBW(%)0.360.360.2130.707

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表6可以看出,在断奶前饲喂高脂肪日粮的羔羊皱胃重显著高于NF组(P<0.05),瓣胃重和小肠重有显著高于NF组的趋势(0.05<P<0.1),瘤胃、网胃、大肠重及其占复胃的比例,占宰前活重的比例均无显著差异(P>0.05)。断奶后两个月,即在120日龄时,HF组羔羊的瘤胃重显著高于NF组(P<0.05),而网胃、瓣胃、皱胃、小肠、大肠重及各胃室占复胃的比例,各胃室及各肠道占宰前活重的比例无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着日龄的增长,瘤胃的重量及占复胃的比例均增加,其他胃室占复胃的比例基本不变。小肠和大肠重随着日龄增长而增大,但占宰前活重的比例减小。

Table 6
表6
表6高脂肪日粮对早期断奶湖羊胃肠道发育的影响(60和120日龄)
Table 6Effect of high-fat diet on gastrointestinal development in early weaning Hu sheep (60 and 120 days old)
项目
Items
组别GroupsSEMP
NFHF
60日龄 60 days of age
瘤胃
Rumen
重量Weight (g)160.10180.807.1110.362
占复胃重比例Percentage of total complex stomach weight(%)65.0263.562.6430.631
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of live weight(%)1.571.510.6410.729
网胃
Reticulum
重量Weight (g)24.8329.432.5600.146
占复胃重量的比例Percentage of total complex stomach weight(%)10.1810.621.3840.595
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of live weight(%)0.240.250.2270.823
瓣胃
Omasum
重量Weight (g)10.9714.782.1010.088
占复胃重量的比例Percentage of total complex stomach weight(%)4.845.521.3740.423
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of live weight(%)0.110.130.1850.404
皱胃
Abomasum
重量Weight (g)44.32b54.25a3.0090.043
占复胃重量的比例Percentage of total complex stomach weight(%)19.9620.302.1830.867
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of live weight(%)0.460.470.2850.778
小肠
Small intestine
重量Weight (g)265.03324.838.0440.073
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of live weight(%)2.782.840.4900.538
大肠
Large intestine
重量Weight (g)189.43198.355.0710.435
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of live weight(%)2.091.700.8090.204
120日龄 120 days of age
瘤胃
Rumen
重量Weight (g)697.50b791.82a106.9010.030
占复胃重比例Percentage of total complex stomach weight(%)71.8073.111.5210.413
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of live weight(%)2.342.420.3190.469
网胃
Reticulum
重量Weight (g)90.8294.3211.3810.382
占复胃重量的比例Percentage of total complex stomach weight(%)9.308.730.3630.154
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of live weight(%)0.300.290.0110.257
瓣胃
Omasum
重量Weight (g)53.3856.5915.5680.553
占复胃重量的比例Percentage of total complex stomach weight(%)5.535.240.5720.626
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of live weight(%)0.180.170.0710.751
皱胃
Abomasum
重量Weight (g)129.79138.6131.9560.432
占复胃重量的比例Percentage of total complex stomach weight(%)13.3712.921.0210.669
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of live weight(%)0.430.430.0920.854
小肠
Small intestine
重量Weight (g)584.78617.00144.0000.521
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of live weight(%)1.951.910.4120.756
大肠
Large intestine
重量Weight (g)517.34540.49128.9010.605
占宰前活重的比例Percentage of live weight(%)1.721.660.3110.551

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3 讨论

3.1 日粮脂肪对早期断奶羔羊采食量和体重的影响

脂肪是适口性比较好的饲粮营养物质,适量添加可以改善日粮的外观、散发香味,促进动物采食。本试验中高脂肪组代乳粉和开食料的脂肪含量分别为26.89%和5.07%,在60日龄之前饲喂羔羊并未影响总干物质采食量,这与CANDYRINE[17]的研究中补充油脂可以提高育肥山羊和绵羊的总采食量不一致,但与前人在公牛[18]及杂交母牛[19]上的研究有相似的结论,这可能是与日龄及品种有关。断代乳粉后,两组羔羊饲喂相同日粮,HF组羔羊采食量显著高于NF组,这说明哺乳期饲喂羔羊高脂肪日粮,能促进断奶后羔羊采食量的提高,可能的原因是断奶前高脂肪日粮为羔羊的采食能力打下了良好基础。本研究表明,初始体重一致,断代乳粉前饲喂高脂肪日粮的羔羊,其断奶重有高于饲喂正常脂肪日粮羔羊的趋势。饲喂相同日粮两个月后,HF组羔羊体重显著高于NF组,这与试验猜想一致。高脂肪组代乳粉和开食料中脂肪含量高,其能值较高,代乳粉的饲喂量根据羔羊体重比例饲喂,虽然7—60日龄阶段总采食量没有差异,但摄入的能量较高。这也与MAHGOUB[20]等的研究中羔羊采食能值高的日粮能促进生长的结论一致。

3.2 日粮脂肪对早期断奶羔羊能量代谢的影响

动物的生产性能可与很多因素相关联,营养物质的消化率属于其中之一,是营养物质在动物体内的利用率的综合表现。50—60日龄阶段,哺乳期饲喂高脂肪日粮的羔羊DE,ME,DE/ME较高,可能是由于高脂肪日粮具有较高的脂肪但其中的NDF较低,减缓了瘤胃食糜通过消化道的速度,并且此时羔羊瘤胃还不发达,瘤胃降解速率和脂肪在消化道中通过率较低,增加了其他营养物质的消化吸收,最终增加了DE,ME和DE/ME。这些发现与先前高脂肪日粮可以提高消化能和代谢能的报道[21,22]一致,说明高脂肪日粮可以改善哺乳期羔羊的消化和代谢能力。在110—120日龄阶段,两组羔羊饲喂相同日粮,高脂肪日粮组羔羊能量代谢方面与正常脂肪组一致,可能是由于随着日龄的增加,瘤胃发育较完全,羔羊自身的消化机能也趋于完善。消化器官的重量是评定胃肠道发育的重要器官[23]。肠道随着代谢能采食量显著变化,受营养水平高度影响,日粮代谢能采食量和粗饲料水平通过细胞增殖促进小肠生长[24]。在本试验中,断代乳粉前,HF组羔羊的皱胃和小肠显著高于NF组,这也与前文HF组代谢能高于NF组对应。

3.3 日粮脂肪对早期断奶羔羊屠宰性能的影响

屠宰性能指标是反映动物胴体重和产肉性能的重要指标。反刍动物的屠宰性能与动物的ADG密切相关[25]。断代乳粉前,两组羔羊饲喂脂肪含量不同的日粮,HF组羔羊的HCW和眼肌面积显著高于NF组,说明高脂肪日粮对羔羊的HCW和眼肌面积有促进作用。在肉羊上的研究表明,胴体重随着日粮能量的增加而增加[26],这与本试验60日龄的结果中HF组胴体重(5.41±0.42)kg,而NF组胴体重(4.33±0.42)kg的结果一致。而与BHATT[27]报道羔羊饲喂不同椰子油对胴体重没有影响不同,这可能与添加油脂水平及比例有关。在本试验中哺乳期饲喂高脂肪日粮对GR值没有显著影响,这与CHOI等[28]的报道的添加棕榈油或椰子油可以提高牛的GR值不一致,可能是由于断奶前羔羊的生理功能特殊性,具体原因有待进一步探讨。胃肠道是羔羊对营养物质消化吸收的部位,而营养物质的不同会改变各胃室的重量及其占复胃比例[9],HF组羔羊皱胃重显著高于NF组,羔羊在断奶前瘤胃发育不完善,由于食管沟的存在,代乳粉直接进入皱胃,这说明高脂肪日粮可能促进皱胃重量的增加。

在断代乳粉后,两组羔羊饲喂相同日粮,HF组羔羊的LBW、EBW及HCW仍显著高于NF组,这说明断代乳粉前的高脂肪处理的“后效应”能持续到4月龄。HF组羔羊的LBW,EBW和HCW显著高于NF组羔羊,该结果与体重[18]结果一致。而HINSON[29]认为后期饲料效率于羔羊断奶前的体重密切相关,体重越大则后期饲料效率越高,这种现象有利于实际操作中动物屠宰性能的提高。然而,也有研究表明补充棕榈油对牛胴体特征没有显著影响[30]。在本试验中,前期高脂肪组羔羊瘤胃重显著高于NF组,也在一定程度上说明哺乳期饲喂高脂肪日粮对后期瘤胃的发育有促进作用,但具体机制还需进一步研究。

4 结论

羔羊哺乳期饲喂高脂肪日粮可以提高50—60日龄消化能、代谢能及胴体重。哺乳期饲喂高脂肪日粮的羔羊可以提高断奶后采食量及屠宰性能,能量代谢各项指标、器官指数和胃肠道功能基本保持稳定。

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