Growth Characteristics and Key Techniques for Stable Yield of Growth Constrained Direct Seeding Rice
ZHANG HongCheng, XING ZhiPeng, WENG WenAn, TIAN JinYu, TAO Yu, CHENG Shuang, HU Qun, HU YaJie, GUO BaoWei, WEI HaiYanYangzhou University/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Jiangsu Industrial Engineering Research Center of High Quality Japonica Rice, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu
Abstract With the decrease of high-quality labor in rural areas, the rising of labor cost and the development of large-scale production, direct seeding as a simplified rice planting technology was widely used continuously. Therefore, the promotion of its stable or increased yielding was of great significance in ensuring food security in this country. According to the growth characteristics of direct seeding rice in multiple cropping area of South China, a concept of growth constrained direct seeding rice was put forward. In other words, the rice emergence and seedling growth under direct seeding were significantly imitated and affected by multiple adversities, which were caused by 100% returning the previous crop straw to the field and lower quality of ploughing and sowing in short crop rotation time. And the rice later sowing date under direct seeding method than transplanting rice shortened the plant growth duration, reduced the utilization of temperature and light resources, and imitated the rice growth, as affected by the previous crop. Thus the yield of direct seeding rice was not high and instable. For now, this kind of growth constrained direct seeding rice was widely used in production and restricted the balanced production increase in large area. Therefore, the stable yield cultivation methods of growth constrained direct seeding rice were explored in this paper. The comparison experiments were carried out with a representative japonica rice variety in consideration of more panicles and more grains in Jiangsu, and the treatments of 1.2 million, 2.4 million and 3.6 million basic seedlings per hectare, under representative simplified cultivation and sowing methods on a large scale. With the basic seedlings treatments, three cultivation ways of growth constrained direct seeding rice were formed respectively, including panicles formed with more tillers, panicles formed with both stems and tillers, and panicles formed with more stems in the experiment. The characteristics of photosynthetic matter production, yield and quality of different types of rice were systematically analyzed. “The basic seedlings of rice should be increased appropriately to increase the ratio of main stem to panicle and produce more spikelets with sufficient main stem, and then the dry matter in middle and late growth duration would be produced and accumulated more and more” was tentatively believed as an effective cultivation way for stable yield, high quality and efficiency of growth constrained direct seeding rice. The key techniques of stable yield cultivation and reasonable development suggestions of growth constrained direct seeding rice were also introduced in this paper. Keywords:rice;direct seeding;growth constrained;growth characteristics;key techniques
PDF (577KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 张洪程, 邢志鹏, 翁文安, 田晋钰, 陶钰, 程爽, 胡群, 胡雅杰, 郭保卫, 魏海燕. 生育约束型直播水稻生育特征与稳产关键技术[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(7): 1322-1337 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.002 ZHANG HongCheng, XING ZhiPeng, WENG WenAn, TIAN JinYu, TAO Yu, CHENG Shuang, HU Qun, HU YaJie, GUO BaoWei, WEI HaiYan. Growth Characteristics and Key Techniques for Stable Yield of Growth Constrained Direct Seeding Rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(7): 1322-1337 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.002
Table 1 表1 表1江苏地区种植方式对水稻生育期的影响 Table 1Effects of planting methods on rice growth stage in Jiangsu province
生态区 Ecological area
品种类型 Variety type
种植方式 Planting method
播种期 Sowing (M-D)
拔节期 Jointing (M-D)
抽穗期 Heading (M-D)
成熟期 Maturity (M-D)
兴化 Xinghua
常规粳稻JCR
机插 MT
05-28
07-31
09-06
10-26
直播 DS
06-13
08-05
09-10
10-30
籼粳杂交稻JIHR
机插 MT
05-28
07-27
09-02
10-24
直播 DS
06-13
08-01
09-07
10-28
杂交籼稻IHR
机插 MT
05-28
08-01
09-10
10-23
直播 DS
06-13
08-09
09-19
11-02
盐城 Yancheng
杂交粳稻JHR
机插 MT
05-29
07-26
08-20
10-17
直播 DS
06-28
08-08
09-19
10-28
常规粳稻JCR
机插 MT
05-29
07-30
08-30
10-17
直播 DS
06-28
08-15
09-10
10-24
东海 Donghai
常规粳稻JCR
机插 MT
05-31
08-15
09-02
10-31
直播 DS
06-15
08-20
09-07
11-04
JCR:常规粳稻;JIHR:籼粳杂交稻;IHR:杂交籼稻;MT:机插;DS:直播。数据引自参考文献[21,22,23],并汇总处理。下同 JCR: Japonica conventional hybrid rice; JIHR: Japonica-indica hybrid rice; IHR: Indica hybrid rice; MT: Mechanical transplanting; DS: Direct seeding; The data were adopted from reference [21-23] and analyzed. The same as below
Table 2 表2 表2种植方式对水稻主要阶段有效积温与太阳辐射积累量的影响 Table 2Effects of planting methods on EAT and SRA in main rice growth duration
品种类型 Variety type
种植方式 Planting method
营养生长期Vegetative
生殖生长期Reproductive
灌浆结实期Grain filling
有效积温 EAT (℃·d)
太阳辐射积累量 SRA (MJ·m-2)
有效积温 EAT (℃·d)
太阳辐射积累量 SRA (MJ·m-2)
有效积温 EAT (℃·d)
太阳辐射积累量 SRA (MJ·m-2)
常规粳稻 JCR
机插 MT
970a
1256a
544a
620a
516a
878a
直播 DS
836b
992b
516a
583a
476a
841a
籼粳杂交稻 JIHR
机插 MT
903a
1177a
556a
623a
549a
910a
直播 DS
761b
903b
540a
621a
506a
864a
杂交籼稻 IHR
机插 MT
867a
1288a
492a
655a
345a
759a
直播 DS
794b
1063b
458a
636a
307b
740a
EAT:有效积温;SRA:太阳辐射积累量。不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。数据引自参考文献[24],并汇总处理 EAT: Effective accumulated temperature; SRA: Solar radiation accumulation. Different small letters showed significant difference at 0.05 level. The data were adopted from reference [24] and analyzed
Table 4 表4 表4种植方式对水稻主要生育时期茎蘖数和成穗率的影响 Table 4Effects of planting methods on tiller number and effective panicle percentage at main growth stages of rice
品种类型 Variety type
种植方式 Planting method
基本苗 Basic seedlings (×104 hm-2)
拔节期 Jointing (×104 hm-2)
抽穗期 Heading (×104 hm-2)
成熟期 Maturity (×104 hm-2)
成穗率 Percentage of productive tiller (%)
常规粳稻 JCR
机插 MT
75.8
473.9b
366.6b
356.8b
75.3a
直播 DS
90.0
519.0a
385.0a
366.5a
70.6b
籼粳杂交稻 JIHR
机插 MT
50.5
329.9b
254.8b
248.2b
75.3a
直播 DS
60.0
359.7a
266.3a
254.5a
70.8b
杂交籼稻 IHR
机插 MT
50.5
380.2b
282.8b
276.1b
72.7a
直播 DS
60.0
413.4a
296.7a
283.3a
68.5b
数据引自参考文献[21],并汇总处理 The data were adopted from reference [21] and analyzed
Table 5 表5 表5江苏不同地区种植方式对水稻产量的影响 Table 5Effects of planting methods on rice yield in Jiangsu province
试验点 Test site
种植方式 Planting method
早熟晚粳 EMLJ (t·hm-2)
迟熟中粳 LMMJ (t·hm-2)
中熟中粳 MMMJ (t·hm-2)
常规粳稻 JCR (t·hm-2)
籼粳杂交稻 JIHR (t·hm-2)
杂交籼稻 IHR (t·hm-2)
常熟 Changshu
机插MT
10.5a
10.2a
直播DS
9.6b
9.3b
姜堰 Jiangyan
机插MT
10.6a
10.4a
直播DS
9.5b
9.4b
兴化 Xinghua
机插MT
10.7a
10.5a
10.4a
11.3a
11.8a
10.2a
直播DS
9.5b
9.5b
9.5b
10.2b
10.4b
9.1b
东海 Donghai
机插MT
10.2a
10.7a
直播DS
8.4b
9.8b
EMLJ:早熟晚粳;LMMJ:迟熟中粳;MMMJ:中熟中粳。数据引自参考文献[20,21],并汇总处理 EMLJ: Early-maturing late japonica rice; LMMJ: Late-maturing medium japonica rice; MMMJ: Medium maturing medium japonica rice. The data were adopted from reference [20-21] and analyzed
Table 6 表6 表6基本苗密度对生育约束型直播水稻产量及其构成的影响 Table 6Effects of basic seedling density on yield and its components of growth constrained direct seeding rice
方式 Methods
基本苗 Basic seedling (×104 hm-2)
穗数 Panicles (×104 hm-2)
每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle
群体颖花量 Spikelets (×104 hm-2)
结实率 Ripened grains (%)
千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
实产 Grain yield (t·hm-2)
2017
2018
水直播 Water direct- seeding
120
307.8c
128.8a
39638.0c
91.7a
26.59a
9.2b
9.5b
240
368.3b
120.2b
44246.8a
91.3a
26.54a
10.2a
10.4a
360
401.5a
104.8c
42079.4b
90.2a
26.46a
9.5b
9.7b
旱直播 Dry direct- seeding
120
297.4c
119.6a
35554.5c
94.0a
26.92a
8.7b
8.8c
240
353.8b
114.0b
40321.6a
93.7a
26.86a
9.7a
9.9a
360
382.2a
101.3c
38706.2b
93.7a
26.84a
9.4a
9.2b
表中数据为江苏省姜堰试验点2017—2018年试验数据,资料尚未公开发表。水稻品种为丰粳3227。旱直播分别于2017年6月8日和2018年6月11日采用扬州大学自主研发的耕种管整体机(集秸秆还田、施肥、耕整地、播种、镇压、开沟等多道工序一体化作业机)进行播种,行距25 cm,播量分别为75、135和195 kg·hm-2,二叶一心期分别按基本苗密度处理要求进行定苗。水直播于2017年6月10日和2018年6月13日采用2BDXZ-10SC(25)穴直播机进行播种,行距25 cm,穴距10 cm,每穴粒数分别为4—5、7—8和10—11粒,二叶一心期去余补缺,分别按基本苗密度处理要求进行定苗。水稻总施氮量(纯氮)为270 kg·hm-2,基肥﹕分蘖肥﹕穗肥=3.5﹕3.5﹕3,N﹕P2O5﹕K2O=1﹕0.5﹕0.8,P、K肥均用作基肥。其他水分和病虫草害管理按照水、旱直播水稻高产栽培要求实施。不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著,种植方式内比较。下同 Data in the table were collected in Jiangyan experimental site in Jiangsu province from 2017 to 2018, and were not published. The rice variety was Fengjing 3227. Dry direct seeding was carried out on June 8, 2017 and June 11, 2018 by using the integral cultivator (integrating straw returning, fertilization, soil preparation, sowing, pressing, ditching and other processes) independently developed by Yangzhou University, with a row spacing 25 cm and sowing rates 75, 135 and 195 kg·hm-2, respectively. And seedlings were fixed according to the basic seedling density treatments at two leaf stage. Water direct seeding was carried out on June 10, 2017 and June 13, 2018 by 2BDXZ-10SC(25) hole direct seeding machine with a row spacing 25 cm, a hole spacing 10 cm and seeds number per hole 4-5, 7-8 and 10-11, respectively. And seedlings were fixed according to the basic seedling density treatments at two leaf stage. The total nitrogen application rate (pure nitrogen) of rice was 270 kg·hm-2, the basal fertilizer﹕tillering fertilizer﹕panicle fertilizer = 3.5﹕3.5﹕3, N﹕P2O5﹕K2O = 1﹕0.5﹕0.8, both P and K fertilizers were used as basal fertilizer. The other managements of water, diseases, insect pests and weeds were carried out in accordance with the requirements of high-yield cultivation of direct seeding rice. Different small letters showed significant difference at 0.05 level among basic seedling density treatments. The same as below
Table 7 表7 表7基本苗密度对生育约束型直播水稻叶面积指数和粒叶比的影响 Table 7Effects of basic seedling density on leaf area index and grain leaf ratio of growth constrained direct seeding rice
方式 Methods
基本苗 Basic seedling (×104 hm-2)
叶面积指数 Leaf area index
颖花数/叶面积 Spikelets/Leaf (cm-2)
实粒数/叶面积 Grains/Leaf (cm-2)
粒重/叶面积 Grain weight/Leaf (mg·cm-2)
拔节期 Elongation stage
抽穗期 Heading stage
成熟期 Maturity
水直播 Water direct- seeding
120
3.76b
6.85b
3.89b
0.578b
0.531b
13.44ab
240
4.05ab
7.36a
4.36a
0.601a
0.549a
13.92a
360
4.49a
7.26a
4.13a
0.579b
0.522b
13.14b
旱直播 Dry direct- seeding
120
3.22b
6.65b
3.54b
0.535b
0.503b
13.04b
240
3.56ab
7.24a
3.96a
0.557a
0.522a
13.44a
360
3.86a
7.17a
3.74a
0.540b
0.506b
13.09b
表中数据为江苏省姜堰基地2017年试验数据,资料尚未公开发表 Data in the table were collected in Jiangyan experimental site in Jiangsu province in 2017, and were not published
图中数据为江苏省姜堰基地2017年试验数据,资料尚未公开发表。HE:抽穗期;MA:成熟期。图中误差线为标准误差,不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。BSD:基本苗密度 Fig. 2Effects of basic seedling density on tiller dynamics and effective panicle percentage of growth constrained direct seeding rice
Data in the figure were collected in Jiangyan experimental site in Jiangsu province in 2017, and were not published. HE: Heading stage; MA: Maturity. Error bars represent standard errors. Different small letters showed significant difference at 0.05 level. BSD: Basic seedling density
Table 8 表8 表8基本苗密度对生育约束型直播水稻干物质积累特征的影响 Table 8Effects of basic seedling density on dry matter accumulation traits of growth constrained direct seeding rice
方式 Method
基本苗 Basic seedling (×104 hm-2)
拔节期 Elongation stage (t·hm-2)
抽穗期 Heading stage (t·hm-2)
成熟期 Maturity (t·hm-2)
拔节至抽穗期 Elongation to heading stage
抽穗至成熟期 Heading to maturity
积累量 Accumulation (t·hm-2)
比例 Ratio (%)
积累量 Accumulation (t·hm-2)
比例 Ratio (%)
水直播 Water direct- seeding
120
3.69b
9.98b
15.64b
6.28b
40.2a
5.66b
36.2b
240
4.08ab
10.62a
17.06a
6.54a
38.4b
6.43a
37.7a
360
4.28a
10.82a
17.09a
6.53a
38.2b
6.27a
36.7b
旱直播 Dry direct- seeding
120
3.57b
9.61b
15.09b
6.05b
40.1a
5.48b
36.3b
240
4.01ab
10.56a
16.71a
6.55a
39.2ab
6.15a
36.8a
360
4.18a
10.66a
16.66a
6.48a
38.9b
6.01a
36.0b
表中数据为江苏省姜堰基地2017年试验数据,资料尚未公开发表 Data in the table were collected in Jiangyan experimental site in Jiangsu province in 2017, and were not published
图中数据为江苏省姜堰基地2017年试验数据,资料尚未公开发表。图中误差线为标准误差,不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著 Fig. 3Effects of basic seedling density on leaf area duration, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate of growth constrained direct seeding rice
Data in the figure were collected in Jiangyan experimental site in Jiangsu province in 2017, and were not published. Error bars represent standard errors. Different small letters showed significant difference at 0.05 level
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