地膜覆盖条件下黄土高原玉米产量及水分利用效应分析

删除或更新信息，请邮件至freekaoyan#163.com(#换成@)

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-26

徐佳星¹, 封涌涛², 叶玉莲¹, 张润泽¹, 胡昌录¹, 雷同¹, 张树兰^,¹

¹ 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100;

² 宝鸡市农业技术推广服务中心,陕西宝鸡 721001

Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Yield and Water Use of Maize in the Loess Plateau

XU JiaXing¹, FENG YongTao², YE YuLian¹, ZHANG RunZe¹, HU ChangLu¹, LEI Tong¹, ZHANG ShuLan^,¹

¹ College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi;

² Baoji Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Baoji 721001, Shaanxi

通讯作者: 张树兰,E-mail：zhangshulan@nwafu.edu.cn

责任编辑: 杨鑫浩
收稿日期:2019-10-16网络出版日期:2020-06-16

基金资助:

国家自然科学基金.31672243

Received:2019-10-16Online:2020-06-16
作者简介 About authors
徐佳星,E-mail：xujiaxing@nwafu.edu.cn。

摘要
【目的】综合评价地膜覆盖玉米的产量以及水分利用效应,为黄土高原地区玉米生产合理利用地膜覆盖技术提供指导。【方法】本文在中国知网（CNKI）,Web of Science与EI Compondex文献数据库,收集了从2000—2017年间已发表的黄土高原地膜覆盖玉米产量及水分利用文章数据,综合分析了地膜覆盖对玉米产量、水分利用及水分利用效率的影响。【结果】黄土高原半膜覆盖平均产量为9 348 kg·hm^-2,较对照产量7 059 kg·hm^-2增产33%,全膜覆盖平均产量为9 191 kg·hm^-2,较对照产量5 910 kg·hm^-2增产56%,半膜覆盖或者全膜覆盖均显著提高了玉米产量,但是全膜覆盖和半膜覆盖之间玉米产量相近,没有显著差异。另外,半膜覆盖海拔高度超过630 m时或全膜覆盖海拔高度超过900 m时,玉米增产率随海拔高度的增加而呈增加的趋势,可能与覆膜提高土壤温度有关。半膜覆盖平均蒸散量为385 mm,较对照蒸散量389 mm减少1.0%,全膜覆盖平均蒸散量为366 mm,较对照蒸散量357 mm增加2.8%,半膜覆盖玉米蒸散量较不覆膜有所减少,但是全膜覆盖显著增加了玉米蒸散量,不过2种覆膜措施的蒸散量之间差异不显著。半膜覆盖平均水分利用效率为17.3 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,较对照水分利用效率13.2 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1增加31%,全膜覆盖平均水分利用效率为17.5 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,较对照水分利用效率11.7 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1增加50%,半膜覆盖与全膜覆盖均显著提高了玉米水分利用效率,但是全膜覆盖和半膜覆盖之间玉米水分利用效率相似,没有显著差异。覆膜显著增加玉米产量及水分利用效率与其降低土壤无效蒸发量（57 mm）,提高玉米潜在的蒸腾效率有关（11.2 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1）。【结论】在区域尺度上半膜覆盖与全膜覆盖对玉米产量、蒸散量及水分利用效率具有等效性,考虑到地膜的环境污染与经济成本等因素,推荐黄土高原玉米栽培选用半膜覆盖。
关键词： 地膜覆盖;潜在蒸腾效率;无效蒸发;水分利用效率;玉米;产量

Abstract

【Objective】 Present study comprehensively evaluated effectiveness of the yield and water use under plastic film mulching for maize production, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational utilization of plastic film mulching in the Loess Plateau area. 【Method】 The published data about plastic film mulching of maize were collected in the Loess Plateau from 2000 to 2017, using CNKI, Web of Science and EI Compondex, to analyze the effects of plastic film mulching on maize yield, water use and water use efficiency. 【Result】 The results showed that, the average yield of 50% film mulching was 9 348 kg·hm^-2, which was 33% higher than the control of 7 059 kg·hm^-2; The average yield of 100% film mulching was 9 191 kg·hm^-2, which was 56% higher than the control of 5 910 kg·hm^-2; Compared with no film mulching, both 100% film mulching and 50% film mulching significantly increased the yield of maize. However, the yield of maize under 100% film mulching and 50% film mulching was similar. In addition, the increase of maize yield was significantly and positively related with the increase of altitude, which was higher than 900 m under 100% film mulching and 627 m under 50% film mulching, respectively. This was possibly ascribed to the increase of soil temperature under film mulch. The average evapotranspiration (ET) of 50% film mulching was 385 mm, which was 1% lower than the control of 389 mm; The average ET of 100% film mulching was 366 mm, which was 2.5% higher than the control of 357 mm, the ET under 50% film mulching and the control was similar, but 100% film mulching significantly increased evapotranspiration relative to the control, while there was no significant difference between the two mulching treatments. The average water use efficiency (WUE) of 50% film mulching was 17.3 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1, which was 31% higher than the control of 13.2 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1; The average WUE of 100% film mulching was 17.5 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1, which was 50% higher than the control of 11.7 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1; Compared with the control, both 100% film mulching and 50% film mulching significantly increased the WUE of maize. However, the WUE of maize under 100% film mulching and 50% film mulching was similar. The significant increase of maize yield and WUE by film mulching was related to the decrease of soil evaporation by 57 mm and the increase of potential transpiration efficiency by 11.2 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1. 【Conclusion】 At the regional scale, 50% film mulching and 100% film mulching had equivalent effects on maize yield, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency. Considering the environmental pollution and economic cost caused by film mulching, 50% film mulching was recommended for maize cultivation in the Loess Plateau.

Keywords：film mulching;potential transpiration efficiency;soil evaporation;water use efficiency; zea mays;grain yield

PDF (497KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex 收藏本文
本文引用格式
徐佳星, 封涌涛, 叶玉莲, 张润泽, 胡昌录, 雷同, 张树兰. 地膜覆盖条件下黄土高原玉米产量及水分利用效应分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(12): 2349-2359 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.12.004
XU JiaXing, FENG YongTao, YE YuLian, ZHANG RunZe, HU ChangLu, LEI Tong, ZHANG ShuLan. Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Yield and Water Use of Maize in the Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(12): 2349-2359 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.12.004

0 引言

【研究意义】黄土高原是典型的雨养农业区,玉米是该地区的主要粮食作物^[1]。随着土壤肥力提升^[2],水分已经成为黄土高原旱作玉米生产的主要限制因素。因此如何高效利用降雨,提高作物的水分利用效率是旱作地区研究的重点。地膜覆盖技术是一项简单有效的节水增产措施^[3,4,5],在黄土高原地区玉米种植中被广泛应用。【前人研究进展】大量研究指出覆膜具有提高降雨捕获量、抑制土壤水分无效蒸发、增加土壤的蓄水和水分回流的能力,从而提高作物的水分利用效率^[6,7,8,9],同时可以使玉米生育期缩短,增加株高以及叶面积,显著增加有效穗数、千粒重等生物产量和经济产量^{[10,11,12,13]}。同时地膜覆盖会增加土壤温度和土壤孔隙度,有利于提高土壤微生物的活性以及积温生产效率^[14,15]。但也有研究指出覆膜会导致作物减产,地膜覆盖由于提高了土层温度,使玉米的生育期提前,尽管玉米的生育后期有大量降雨,但是“卡脖旱”仍然导致了旱地玉米减产^[16,17]。同时有人指出,覆膜增加玉米产量的同时会增加耗水量,连年进行地膜覆盖栽培,容易引起土壤水分的耗竭^[18,19]。地膜覆盖技术目前分为全膜覆盖和半膜覆盖2种覆盖模式,有研究指出全膜覆盖的产量要显著高于半膜覆盖^[20,21],也有研究指出全膜和半膜覆盖产量相似^[22]。不同田间试验研究结果中的产量效应、土壤水分利用由于试验的年度变异存在差异,个别地点个别年份的研究结果难以全面地评价不同地膜覆盖对土壤水分利用及玉米产量的影响。另外,地膜覆盖后残膜碎片等会造成环境污染^[23,24,25],十分有必要在区域尺度上对不同覆膜方式进行综合评价。【本研究切入点】本文通过分析过去近20年黄土高原地膜覆盖玉米发表的文章,系统分析全膜和半膜覆盖对玉米产量、水分利用及水分利用效率的影响。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究综合评价地膜覆盖技术的效应,为黄土高原地区地膜覆盖的合理利用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

在中国知网（CNKI）,Web of Science与EI Compondex文献数据库,根据“玉米”、“蒸散量”、“产量”、“黄土高原”以及“地膜覆盖”关键词,收集了从2000—2017年发表的相关文章,进一步根据雨养条件,且水分利用效率或蒸散量基于1.6—3 m土层深度估算进行文献筛选。1.6—3 m土层深度的筛选条件主要是考虑玉米根系在土壤剖面的分布,有些文献水分利用效率或蒸散量基于1 m土层深度计算,玉米利用土壤水分估算偏低。基于上述条件,最后筛选出43篇文献（附表1）,涉及黄土高原山西、陕西以及甘肃3个省12个不同地区。每个文献包括不覆膜（CK）和半膜覆盖（RM）或全膜覆盖（FM）2个处理,或者不覆膜、半膜覆盖和全膜覆盖3个处理。全膜覆盖包括全膜双垄沟、全膜起垄覆盖以及全膜平铺;半膜覆盖包括半膜双垄沟、垄上覆膜沟内播种以及半膜平铺的栽培方式。利用文章中图表的数据,构建了玉米产量、蒸散量以及水分利用效率的数据集,其中有一些文章提供蒸散量或者水分利用效率中的某一个,我们根据蒸散量（ET）= 产量（Yield）/水分利用效率（WUE）计算得出所需值。

本研究对产量、蒸散量、水分利用效率3个性状进行描述性统计分析。以不覆膜作为对照,计算产量、蒸散量以及水分利用效率的增加率。

（1）$增加率（\%）=\frac{参数_F -参数_{CK}}{参数_{CK}}$

式中,F为覆膜类型;CK为不覆膜。

为了了解黄土高原玉米生产的水分利用效率潜力,本文采用边界函数的方法研究产量与蒸散量之间的关系。具体步骤是将蒸散量的数据从小到大排序（作为x轴）,产量基于蒸散量的数据排列。将蒸散量以20 mm间隔划分,每个区段提取产量最大数据点,直至产量达到最高产量。对产量最大的数据点进行线性回归,得到线性函数,其斜率表示玉米的潜在蒸腾效率,即黄土高原玉米的水分生产潜力,横坐标截距表示玉米当季最低的土壤水分蒸发量。边界函数的方法最早由澳大利亚****FRENCH和SCHULTZ提出^[26],随后被许多****引用^[27,28,29]。

为了了解黄土高原海拔高度以及生育期降雨量对覆膜玉米增产率的影响,本研究分别将玉米增产率与海拔及生育期降雨量进行了相关分析,其中生育期降雨量以50 mm间隔划分,分段计算增产率的平均值,然后与降雨量进行了相关性分析。

数据采用SPSS18.0进行统计分析。半膜或全膜覆盖与不覆膜处理之间比较采用配对样本T检验进行分析,所有文献的半膜覆盖与全膜覆盖的比较采用独立样本T检验进行分析,同时对同一文献中既包括全膜覆盖,又包括半膜覆盖,也进行了对比分析。

2 结果

2.1 全膜及半膜覆盖对产量、耗水量及水分利用效率的影响

黄土高原地区全膜覆盖玉米产量变化范围544—15 132 kg·hm^-2,平均产量为9 191 kg·hm^-2;对照不覆膜玉米产量变化范围170—12 059 kg·hm^-2,平均产量为5 910 kg·hm^-2（图1）。半膜覆盖玉米产量变化范围3 329—16 640 kg·hm^-2,平均产量为9 348 kg·hm^-2;对照不覆膜玉米产量变化范围536—13 520 kg·hm^-2,平均产量为7059 kg·hm^-2。无论是全膜覆盖还是半膜覆盖均显著提高了玉米产量,增产幅度大于40%。不过无论是所有文献数据还是同一文献数据的统计分析均表明全膜覆盖和半膜覆盖的玉米产量没有显著差异。

图1

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图1黄土高原不同处理玉米的籽粒产量

FM,全膜覆盖;CK_FM,全膜覆盖对照,不覆膜;RM,半膜覆盖;CK_RM,半膜覆盖对照,不覆膜;FM_A（全膜覆盖）、RM_A（半膜覆盖）表示收集的文献中同时包含全膜覆盖和半膜覆盖。图中,最上方和最下方的线段分别表示数据的最大值和最小值,其中箱图的上方和下方的线段分别表示数据中25%和75%的数值,箱图中间的粗线段表示数据的中位数,箱图里面的方块表示数据中的平均数,最上方和最下方的叉号分别代表所有数据中的99%和1%的值。不同的小写字母表示处理与对照差异显著（P<0.05）;相同的大写字母表示全膜覆盖与半膜覆盖差异不显著（P>0.05）。下同
Fig. 1Maize grain yield under plastic film mulching in the Loess Plateau

FM, 100% film mulching; CK_FM, control without film mulching relative to FM; RM, 50% film mulching; CK_RM control without film mulching relative to RM; FM_A (100% film mulching) and RMA (50% film mulching) represent collected literature includes both FM and RM treatments. The upper and lower limits of each box represent the 25% and 75% percentiles parameters’ values. The horizontal line in the center of the box indicates the median. The open circle indicates mean values, and short line indicate the max. and min. values, the cross indicate the 99% and 1% values. Different lower case letters mean significant difference between film mulching and its corresponding CK tested by t-test (P<0.05); Same capital letters mean insignificant difference between FM and RM tested by t-test (P>0.05). The same as below

图2为黄土高原地区不同覆盖条件下玉米蒸散量的差异。全膜覆盖玉米季蒸散量变化范围221—511 mm,均值为366 mm;与之对应的不覆膜玉米蒸散量变化范围262—581 mm,均值为357 mm。半膜覆盖玉米季蒸散量变化范围224—604 mm,均值为385 mm;不覆膜蒸散量变化范围225—644 mm,均值为389 mm。与对照相比,全膜覆盖显著增加了玉米季蒸散量,蒸散量的增加范围-17%—32%,均值为2.83%。而半膜覆盖没有显著影响玉米季蒸散量,不过全膜与半膜覆盖之间蒸散量相似。

图2

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图2黄土高原不同处理玉米的蒸散量

Fig. 2Evapotranspiration under plastic film mulching in the Loess Plateau

图3为黄土高原地区不同覆盖条件下玉米播种前与收获后土壤储水量的差值。全膜覆盖玉米土壤储水量差值范围-173—205 mm,平均值为6.85 mm,其中有60%的年份出现了土壤耗水;而对照不覆膜土壤储水量差值范围-135—211 mm,平均值为1.90 mm,有56%的年份出现了土壤耗水,全膜较对照增加土壤耗水约5 mm。半膜覆盖玉米土壤储水量差值范围-177—253 mm,平均值为19.99 mm,其中有60%的年份也出现了土壤耗水;其对照不覆膜土壤储水量差值范围-146—237 mm,平均值为18.06 mm,其中有62%的年份出现了土壤耗水,半膜较对照增加土壤耗水约2 mm。无论是所有文献数据还是同一文献数据的统计分析均表明,覆膜与对照或者是全膜与半膜之间玉米土壤储水量差值没有显著差异。

图3

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图3黄土高原不同处理玉米播前与收获土壤储水量的增加量

土壤含水量变化是蒸散量与生育期降雨量差值,表示玉米播前与收获土壤储水量的差值
Fig. 3Difference of soil water between maize sowing and harvest under plastic mulching in the Loess Plateau

The change of soil water was difference between evapotranspiration and growing season rainfall, it means the difference of soil water between maize sowing and harvest

黄土高原地区全膜覆盖水分利用效率变化范围0.3—39.0 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,均值是17.5 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1;与之对应的不覆膜玉米水分利用效率变化范围0—29.6 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,均值为11.7 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1（图4）。半膜覆盖水分利用效率变化范围1.0—38.1 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,均值是17.3 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1;不覆膜水分利用效率变化范围0.1—38.1 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,均值为13.2 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。全膜覆盖或半膜覆盖较对照均显著提高了玉米水分利用效率,但全膜覆盖与半膜覆盖水分利用效率相近（图4）。另外,同一文献中数据的统计分析也表明全膜和半膜覆盖之间水分利用效率没有显著差异。

图4

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图4黄土高原不同处理玉米的水分利用效率

Fig. 4Water use efficiency under plastic film mulching in the Loess Plateau

2.2 玉米产量与耗水量之间的关系

图5显示玉米产量和蒸散量之间的关系,当包含所有处理的数据时（图5-a）,土壤的无效蒸发为69.3 mm,玉米当季的潜在蒸腾效率为62.9 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1;在不覆膜条件下,土壤的无效蒸发为126.2 mm,玉米当季的潜在蒸腾效率为51.7 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1（图5-b）。地膜覆盖增加了玉米潜在蒸腾效率11.2 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,减少了无效土壤蒸发约57mm。

图5

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图5黄土高原玉米产量和耗水量之间的关系

（a）所有处理;（b）对照（CK）
Fig. 5Relationship between maize yield and evaportranspiration (ET) in the Loess Plateau

(a) Full treatments; (b) control without plastic film mulching

2.3 生育期降雨量和海拔高度与玉米增产率的关系

全膜覆盖条件下玉米增产率与生育期降雨量呈现显著的负相关关系（P<0.1）;半膜覆盖条件下玉米增产率与生育期降雨量呈现二次曲线关系（P= 0.1052）（图6-a,b）,显示当生育期降雨量超过350 mm时,半膜覆盖增产率将下降。全膜覆盖和半膜覆盖玉米增产率和海拔高度呈现显著二次拟合关系（图6-c,d）,即覆膜处理玉米增产率随着海拔高度的增加呈现出先缓慢变化,之后显著增加的趋势。

图6

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图6全膜覆盖和半膜覆盖玉米增产率与玉米生育期降雨量（a,b）和海拔高度（c,d）的关系

Fig. 6Relationships between change in yield under FM and RM and growing season rainfall (a, b) and altitude (c, d) in the Loess Plateau

3 讨论

3.1 覆膜对玉米产量的影响

本研究表明,黄土高原玉米全膜覆盖或者半膜覆盖均显著提高了玉米产量,平均增产率超过40%。以往研究指出,地膜覆盖能减少土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加作物蒸腾耗水,显著提高玉米产量^{[30,31,32,33]}。LIN等^[29]对玉米产量与蒸散量间的关系研究发现,与不覆膜相比,地膜覆盖使土壤无效蒸发量降低12.3 mm。本研究发现,地膜覆盖较不覆膜减少了约57 mm的土壤无效蒸发量（图5）。另外,地膜覆盖能增加耕层土壤温度,显著缩短玉米物候期,防止玉米生育早期的冻害,并且显著增加了叶面积指数,增加生物量累积,所以显著提高了产量^[33]。本研究也发现随海拔高度增加,玉米的增产效果显著增加,这可能主要与覆膜提高地温,防止苗期冻害,增强光合作用,净光合产物相应增多有关^[34]。MBAH等^[15]指出地膜覆盖会增加土壤孔隙度和降低土壤容重,增加土壤的通气和微生物活动,从而增加根系下扎深度,扩大根系利用水分和养分空间,加快植物生长和提高产量。郭满平等^[35]报道覆膜提高了玉米的穗数,穗粒数以及千粒重,显著提高产量。WANG等^[36]研究指出覆膜可以显著增加土壤矿质态氮的含量以及作物氮、磷的吸收量,从而促进增产。本研究发现覆膜可以显著提高玉米潜在蒸腾效率（11.2 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1）,与LIN等^[29]报道的结果相似（13 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1）,这与地膜覆盖增加作物光能利用率有关^[37]。因此,地膜覆盖增加玉米产量不仅与其改变玉米生长的土壤环境有关,也与其改变地上部微气候条件有关。本研究也表明无论是覆膜还是不覆膜处理,处于边界线以下的玉米产量（图5）,可能受其他因素（如播期、品种、施肥、降雨分布等）的影响^[12,38],未能达到产量潜力。因此,在黄土高原地区地膜覆盖下提高玉米产量要综合保水、栽培以及施肥等多种优化措施。

本文通过比较文献中同时包括全膜覆盖和半膜覆盖处理的数据发现（图1）,全膜较半膜覆盖处理有增加玉米产量的趋势,但二者之间没有显著差异。以往有关半膜与全膜覆盖增产的研究报道并不一致,一些研究显示有的年份全膜与半膜之间玉米产量相似^[22,39-40],有些年份全膜覆盖玉米产量显著高于半膜覆盖,特别是全膜双垄沟覆盖显著高于半膜覆盖^[5,11,21,41]。这可能是因为在干旱的年份全膜双垄沟玉米生长旺盛、前期耗水多,生殖生长时期土壤水分严重亏缺,授粉不良,导致产量下降^[22],与半膜覆盖没有差异。而全膜双垄沟覆盖较半膜覆盖显著增产的原因可能是前者可以大幅提高地温、提高光合产物累积与转运、增加籽粒灌浆速率,进而提高收获指数^[5,21]。由于本文收集全膜双垄沟数据较少,没有单独比较全膜双垄沟与半膜之间的差异。已有报道之间的差异可能与个别研究不同年份的气候条件,如降雨年型（降雨量多少以及雨量分布）影响不同覆膜方式的玉米生长的水热环境有关。个别地点个别年份的研究结果难以全面地评价不同地膜覆盖对玉米产量的影响,区域尺度上综合过去多点多种气候年型对比全膜与半膜效应,结论更为可靠。另外,长期地膜覆盖后残膜碎片对土壤性质以及作物生长有不良影响^[42],还会造成环境污染^[23,24,25]。因此,建议黄土高原地区玉米种植采用半膜覆盖。

另外,本研究发现在区域尺度上,全膜覆盖增产率与生育期降雨呈现显著的负相关关系,半膜覆盖玉米产量随着降雨量的增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,当降雨量为350 mm时,增产率达到最大值。个别模拟研究报道玉米生育期降雨量分别为230、340和440 mm时,半膜覆盖较传统平作分别增产76%—83%、37%—43%和5%—11%^[43],表明高降雨量条件下覆膜效果降低。而大田试验发现无论全膜还是半膜覆盖在生育期降雨较少（192 mm）或者较高（417 mm）条件下玉米增产率均较低^[22]。因此,区域尺度上综合过去多点多种气候年型,其结果应该值得肯定。

3.2 覆膜对水分利用以及水分利用效率的影响

在黄土高原地区,耗水量主要包括土壤蒸发以及植物蒸腾,所耗水分的主要来源是生育期降水以及土壤播前贮水。本研究发现全膜覆盖显著提高了玉米生育期蒸散量,而半膜覆盖与对照差异不显著（图2）。这可能与全膜覆盖显著提高土壤温度,早期促进玉米生长旺盛,蒸腾剧烈,从而导致全膜处理蒸散量高于不覆膜处理^[22,41]。尽管全膜双垄沟具有较好的效果,但与半膜处理间差异不显著,这是因为不同覆膜方式都具有抑蒸、保蓄降水以及减少土壤蒸发的优点^[41],可能在玉米生长过程中全膜与半膜相比抑蒸效果并不显著。尽管本研究发现覆膜可以减少玉米生育期土壤无效蒸发57 mm,但是全膜覆盖玉米蒸散量的显著增加意味着需要有可靠的水分供应。而黄土高原地区年际降雨量变幅很大,说明覆膜作物高产的可持续性还存在不确定性。同时大多数研究基于2 m土层或者更浅的土层计算作物蒸散量,这可能没有真正反映覆膜玉米水分利用的情况,现有发表的数据可能偏低。例如LIN等^[44]指出,收获时常规以及全膜处理2 m以下的土壤含水量要低于播种时的土壤含水量,因此以2 m作为耗水量的计算土深可能低估了植物对土壤水分的利用深度。LIN等^[44]在7年的试验发现3年玉米生育期降雨量分别为344、268和361 mm,全膜覆盖收获期土壤水分低于播前土壤水分,而在其他4年生育期降雨量均大于350 mm,并没有出现明显的耗水。谢军红等^[18]指出在当季生育期降雨量低于300 mm时,地膜覆盖玉米对土壤水库出现明显的消耗,吴杨等^[45]指出在当季生育期降雨量低于350 mm时,地膜覆盖玉米较常规处理出现明显的耗水。而本研究区域尺度上的结果显示,全膜和半膜覆盖均有60%的年份存在土壤水分消耗的状况,全膜的相对耗水量高于半膜,表明在黄土高原半膜覆盖可能具有可持续性。目前缺乏地膜覆盖的长期定位试验,有关地膜覆盖的模型模块有待进一步开发,而黄土高原降雨呈现逐年下降趋势^[46,47]。因此,地膜覆盖是否是该区高产以及水分高效利用的可持续管理措施还有待于进一步综合评价。

覆膜显著提升玉米蒸腾效率,提高了玉米产量,尽管覆膜有增加玉米蒸散量的趋势,但仍然显著提高了玉米的水分利用效率。不过全膜覆盖与半膜覆盖间水分利用效率差异不显著,综合考虑推荐半膜覆盖。

4 结论

黄土高原地区地膜覆盖可以显著增加玉米产量和水分利用效率,特别是高海拔区域地膜覆盖有利于玉米生长和产量提高。这与地膜覆盖显著降低土壤无效蒸发量,显著提高玉米潜在的蒸腾效率有关。但是全膜覆盖与半膜覆盖对玉米产量和水分利用效率具有等效性,考虑到地膜的环境污染与经济成本等因素,推荐黄土高原地区玉米栽培选用半膜覆盖。不过地膜覆盖是否是可持续的高产、水分高效利用措施还有待于进一步评估。

参考文献原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子

[1]

李志军, 赵爱萍, 丁晖兵, 李科, 简毓峰. 旱地玉米垄沟周年覆膜栽培增产效应研究
干旱地区农业研究, 2006,24(2):12-17.

[本文引用: 1]

Z J

, ZHAO

A P

, DING

H B

, LI

, JIAN

Y F

. Production effect of corn under whole-year furrow-film cultivation in dryland
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2006,24(2):12-17. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[2]

摄晓燕. 黄土区主要农业土壤肥力演变研究
[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2010.

[本文引用: 1]

SHE

X Y

. Study on soil fertility evolution of main agricultural soil in Loess regions
[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2010. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[3]

王勇. 旱地玉米秋覆膜春播增产机理研究
甘肃农业科技, 2001(12):19-21.

URL [本文引用: 1]

旱地秋覆膜具有明显的蓄水保墒性能,尤其对1.0 m以内土层土壤贮水保蓄效果更为明显.玉米秋覆膜较春覆膜水分利用效率(WUE)平均提高4.88 kg/(mm·hm2),产量平均提高21.2%,产量之间具有显著差异.且随着田间地膜覆盖面积的增大,土壤保水效率(蓄水效率)增加、玉米苗期至大喇叭口期蒸腾速率提高、叶面积系数(LAI)增大,抽雄前增温效果明显,促进了生长发育.

WANG

. Research on yield increasing mechanism of autumn film mulching and spring sowing of maize in dryland
Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology, 2001(12):19-21. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

ZHOU

L M

, LI

F M

, JIN

S L

, SONG

. How two ridges and the furrow mulched with plastic film affect soil water, soil temperature and yield of maize on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China
Field Crops Research, 2009,113(1):41-47.

DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2009.04.005 URL [本文引用: 1]

[5]

王绍美, 金胜利, 王刚. 半干旱区全覆膜双垄沟播技术对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响
甘肃农业大学学报, 2010,45(4):100-106.

[本文引用: 3]

WANG

S M

, JIN

S L

, WANG

. Effect of double ridges mulched with wide plastic film on crop yield and water use efficiency in semi-arid areas
Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 2010,45(4):100-106. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 3]

[6]

WANG

Y J

, XIE

Z K

, MALHI

S S

, VERA

C L

, ZHANG

Y B

, WANG

J N

. Effects of rainfall harvesting and mulching technologies on water use efficiency and crop yield in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China
Agricultural Water Management, 2009,96(3):374-382.

DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2008.09.012 URL [本文引用: 1]

[7]

ENRIQUE

G S

, BRAUD

, JEAN-LOUIS

, MICHEL

, PIERRE

, JEAN-CHRISTOPHE

. Modelling heat and water exchanges of fallow land covered with plant-residue mulch
Agricultural & Forest Meteorology, 1999,97(3):151-169.

[本文引用: 1]

[8]

WANG

, ZHANG

E Z

, LI

F M

, LI

F R

. Runoff efficiency and the technique of micro-water harvesting with ridges and furrows, for potato production in semi-arid areas
Water Resources Management, 2008,22(10):1431-1443.

DOI:10.1007/s11269-007-9235-3 URL [本文引用: 1]

A field study was conducted to determine runoff efficiency and the effects of different ridge: furrow ratios and ridge-covering materials on tuber yield, soil moisture storage and water use efficiency (WUE) in the ridge and furrow micro-water harvesting system in a dry semi-arid region of China, during two consecutive years of 2002 and 2003. The average runoff efficiency of ridges with compacted soil (SR) was very low (24.6–28.8%) compared to that of ridges covered with plastic film (MR) (91.1–94.3%). The minimal rainfall necessary to produce runoff was 2.76–2.78mm for SR, only 0.23–0.47mm for MR. The field experiments using potato as an indicator crop showed that tuber yields in the MR system were significantly higher than that in the flat planting (control), with an average increase of 158.6–175.0% during 2years. In the SR system, the average increase was valued of 14.9–28.4% during 2years. Regression analysis between tuber yields and ridge widths indicated the optimum ridge: furrow ratio for MR was 39: 60cm in 2002 and 48: 60cm in 2003 respectively. The WUE values of potato in MR were 1.50 times greater than that of the controls in 2002 and 1.62 times greater than the controls in 2003. No differences were found in the WUE between the SR and the controls on average of 2years. Due to the different runoff efficiency between two ridge-covering materials and absence of runoff occurrence in the controls, the soil water content in the MR was higher than that in the SR, both of which were greater than the controls. With the soil crust development, the distribution of soil water at the bottom of the furrow, at the side of the furrow and at the top of the ridge, is similar between the SR and the MR.

[9]

ZEGADA-LIZARAZU

, BERLINER

P R

. Inter-row mulch increase the water use efficiency of furrow-irrigated maize in an arid environment
Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science, 2011,197(3):237-248.

[本文引用: 1]

[10]

杨祁峰, 岳云, 熊春蓉, 孙多鑫. 不同覆膜方式对陇东旱塬玉米田土壤温度的影响
干旱地区农业研究, 2008,26(6):29-33.

[本文引用: 1]

YANG

Q F

, YUE

, XIONG

C R

, SUN

D X

. Influence of different approaches of plastic film mulching on soil temperature of maize field in dry plateau of Longdong
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2008,26(6):29-33. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[11]

方彦杰, 黄高宝, 李玲玲, 汪佳. 旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米生长发育动态及产量形成规律研究
干旱地区农业研究, 2010,28(4):128-134.

[本文引用: 2]

FANG

Y J

, HUANG

G B

, LI

L L

, WANG

. Yield and growth dynamics of rainfed maize in the system of completely mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2010,28(4):128-134. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[12]

张雷, 牛芬菊, 李小燕, 豆国兰, 李德仁. 旱地全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜对玉米产量和水分利用率的影响
中国农学通报, 2010,26(22):142-145.

URL [本文引用: 2]

Studys have been done on effects of planting in furrow and whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges in autumn on yield of cron production and water use efficiency in dry lands with process indices of diminishing useless evaporation of soil water in winter and spring. Soil moisture content has been raised and the economic trait of corn has been improved by use of techniques of whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows in dry lands.The result displayed that the way of planting in furrow and whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges in autumn reduced the useless evaporation of soil water in winter and spring，increased soil moisture content and economic trait of corn remarkablely;The yield of corn production increased 16.13% and 46.08% compare with those of whole plastic-film mulching on double ridgesin before sowing and routine method of semi-mulching as well as production rate of soil water raised 34.5% and 57.8%,respectively.

ZHANG

, NIU

F J

, LI

X Y

, DOU

G L

, LI

D R

. Effects of planting in furrow and whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges in autumn on yield index of corn production and water use efficiency in dry lands
Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2010,26(22):142-145. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 2]

任新茂, 孙东宝, 王庆锁. 覆膜和种植密度对旱作春玉米产量和蒸散量的影响
农业机械学报, 2017,48(1):206-211.

[本文引用: 1]

REN

X M

, SUN

D B

, WANG

Q S

. Effects of plastic film mulching and plant density on yield and evapotranspiration of rainfed spring maize
Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2017,48(1):206-211. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[14]

朱琳, 李世清. 地表覆盖对玉米籽粒氮素积累和干物质转移“源-库”过程的影响
中国农业科学, 2017,50(13):2528-2537.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.13.012 URL [本文引用: 1]

【Objective】A field study on dryland spring maize in three treatments was conducted to explore the source-sink relationship between nitrogen accumulation and dry matter transfer in different mulching treatments on the Changwu Tableland of the Loess Plateau in northwest China. 【Method】The light energy capture and soil temperature in treatments of plastic film mulching, gravel mulching, and no mulching (CK) were observed, and dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation were analyzed through two years.【Result】The effective accumulated temperature of the plastic film mulching was significantly higher than that of the CK treatment, but no significant differences compared with gravel mulching treatment. The radiation utilization efficiency of the plastic film mulching treatment was significantly higher than that of the other treatments. The accumulated temperature production efficiency of plastic film mulching treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments, the difference of its radiation production efficiency with other treatments was not obvious in 2010, and however, its radiation production efficiency was significantly higher than that of CK treatment and lower than that of gravel mulching treatment in 2011. The dry matter transfer amount of stem and leaf sheath reached the maximum. The contribution rate of soil surface mulching to dry matter transfer and its impacts on dry matter transfer rate were not significant. At reproductive growth stage, the single grain weight of corn grain increased with growth of corn. However, the number of single grain decreased instead. Under the condition of plastic film mulching, the weight and number of single grain in harvest time were higher than that in other treatments. Within 30 days after silking, the average nitrogen content of corn grain in plastic film mulching was significantly higher than that in gravel mulching and CK treatments; within 30 days after grain filling and up to mature period, the difference of nitrogen content in corn grains was not significant and the nitrogen content in plastic film mulching treatment was slightly higher than that in gravel mulching and CK treatments. As the difference in dry weight of corn grains, the nitrogen accumulation amount in plastic film mulching was significantly higher than that in grave mulching and CK treatments. The mulching treatment had effectively increased the nitrogen accumulation of grains in upper, middle and lower parts of corn ear; the nitrogen accumulation amount of grains in each parts of corn ear in plastic film mulching treatment was significantly higher than that in gravel and CK treatments. The dry matter transfer amount and contribution rate to dry matter transfer were positively related to the volume and weight of single grain and effective accumulated temperature, which reached at a significant level; however, although the dry matter transfer amount and contribution rate to dry matter transfer were positively related to the number of single grain, the fractional interception of photosynthesis active radiation and production efficiency of accumulated temperature and radiation, it did not reach at a significant level. The plastic film mulching increased the dry matter accumulation capacity based on the number of single grains, and dry weight of ear grain to facilitate nitrogen accumulation of corn grains, improve the nitrogen use efficiency and increase production.【Conclusion】The plastic mulching promoted the accumulation of nitrogen and improved the utilization efficiency of nitrogen, thus improved the yield of maize on the Loess Plateau.

ZHU

, LI

S Q

. Effect of soil surface mulching on the maize source-sink relationship of nitrogen accumulation and dry matter transfer
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017,50(13):2528-2537. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.13.012 URL [本文引用: 1]

MBAH

C N

, NWITE

J N

, NJOKU

, IBEH

L M

, IGWE

T S

. Physical properties of an ultisol under plastic film and no-mulches and their effect on the yield of maize
World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2010,6(2):160-165.

[本文引用: 2]

[16]

梁鸡保, 贺晓, 张霞, 冯佰利. 陕北旱作区不同覆盖方式对春玉米土壤水分及产量的影响
陕西农业科学, 2014,60(8):1-3.

[本文引用: 1]

LIANG

J B

, HE

, ZHANG

, FENG

B L

. Effects of different mulching methods on soil moisture and yield of spring maize in arid of northern Shaanxi
Shaanxi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2014,60(8):1-3. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[17]

张冬梅, 池宝亮, 黄学芳, 刘恩科, 张健. 地膜覆盖导致旱地玉米减产的负面影响
农业工程学报, 2008,24(4):99-102.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHANG

D M

, CHI

B L

, HUANG

X F

, LIU

E K

, ZHANG

. Analysis of adverse effects on maize yield decrease resulted from plastic film mulching in dryland
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2008,24(4):99-102. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[18]

谢军红, 柴强, 李玲玲, 张仁陟, 牛伊宁, 罗珠珠, 蔡立群. 黄土高原半干旱区不同覆膜连作玉米产量的水分承载时限研究
中国农业科学, 2015,48(8):1558-1568.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.08.10 URL [本文引用: 2]

【Objective】 The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of continuous maize cropping under different plastic film mulching modes on the yield, water consumption, and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize, uncover the mechanism of increase production and water use efficiency under different plastic film mulching patterns. It is also to ascertain time limitation for continuous maize cropping for sustainable and efficient water use. 【Method】 Based on the field experiment, quantization of soil water balance between years and maize yield stability was determined. Maize continuous cropping time limitation was determined by continuous high yield and no appearance of soil desiccation in harvesting period.【Result】Under 3-year continuous cropping conditions, the results showed that completely film mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting had significant effects on increasing maize yield and WUE, and was of benefit to the water demand of maize crop at the key growth and development stage. Compared with half-mulching and flat-planting treatment, maize yield and WUE was increased by 41.8% and 33.4%, respectively. Maize biomass, WUE_b, WUE_y, total output value, net output value, output per rainfall value and input-output ratio increased by 21.8%, 12.3%, 31.2%, 27.8%, 21.1% and -3.2%, respectively; they increased by 24.9%, 39.1%, 225.5%, 1423.9%, 212.4% and 93.5% compared to flat-planting without mulching treatment, respectively. Film mulching increased the amount of water consumption in the maize whole growth period by 15.5%-29.2%, 10.0%-20.8% and 4.2%-12.6% for completely film mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting, complete mulching and flat-planting, half-mulching and flat-planting treatment compared to flat-planting without mulching treatment. High water consumption in the crop growing period made the soil water storage under three film mulching treatments decreased by 37.3%, 33.5% and 30.9% lower than the beginning of the experiment in the second year, and it was 29.6%, 27.5% and 23.9% lower in the third year, this continuous soil water decrease practice resulted in soil water deficiency. With the prolongation of the time of continuous cultivation, soil desiccation appeared and has a negative effect on soil water sustainable use.【Conclusion】Under the same rainfall conditions, the completely mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting had a significant effect on increasing the yield, benefit and the WUE. Taking the sustainable use of water into account, 2 years is a suitable period of continuous cropping for the completely mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting, and 3 years is a suitable period of continuous cropping for complete mulching and flat-planting, half-mulching and flat-planting, flat-planting without mulching, respectively, in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau.

XIE

J H

, CHAI

, LI

L L

, ZHANG

R S

, NIU

Y N

, LUO

Z Z

, CAI

L Q

. The time loading limitation of continuous cropping maize yield under different plastic film mulching modes in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau of China
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015,48(8):1558-1568. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.08.10 URL [本文引用: 2]

郭天文, 谢永春, 张平良, 刘晓伟, 姜小凤. 不同种植和施肥方式对旱地春玉米土壤水分含量及其水分利用效率的影响
水土保持学报, 2015,29(5):231-238.

[本文引用: 1]

GUO

T W

, XIE

Y C

, ZHANG

P L

, LIU

X W

, JIANG

X F

. Effects of different patterns of planting and fertilization on soil moisture and water use efficiency of spring maize on dryland
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015,29(5):231-238. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[20]

李荣, 王敏, 贾志宽, 侯贤清, 杨宝平, 韩清芳, 聂俊峰, 张睿. 渭北旱塬区不同沟垄覆盖模式对春玉米土壤温度、水分及产量的影响
农业工程学报, 2012,28(2):106-113.

URL [本文引用: 1]

In order to improve rainfall utilization efficiency and increase water availability for crops in dry farming area, a field experiment was conducted in 2007-2010 at Heyang Dryland Farming Experimental Station in Shaanxi province of China to determine the effect of different ridge and furrow with mulching cultivation patterns on soil water, soil temperature, yield of spring maize, and economic returns. The ridges were covered with common plastic film in all treatments, while different furrows were mulched with common plastic film, biodegradable film, corn straw, liquid film and uncovering, respectively. The flat plot without mulch was used as the control. The results obtained in a four-year experiment showed that, at the seedling stage of maize, the average temperature in 5-25 cm soil layer under common plastic film and biodegradable film were 2.4℃ and 2.1℃ higher than that of the control respectively. In contrast, the temperature under corn straw covering was 1.7℃ lower than that of the control. Besides, the different rainwater harvesting treatments could improve soil moisture in the early growth of maize. There was no difference in the soil moisture level between corn straw, liquid film, uncovering and the control during the middle and late growth of maize. However, the soil moisture of common plastic film and biodegradable film in deep soil layer were lower than that of the control. Compared with the control, the 4-year average maize yield with biodegradable film, common plastic film, and corn straw mulching significantly increased by 35.2%, 34.7% and 33.6%, and the average water use efficiency increased by 30.6%, 30.2% and 28.6%, respectively. The total net income with corn straw mulching was the highest, followed by biodegradable film mulching, and the total net income increased by 3 299 and 2 752 Yuan/hm2 respectively, compared to the control. It was concluded that when the ridges were covered with common plastic film, the furrows was mulched with biodegradable film or straw, not only the soil water and temperature conditions were improved, but also the maize yield and net income were increased. Therefore, these two treatments are considered as efficient for maize production in Weibei Highland area.

, WANG

, JIA

Z K

, HOU

X Q

, YANG

B P

, HAN

Q F

, NIE

J F

, ZHANG

. Effects of different mulching patterns on soil temperature, moisture water and yield of spring maize in Weibei Highland
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012,28(2):106-113. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

金胜利, 周丽敏, 李凤民, 张光全. 黄土高原地区玉米双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培技术土壤水温条件及其产量效应
干旱地区农业研究, 2010,28(2):28-33.

[本文引用: 3]

JIN

S L

, ZHOU

L M

, LI

F M

, ZHANG

G Q

. Effect of double ridges mulched with wide plastic film on soil water, soil temperature and yield of corn in semiarid Loess Plateau of China
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2010,28(2):28-33. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 3]

[22]

李尚中, 樊廷录, 王磊, 赵刚, 党翼, 张建军, 王勇, 唐小明, 赵晖. 不同覆膜方式对旱地玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响
干旱地区农业研究, 2013,31(6):22-27.

[本文引用: 5]

S Z

, FAN

T L

, WANG

, ZHAO

, DANG

, ZHANG

J J

, WANG

, TANG

X M

, ZHAO

. Effects of different film-mulching modes on growth, yield and water use efficiency of dryland maize
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2013,31(6):22-27. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 5]

[23]

樊小林, 廖宗文. 地膜覆盖土壤水热效应及降解特性研究初报
华南农业大学学报, 1999,20(1):124-125.

[本文引用: 2]

FAN

X L

, LIAO

Z W

. Effect of mulch film covering on soil water and temperature and degradability of the film (preliminary report)
Journal of South China Agricultural University, 1999,20(1):124-125. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[24]

张永明. 可降解地膜覆盖玉米试验
甘肃农业, 2006(01):207.

[本文引用: 2]

ZHANG

Y M

. Experiment on maize covered with biodegradable plastic film
Gansu Agriculture, 2006(01):207. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[25]

张金良, 宋兆杰, 张广军. 关于玉米地膜覆盖中选膜问题的思考
现代化农业, 1998(2):16-17.

[本文引用: 2]

ZHANG

J L

, SONG

Z J

, ZHANG

G J

. Considerations on selecting mulch for maize
Modernizing Agriculture, 1998(2):16-17. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[26]

FRENCH

R J

, SCHULTZ

J E

. Water use efficiency of wheat in a Mediterranean-type environment. I. The relation between yield, water use and climate
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1984,35(6):743-746.

DOI:10.1071/AR9840743 URL [本文引用: 1]

[27]

GRASSINI

, YANG

H S

, CASSMAN

K G

. Limits to maize productivity in western Corn-Belt: A simulation analysis for fully irrigated and rainfed conditions
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2009,149(8):1254-1265.

DOI:10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.02.012 URL [本文引用: 1]

[28]

ZHANG

S L

, SADRAS

, CHEN

X P

, ZHANG

F S

. Water use efficiency of dryland maize in the Loess Plateau of China in response to crop management
Field Crops Research, 2014,163:55-63.

DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2014.04.003 URL [本文引用: 1]

Owing to the critical situation of water resources and demographic pressure, improvement of crop water use efficiency (WUE = grain yield per unit seasonal evapotranspiration) in the dryland area of Loess Plateau of China is crucial. The aims of this study were (i) quantifying WUE of dryland maize (Zea mays L.) in the Loess Plateau, and (ii) identifying management practices that improve both WUE and yield. We compiled a data base of 36 sets of experiments spanning more than 20 years, where conventional practice (CT) was compared with alternatives including RT/NT, reduced or no tillage without straw mulching; SM, straw mulching; PM, plastic film mulching 100%; RM, plastic film mulching 50% or more; RMS, ridge mulched with plastic film + furrow mulched with crop straw.
Yield ranged from 1.12 to 14.6 Mg ha(-1) and WUE from 2.8 to 39.0 kg ha(-1) mm(-1); the maximum yield and WUE were achieved under RM, PM and RMS and the minimum under Cf. Practices had small and inconsistent effect on seasonal evapotranspiration, hence variation in yield and WUE were attributable to changes in both the contribution of soil evaporation to total evapotranspiration and the partitioning of seasonal water use before and after silking. The yield-evapotranspiration relationship indicated that attainable WUE was 40 kg ha(-1) mm(-1). Few crops, however, reached this efficiency emphasizing the opportunities for improvement. Implications for crop management and further improvement in yield and WUE are discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V.

[29]

LIN

, LIU

. Establishment and application of spring maize yield to evapotranspiration boundary function in the Loess Plateau of China
Agricultural Water Management, 2016,178:345-349.

DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2016.10.004 URL [本文引用: 3]

[30]

周丽娜, 雷金银. 覆膜方式对坡耕地春玉米产量、土壤水分和养分的影响
中国农学通报, 2014,30(33):20-25.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHOU

L N

, LEI

J Y

. Effect of plastic film mulching methods on spring maize yield, soil water and nutrients in slope farmland
Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2014,30(33):20-25. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[31]

刘建华. 旱地玉米不同覆膜方式栽培效果研究
陕西农业科学, 2017,63(6):17-20.

[本文引用: 1]

LIU

J H

. Study on cultivation effect of dryland maize with different mulching methods
Shaanxi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2017,63(6):17-20. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[32]

智建奇, 胡奋山, 武海丽, 马淑文, 贾志森, 郑义. 旱地玉米全覆膜方式的增产效应
山西农业科学, 2011,39(6):543-545.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHI

J Q

, HU

F S

, WU

H L

, MA

S W

, JIA

Z S

, ZHENG

. Yield increasing effect of whole film mulching mode for dry land maize
Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 2011,39(6):543-545. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[33]

孙学保, 杨祁峰, 牛俊义, 张文斌, 牛芬菊. 旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米增产效应研究
作物杂志, 2009(3):32-36.

URL [本文引用: 2]

旱地玉米不同覆膜方式以及不同时期全膜双垄沟覆膜栽培条件对土壤的温湿度、植株外部形态及产量影响的研究结果表明,全膜覆盖栽培的土壤含水量、地温、叶面积、干物质等指标均高于半膜覆盖栽培,半膜栽培又高于露地栽培;在全膜覆盖下,全膜双垄沟秋覆膜各项指标均高于全膜双垄沟顶凌覆膜,而全膜双垄沟顶凌覆膜又高于全膜双垄沟播前覆膜和全膜平铺顶凌覆膜.同时,全膜双垄沟播具有良好的增产效果,尤其全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜的增产效果更加显著,相对于露地、全膜双垄沟顶凌覆膜、全膜双垄沟播前覆膜、全膜平铺顶凌覆膜分别增产313%、9.22%、17.61%、27.40%.

SUN

X B

, YANG

Q F

, NIU

J Y

, ZHANG

W B

, NIU

F J

. Effect of whole covering on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows on yield increase of dry land maize
Crops, 2009(3):32-36. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 2]

王辉, 覃鸿妮, 吕学高, 蔡一林. 不同海拔下玉米生物学干重的动态变化研究
玉米科学, 2012,20(3):51-55.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG

, QIN

H N

, Lü

X G

, CAI

Y L

. Dynamic variation of biological dry-weight at different altitudes in maize
Journal of Maize Sciences, 2012,20(3):51-55. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[35]

郭满平, 刘生瑞, 白宏鹏. 不同覆膜栽培对玉米土壤水分温度及产量的影响
干旱地区农业研究, 2015,33(2):50-55.

[本文引用: 1]

GUO

M P

, LIU

S R

, BAI

H P

. Effects of different plastic mulching practices on soil moisture, soil temperature and yields of maize
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2015,33(2):50-55. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[36]

WANG

Y P

, LI

X G

, HAI

, SIDDIQUE

K H M

, GAN

Y T

, LI

F M

. Film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping affects soil biochemical properties and maize nutrient uptake in a rainfed semi-arid environment
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2014,60(4):486-498

DOI:10.1080/00380768.2014.909709 URL [本文引用: 1]

This study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21-34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21-42% in 2008, and by 16-32% and 14-29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, beta-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0-15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5-9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15-27%) and carbohydrate C (12-23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8-36%) at harvest in the 0-20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch.

[37]

LIU

, YANG

S J

, LI

S Q

, CHEN

X P

, CHEN

. Growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.) in response to different field water management practices: Resource capture and use efficiency
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2010,150(4):606-613.

DOI:10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.02.003 URL [本文引用: 1]

[38]

SADRAS

V O

, ANGUS

J F

. Benchmarking water-use ef?ciency of rainfed wheat in dry environments
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2006,57(8):847-856.

DOI:10.1071/AR05359 URL [本文引用: 1]

[39]

李涛, 郭金锋, 赫晓岚. 玉米不同覆膜方式垄作沟灌试验
农业科技与信息, 2018,541(8):21-23.

[本文引用: 1]

, GUO

J F

, HE

X L

. Ridge and furrow irrigation experiments of maize with different mulching methods
Agricultural Science- Technology and Information, 2018,541(8):21-23. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[40]

张平良, 郭天文, 李书田, 马明生, 谢永红. 不同覆盖种植方式与平衡施肥对旱地春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响
干旱地区农业研究, 2014,32(4):169-173.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHANG

P L

, GUO

T W

, LI

S T

, MA

M S

, XIE

Y H

. Effects of different coverage cultivation and balanced fertilization on yield and water use efficiency of spring corn in the dryland
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2014,32(4):169-173. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[41]

高玉红, 牛俊义, 闫志利, 郭丽琢, 姜寒玉, 马朋丽, 马菊红. 不同覆膜栽培方式对玉米干物质积累及产量的影响
中国生态农业学报, 2012,20(4):440-446.

URL [本文引用: 3]

Plastic-film mulching is an effective yield-increasing technique in arid areas. Previous studies on film mulching have reported constant improvements in the techniques and understanding of the use of plastic-films in production systems. Different film mulching modes have different maize yield-increase effects in different areas. Field experiments were therefore conducted to determine the best plastic-film mulching technique in maize production for all regions. The effects of four plastic-film mulching techniques ― full plastic-film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows (FF), half plastic-film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows (HF), flat planting with half plastic-film mulching (FN), and plastic-film mulching on ridge and planting in side film mulch (FS) ― on leaf area, photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation, ear characteristics, grain yield and water use efficiency were compared with flat planting of zero-film mulching (CK). Cost-benefit analysis was also performed in the study. Results indicated that leaf area under FF and HF treatments significantly increased at the developmental stages but changed little under FN and FS treatments compared with CK. Photosynthetic potential also significantly increased at all stages of development under FF, HF and FS treatments. However, it was positively affected at the initial stages of growth and negatively affected at the later stages of growth under FN, FF and HF treatments. Maize ear length, diameter, row number and row grain number increased and as well lengthened ear barren tip. Although FN somewhat accelerated the increasing processes of ear length, diameter and row number and retarded that of ear barren tip, it had no obvious effect on row grain number. To some extent, FS improved ear length, row number and row grain number. However its effect on ear diameter and length of barren tip was not remarkable. All plastic-film mulching techniques increased ear grain number and 100-grain weight, but decreased ear number per plant. The highest grey correlation was noted between grain number per ear and grain yield, followed by 100-grain weight, and then by the number of ear per plant. Yield of FF, HF, FS and FN increased by 67.23%, 60.08%, 38.81% and 20.02%, respectively, compared with CK. Also water use efficiency of FF, HF, FS and FN increased by 66.43%, 59.54%, 38.35% and 19.63%, respectively, compared with CK. Economic benefit of FF, HF, FS and FN respectively increased by 85.51%, 69.58%, 36.37% and 18.69% over CK. The above findings suggested that FF treatment had the higher yield and economic advantage in the study area.

GAO

Y H

, NIU

J Y

, YAN

Z L

, GUO

L Z

, JIANG

H Y

, MA

P L

, MA

J H

. Effects of different plastic-film mulching techniques on maize (Zea mays L.) dry matter accumulation and yield
Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2012,20(4):440-446. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 3]

邹小阳. 残膜量对土壤水分运移和温室番茄生长的影响
[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2017.

[本文引用: 1]

ZOU

X Y

. Effects of residual plastic film amount on soil water movement and growth of tomato planted in greenhouse
[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[43]

REN

, CHEN

, JIA

. Ridge and furrow method of rainfall concentration for fertilizer use efficiency in farmland under semiarid conditions
Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2009,25(6):905-913.

DOI:10.13031/2013.29239 URL [本文引用: 1]

[44]

LIN

, LIU

W Z

, XUE

Q W

. Spring maize yield, soil water use and water use efficiency under plastic film and straw mulches in the Loess Plateau
Scientific Reports, 2016,6:38995.

DOI:10.1038/srep38995 URLPMID:27976710 [本文引用: 2]

To compare the soil water balance, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of spring maize under different mulching types in the Loess Plateau, a 7-year field experiment was conducted in the Changwu region of the Loess Plateau. Three treatments were used in this experiment: straw mulch (SM), plastic film mulch (PM) and conventional covering without mulch (CK). Results show that the soil water change of dryland spring maize was as deep as 300 cm depth and hence 300 cm is recommended as the minimum depth when measure the soil water in this region. Water use (ET) did not differ significantly among the treatments. However, grain yield was significantly higher in PM compared with CK. WUE was significantly higher in PM than in CK for most years of the experiment. Although ET tended to be higher in PM than in the other treatments (without significance), the evaporation of water in the fallow period also decreased. Thus, PM is sustainable with respect to soil water balance. The 7-year experiment and the supplemental experiment thus confirmed that straw mulching at the seedling stage may lead to yield reduction and this effect can be mitigated by delaying the straw application to three-leaf stage.

[45]

吴杨, 贾志宽, 边少锋, 王永军. 不同方式周年覆盖对黄土高原玉米农田土壤水热的调控效应
中国农业科学, 2018,51(15):52-65.

[本文引用: 1]

, JIA

Z K

, BIAN

S F

, WANG

Y J

. Regulation effects of different mulching patterns during the whole season on soil water and temperature in the maize field of Loess Plateau
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018,51(15):52-65. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[46]

王若安. 近50年平凉黄土高原沟壑区气温和降水变化趋势分析
安徽农业科学, 2009,37(35):17564-17566.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG

R A

. Analysis of the past 50 years' change trend of temperature and precipitation in Pingliang gully region of Loess Plateau
Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science, 2009,37(35):17564-17566. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[47]

段建军, 王小利, 高照良, 张彩霞. 黄土高原地区50年降水时空动态与趋势分析
水土保持学报, 2009,23(5):143-146.

[本文引用: 1]

DUAN

J J

, WANG

X L

, GAO

Z L

, ZHANG

C X

. Dynamics and trends analysis of annual precipitation in the Loess Plateau region for 50 years
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2009,23(5):143-146. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]