,, 刘庆帅, 员盎然, 张妍, 霍俊伟,, 秦栋,, 姜婷东北农业大学园艺园林学院/寒地小浆果开发利用国家地方联合工程研究中心,哈尔滨150030The Changes in the Contents of Ascorbic Acid and the Activities of Related Enzymes in Black Currant Fruits During the Process of Its Growth and Development
SUN XiaoJuan,, LIU QingShuai, YUN AngRan, ZHANG Yan, HUO JunWei,, QIN Dong,, JIANG TingSchool of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University/Small Fruit Development and Utilization of National Local Joint Engineering Research Center in Cold Region, Harbin 150030通讯作者:
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收稿日期:2018-05-29接受日期:2018-09-19网络出版日期:2019-01-01
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Received:2018-05-29Accepted:2018-09-19Online:2019-01-01
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孙小娟, 刘庆帅, 员盎然, 张妍, 霍俊伟, 秦栋, 姜婷. 黑穗醋栗果实生长发育过程中抗坏血酸含量 及相关酶活性的变化[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(1): 98-110 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.01.010
SUN XiaoJuan, LIU QingShuai, YUN AngRan, ZHANG Yan, HUO JunWei, QIN Dong, JIANG Ting.
0 引言
【研究意义】黑穗醋栗（Ribes nigrum L.）属虎耳草科（Saxifragaceae）茶藨子属（Ribes）落叶丛生灌木[1],果实为黑色浆果,近球形,味酸甜,营养价值丰富[2,3],是极具开发价值的寒地小浆果[4]。黑穗醋栗以富含高水平的抗坏血酸（Ascorbic acid,AsA）而著称,鲜果中AsA含量高达11.36—22.73 μmol?g-1 FW [5],仅次于猕猴桃,是重要的AsA植物源。AsA含量的高低是衡量与评价果实品质高低的重要指标之一,研究黑穗醋栗果实在整个发育过程中AsA积累量与关键酶活性的变化,对阐明黑穗醋栗AsA的合成与积累机制及培育高AsA含量的品种具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】几乎所有的新鲜蔬菜和水果都含有AsA[6,7]。AsA作为抗氧化剂和酶辅助因子在植物的多数生物过程中起着至关重要的作用[8],在维持人体健康,降低慢性疾病风险[9,10,11],促进胶原蛋白形成和骨骼发育等方面也有重要的医疗价值[12,13],因此,AsA在植物中的合成与代谢备受重视。植物中AsA的合成途径主要有4条,其中刺梨[14]、猕猴桃[15]和苹果[16]等大多数植物的主要合成途径为L-半乳糖途径,L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯脱氢酶（GalLDH）是催化AsA合成的最后一步关键酶[8]。抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）循坏再生途径对AsA含量也有一定影响[17],植物体内AsA最终含量受合成和循环再生的调控[18]。脐橙[19]果皮中AsA含量积累主要取决于GalLDH活性,而果肉中AsA含量可能取决于AsA的再生循环系统。已有研究表明黑穗醋栗果实中AsA积累主要是通过原位生物合成[20],黑穗醋栗不同品种成熟期果实AsA含量不同,差异明显,并且对其植株进行摘叶摘果处理后发现,果实中AsA含量变化幅度较小[21]。【本研究切入点】目前,对猕猴桃[22]、苹果[23]、甜樱桃[24]和刺梨[25]等果实中AsA含量以及相关的研究已经较为深入。而有关黑穗醋栗AsA含量研究仅限于测定不同品种果实中的总含量[20,26],对黑穗醋栗不同品种各个发育阶段果实中AsA含量水平,以及影响不同品种AsA合成积累的关键酶活性还未有过系统分析,对其AsA合成再生途径及调控AsA代谢机理的研究还不清楚。【拟解决的关键问题】笔者课题组前期研究表明,不同品种黑穗醋栗成熟期果实AsA含量及AsA合成相关酶活性差异较大[26]。为探明差异的原因,进一步研究黑穗醋栗果实内AsA的代谢机理,本试验选取3个不同品种的黑穗醋栗果实,对不同生长发育期果实内的AsA含量及相关酶活性进行测定,通过分析AsA合成及循环再生代谢的相关酶活性,研究黑穗醋栗AsA积累的机理,为培育更优质的品种奠定基础。1 材料与方法
试验于2016—2017年在黑龙江省哈尔滨市东北农业大学黑穗醋栗种质资源圃进行。1.1 试验材料
供试材料为3个不同黑穗醋栗主栽品种‘亚德列娜亚（以下均简称亚德）’（Adelinia）、‘布劳德’（Brodtrop）和‘黑丰’（Heifeng）,10年生,株行距为1.2 m×1.5 m,常规管理。根据果实的大小和颜色（图1）,在幼果期、膨大期、半转色期、转色期和成熟期采样,采样时间为2016年5—7月和2017年5—7月,选取2016和2017年的数据均值分析。测试样品每3棵一次重复,3次重复,每次从不同单株的不同部位均匀采集≥30个果实,新鲜果实采后迅速放入冰盒,带回试验室计数、游标卡尺测量及称重后用刀切碎混合,立即用液氮速冻,分装保存于-80℃冰箱,用于测定AsA合成代谢相关酶活性。
图1
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图1黑穗醋栗果实发育阶段
A：亚德 Adelinia;B：布劳德 Brodtrop;C：黑丰 Heifeng。下同
Fig. 1Fruit development stage of black currant
1.2 果实单果重及横纵径测定
单果鲜重：用电子天平称取,结果精确到化0.01 g。果实横纵径：采用游标卡尺测量,结果精确到0.01 mm。以上单果鲜重和果实横纵径全部观测完成后,根据每次观测记录的平均值,绘制果实生长曲线。
1.3 测定项目及方法
还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）、氧化型抗坏血酸（DHA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量的测定试剂盒及脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯脱氢酶（GalLDH）活性的试剂盒购于苏州科铭生物技术有限公司,按照说明书进行提取、测定。其中总抗坏血酸（T-AsA）含量为AsA与DHA之和,总谷胱甘肽（T-GSH）含量为GSH与GSSG之和。以上测定均重复3次。1.4 数据处理
用Excel 2007进行数据处理、作图,以SPSS 17.0软件进行相关分析。2 结果
2.1 黑穗醋栗果实生长发育动态
随着果实的发育,3个品种果实单果重和横、纵径均呈明显的上升趋势,其中膨大期上升幅度最大（图2）。3个品种成熟果中,以‘亚德’的果实最大,单果重、横径、纵径均最大,分别达到1.97 g、14.28 mm、15.17 mm,‘布劳德’次之,‘黑丰’果实最小,分别为0.98 g、12.03 mm、12.72 mm,‘黑丰’单果重仅为‘亚德’的50.25%。图2
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图2黑穗醋栗果实单果重及横纵径变化
同一品种内中不同字母表示差异显著（P<0.05）。下同
Fig. 2Changes of single fruit weight, horizontal diameter and vertical diameter of black currant
The different letters in the same cultivar showed significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below
2.2 黑穗醋栗果实生长发育过程中AsA、DHA及T-AsA含量的变化
3个品种果实中T-AsA、AsA和DHA含量在整个果实生长发育中变化相似,均呈下降趋势（图3）,其中在果实的幼果期至膨大期,果实AsA含量下降较快,‘亚德’‘布劳德’和‘黑丰’分别下降57.11%、26.95%和33.31%,而3个品种果实成熟期的AsA含量分别为幼果期的25.59%、37.67%和33.62%。‘亚德’成熟期果实中AsA含量最高,为21.28 μmol?g-1 FW,分别是‘布劳德’和‘黑丰’的1.39倍和2.18倍,这进一步证实了黑穗醋栗品种果实AsA含量具有多样性。3个品种的黑穗醋栗果实生长过程中抗坏血酸主要以还原态的AsA的形式存在,‘亚德’成熟果中DHA含量只达到AsA的21.38%。图3
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图3黑穗醋栗果实生长发育过程中T-AsA、AsA和DHA含量的变化
Fig. 3Changes of T-AsA, AsA, and DHA levels during growth and development of black currant
2.3 黑穗醋栗果实生长发育过程中GSH、GSSG及T-GSH含量的变化
3个品种GSH和T-GSH含量在不同生长发育时期表现出明显的差异,随着果实发育呈升高趋势,但不同品种升高时期或增加幅度不同（图4）。‘亚德’中GSH和T-GSH含量变化呈现先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势,均在果实幼果期处于最低水平,分别为0.10和0.19 μmol?g-1 FW,随着果实进入膨大期,GSH和T-GSH含量急剧增加,并在果实半转色期达到峰值,分别为幼果期的3.37倍和5.3倍,之后在转色期略有下降,而在果实成熟期回升至与半转色期基本持平。‘布劳德’和‘黑丰’中GSH和T-GSH含量变化模式相似,总体上均呈“M”型变化趋势。果实GSH和T-GSH含量也是在幼果期最低,不同的是在半转色期含量较低,而在转色期快速增加至最大值（图4-A、C）。图4
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图4黑穗醋栗果实生长发育过程中T-GSH、GSH和GSSG含量的变化
Fig. 4Changes of T-GSH, GSH, and GSSG contents during growth and development of black currant
3个品种GSSG含量变化趋势有所差异,其中‘亚德’和‘布劳德’呈先上升后下降的趋势,而‘黑丰’GSSG含量一直处于下降。‘亚德’和‘布劳德’成熟果中GSSG含量相差不大,分别为0.078和0.071 μmol?g-1 FW,而‘黑丰’成熟果中含量较低,为0.008 μmol?g-1 FW,仅为‘亚德’的10.2%（图4-B）。
2.4 黑穗醋栗果实生长发育过程中AsA-GSH氧化还原程度
AsA/DHA的大小代表了AsA氧化还原程度的高低,比值越高,则还原态的AsA含量越高,对AsA的积累越有利。3个品种AsA/DHA值随着果实的发育,均呈先下降后上升的趋势（图5）,其中‘亚德’果实中AsA/DHA值较高,说明‘亚德’中AsA氧化程度较高。‘亚德’和‘布劳德’果实生长发育前期,AsA/DHA逐渐降低,均在果实膨大期降至最低,分别为2.82、1.93,在果实半转色期和转色期持续增加,在果实转色期达到最大值,分别为果实膨大期的1.71和1.35倍,之后在果实成熟期缓慢降低,但品种内差异不显著（图5）。而‘黑丰’果实中的AsA/DHA比值在果实半转色期降低至最低值（1.45）,果实成熟期的AsA/DHA值为果实半转色期的1.39倍。图5
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图5黑穗醋栗果实生长发育过程中AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSH值的变化
Fig. 5Changes of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSH ratios during growth and development of black currant
GSH/GSSG值用来衡量谷胱甘肽氧化还原状态,通常使用GSH/GSSG值来反应AsA-GSH循环在AsA生成中所起的重要作用。3个品种GSH/GSSG值变化趋势有所不同（图5）,随着果实的发育,在‘亚德’和‘黑丰’中总体呈上升趋势,而‘布劳德’在果实半转色期有一个明显的下降趋势。在‘亚德’和‘黑丰’果实的整个发育时期,GSH/GSSG值均在幼果期最低,之后持续提高,说明此时GSH含量呈上升趋势,再生能力增强,合成能力有所减缓,在果实成熟期达到最大,分别为果实幼果期的6.54倍和2.81倍。‘布劳德’中GSH/GSSG值在半转色期最低,之后迅速上升,至成熟期达到9.27。
2.5 黑穗醋栗生长发育过程中AsA-GSH循坏代谢相关酶活性的变化
3个品种APX活性变化趋势基本一致,均在幼果期达到峰值,此时‘亚德’‘布劳德’和‘黑丰’APX活性分别为0.85、0.63和0.56 μmol?min-1?g-1 FW （图6-A）,到果实半转色期后3个品种中APX活性分别降至果实幼果期的23.73%、25.24%和23.43%,APX活性的降低有助于确保AsA含量的积累与稳定。从品种间来看,‘亚德’果实中APX活性较高,其他两个品种相差不大。图6
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图6黑穗醋栗果实生长发育过程中AsA-GSH循环酶活性的变化
Fig. 6Changes of AsA-GSH cycle enzyme activity during growth and development of black currant
3个品种果实生长发育过程中DHAR和MDHAR活性总体变化趋势基本一致,均呈“M”型的变化（图6-B、C）,即先增加后降低再增加再降低的形式。3个品种果实DHAR活性均在果实膨大期最高,‘亚德’‘布劳德’和‘黑丰’分别为0.32、0.43和0.40 μmol?min-1?g-1 FW,之后随着果实的生长而下降,‘布劳德’和‘黑丰’在转色期有轻微的回升,随后均随着果实的成熟降至最低,成熟期酶活性分别比膨大期下降了56.25%、51.16%和42.50%。同时,3个品种果实MDHAR活性均在膨大期达到峰值,分别为0.14、0.15和0.35 μmol?min-1?g-1 FW,在果实成熟期降到最低值,仅分别为果实膨大期的6.93%、54.22%和9.11%。相较于DHAR活性大小,不同品种不同时期果实中MDHAR活性均明显低于DHAR活性。
3个品种果实生长发育过程中GR活性均呈下降趋势（图6-D）,都表现为幼果期酶活性最高,之后逐渐下降,并于果实成熟期时降至最低值,此时‘亚德’‘布劳德’和‘黑丰’GR活性分别下降至果实幼果期的12.79%、34.31%和28.92%,‘亚德’GR活性下降幅度最大。同时,也发现果实中GR活性的变化趋势与APX的变化趋势相似。AsA-GSH循坏代谢相关酶活性均在果实幼果期相对较高,说明在黑穗醋栗果实生长发育初期再生循环对AsA含量积累的影响较大。
2.6 黑穗醋栗果实生长发育过程中GalLDH活性变化
3个品种果实生长发育过程中GalLDH活性存在明显的差异（图7）,其中,‘亚德’幼果期GalLDH活性最高。GalLDH的活性变化趋势在‘亚德’和‘布劳德’中较为相似,均是在幼果期活性相对较高,分别为4.07和2.69 μmol?min-1?g-1 FW,这也是果实内AsA含量迅速积累的时期,随着果实的发育,在果实膨大期迅速下降,之后表现为缓慢下降,并在果实成熟期降到最低,分别为幼果期的38.1%和35.83%,且GalLDH活性变化趋势与果实生长发育过程中AsA含量的变化趋势相一致,这说明GalLDH在黑穗醋栗果实AsA合成途径中起着关键作用。图7
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图7黑穗醋栗果实生长发育过程中GalLDH活性的变化
Fig. 7Changes of GalLDH activity during growth and development of black currant
‘黑丰’果实生长发育过程中,GalLDH活性呈先增加后下降的变化趋势,在果实进入膨大期后,GalLDH活性开始迅速增加,至半转色期达到最大值,而在转色期又迅速下降,至成熟期降至最低,为1.45 μmol?min-1?g-1 FW,这与另外两个品种果实生长发育过程中AsA含量的变化趋势存在较大差异。从品种间来看,‘亚德’GalLDH活性在幼果期和成熟期均高于其他两个品种。
2.7 黑穗醋栗果实生长发育过程中AsA合成代谢相关指标间的相关性
通过对果实（以‘亚德’为例,另外两个品种与‘亚德’类似）不同生长发育时期相关酶活性和果实中AsA含量进行相关性分析发现（表1）,在‘亚德’果实生长发育过程中,AsA和GSH的氧化还原状态显示出显著的一致性,AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG的相关系数为0.918。T-AsA、AsA和DHA含量与GalLDH、MDHAR和DHAR活性分别呈极显著正相关,相关系数达0.91以上,与GSSG含量显著正相关,相关系数达0.71以上。GSSG含量与MDHAR酶活性呈显著正相关,GSH/GSSG比值与MDHAR和GR活性呈显著负相关。APX与GR之间呈现出极显著的正相关性,相关系数为0.929,与AsA/DHA、T-GSH、GSH、GSSG和GSH/GSSG呈极显著负相关,与MDHAR呈负相关。MDHAR和DHAR两者之间极显著正相关。可见,AsA合成途径中的GalLDH,AsA-GSH循环途径中的MDHAR和DHAR对黑穗醋栗果实AsA含量起了关键作用,其中GalLDH是AsA合成关键酶。而APX对果实中的GSH含量有较大的影响。Table 1
表1
表1‘亚德’果实生长发育过程中AsA合成代谢相关酶的相关系数
Table 1
| 指标 Index | T-AsA | AsA | DHA | AsA/DHA | T-GSH | GSH | GSSG | GSH/GSSG | MDHAR | DHAR | GR | APX | GalLDH |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-AsA | 1 | 0.986** | 0.942** | 0.113 | 0.238 | 0.216 | 0.763* | -0.172 | 0.925** | 0.921** | -0.395 | -0.315 | 0.958** |
| AsA | 1 | 0.957** | 0.309 | 0.403 | 0.357 | 0.754* | -0.089 | 0.917** | 0.929** | -0.562 | -0.455 | 0.982** | |
| DHA | 1 | 0.263 | 0.307 | 0.423 | 0.712* | 0.124 | 0.916** | 0.925** | -0.573 | -0.221 | 0.972** | ||
| AsA/DHA | 1 | -0.458 | 0.932** | -0.749* | 0.918** | 0.589 | 0.017 | -0.918** | -0.937** | -0.562 | |||
| T-GSH | 1 | 0.961** | 0.881** | 0.873** | 0.624* | 0.009 | -0.877** | -0.942** | 0.934** | ||||
| GSH | 1 | -0.291 | 0.925** | 0.635* | 0.078 | -0.963** | -0.967** | 0.748* | |||||
| GSSG | 1 | -0.938** | 0.872* | 0.328 | -0.778* | -0.872** | 0.596* | ||||||
| GSH/GSSG | 1 | -0.815* | -0.152 | -0.821* | -0.857** | 0.834* | |||||||
| MDHAR | 1 | 0.782** | -0.726** | -0.684* | 0.935** | ||||||||
| DHAR | 1 | -0.313 | -0.176 | 0.942** | |||||||||
| GR | 1 | 0.929** | 0.376 | ||||||||||
| APX | 1 | 0.818* | |||||||||||
| GalLDH | 1 |
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3 讨论
3.1 黑穗醋栗AsA的积累变化
AsA是植物生长发育所必需的物质,不同物种间其含量差异很大,即使同一物种不同品种间AsA含量也存在差异,这在猕猴桃[18]和油梨[27]上已证明。本研究中发现‘亚德’成熟果实中AsA含量最高,分别是‘布劳德’和‘黑丰’的1.39倍和2.18倍。黑穗醋栗果实中AsA的含量随着果实发育呈相反的变化,在幼果期AsA含量最高,随着果实的膨大有一个明显的下降趋势,这可能是由于果实细胞处于快速生长期,AsA参与细胞分裂引起的,也可能是这个时期的细胞膨大对AsA含量起到稀释作用[25],这种变化与树莓[28]、桃[29]、西印度樱桃[30]等果实中AsA积累一致,但与刺梨[14]果实AsA的积累不同,其在发育后期才开始大量积累AsA,这也反映了不同物种间的差异性。3.2 黑穗醋栗AsA合成代谢相关酶活性的变化特征
GalLDH是AsA合成关键酶,在L-半乳糖途径中直接氧化AsA合成前体L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯,且对底物具有较强的特异性[18]。对甜樱桃[24]、苹果[31]和马铃薯[32]等研究中发现GalLDH在AsA合成途径中起到主导作用,同时对烟草过表达GalLDH发现AsA含量显著提高[33]。本研究结果显示,‘亚德’和‘布劳德’在整个果实发育时期,GalLDH活性变化趋势与AsA含量变化基本一致,而且‘亚德’果实GalLDH活性明显高于其他两个品种,这也进一步证明GalLDH活性的高低可能是影响黑穗醋栗品种间果实AsA含量差异的重要原因,同时也解释了‘亚德’AsA含量高的原因,进而推测GalLDH可能在AsA合成过程中起着关键作用。而‘黑丰’果实中GalLDH活性变化与AsA含量变化存在差异,可能与AsA-GSH循环再生途径相关酶的代谢调控相关,也可能与品种有关。植物中AsA含量主要受合成途径的影响,但再生途径对AsA含量也有重要影响,其中AsA-GSH循环系统是植物中AsA再生的主要途径[34]。本研究中发现,黑穗醋栗果实发育前期APX活性明显高于其他酶活性,随后在果实膨大期开始迅速降低,这与AsA/DHA值之间呈现出显著的负相关,推测原因可能是果实发育前期细胞分裂活动比较旺盛,细胞内产生大量的H2O2,此时APX以AsA为电子供体清除细胞内的H2O2,这样可有效防止活性氧对细胞的毒害,保护细胞免受氧化损伤[35]。随后随着果实的发育缓慢下降,在半转色期后其酶活性基本维持在较低的水平,这表明在这一时间段内果实内积累的AsA极少被氧化,从而确保果实体内AsA的积累与稳定。而作为电子供体的AsA通过AsA-GSH循环,经MDHAR和DHAR作用又可以重新生成AsA。在本试验中,DHAR和MDHAR活性与AsA含量变化趋势基本一致,在果实发育过程中总体均呈下降的趋势,说明DHAR和MDHAR活性是影响黑穗醋栗果实AsA含量的决定因素之一。此外物种的不同,AsA的再生过程中起关键作用的酶则不同,蓝莓[36]、苹果[37]、番茄[38]等研究表明果实中MDHAR在对AsA循环上起更主要的作用,但在刺梨果实中却发现DHAR的表达和活性变化均要高于MDHAR[14]。而在本研究中发现,AsA含量较低的‘黑丰’其MDHAR活性在整个果实发育期内均高于‘亚德’,而AsA含量高的‘亚德’其DHAR活性在整个果实发育阶段均低于‘布劳德’和‘黑丰’,至于黑穗醋栗果实内DHAR和MDHAR哪个酶活性更能起决定,仍需进一步探究。随着黑穗醋栗果实的成熟,果实GR活性下降,而AsA含量也下降,表明GR活性有利于果实中AsA的积累。
3.3 黑穗醋栗AsA含量与合成代谢相关酶的关系
在越橘[39]、草莓[40]、甜樱桃[24]、猕猴桃[41]等研究中发现,DHAR和MDHAR在AsA-GSH循环中起到关键性作用。本研究结果表明,‘亚德’果实中DHAR和MDHAR活性与AsA含量呈显著正相关,说明黑穗醋栗果实中AsA的再生主要依赖DHAR和MDHAR维持,同时发现DHAR和MDHAR呈显著正相关,说明AsA循环再生酶可能随着一种酶活性的变化而相应变化。近年来通过MDHAR和DHAR的表达来提高AsA含量已有不少成功的例子。如在烟草植株[42]中超表达拟南芥叶绿体的MDHAR后,烟草叶片中AsA含量上升2.2倍。而将小麦胞质DHAR分别在烟草和玉米中过量表达后,结果发现烟草和玉米中DHAR活性均增加了32倍,其AsA含量也增加了4倍,不仅对AsA含量的影响显著,而且GSH含量与GSH/GSSG的比率也有所增加,说明由DHAR过量表达引起的AsA含量提高的同时,GSH的合成也伴随着增加,这在马铃薯[43]中同样得到了证实。作为L-半乳糖途径中的关键酶GalLDH,它的有无决定了植物能否自身合成AsA[34]。猕猴桃中AsA含量的积累与GalLDH活性呈显著正相关[41],同样水稻中GalLDH活性与AsA含量也存在正相关关系[44]。本试验3个品种中,GalLDH与AsA、T-GSH、MDHAR和DHAR均有较高的相关性,说明GalLDH是黑穗醋栗果实AsA合成代谢的关键酶。这些结果说明,AsA合成能力在维持AsA含量中起着主导作用,但再生能力同时也具有一定作用,且可能在特定条件和发育阶段对AsA水平起到主要的调控作用。4 结论
AsA含量在黑穗醋栗不同品种间存在明显差异,但均随着果实的生长发育呈下降趋势。GalLDH、MDHAR和DHAR是黑穗醋栗果实中AsA合成代谢的关键酶,而APX对果实中的GSH含量有较大的影响。黑穗醋栗果实中AsA含量积累主要取决于GalLDH活性,占主导地位,AsA-GSH循环再生途径对AsA合成也有一定的贡献,黑穗醋栗高AsA含量的积累是由合成途径与循环途径共同作用的结果。黑穗醋栗果实中AsA含量是评价和衡量黑穗醋栗果实品质的重要指标,相关研究结果也为黑穗醋栗资源的评价与利用、果实品质改良和新品种选育提供了指导。参考文献 原文顺序
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被引期刊影响因子
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20160449URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】分析黑穗醋栗二次萌芽过程中超微结构特征及变化规律,为全面揭示黑穗醋栗二次萌芽的内在机制提供科学依据。【方法】以黑穗醋栗易二次萌芽品种‘亚德’和不易二次萌芽品种‘巴基拉’为试材,以清水为对照,用30mg·L~(-1)GA_3和50 mg·L~(-1)ABA处理,用透射电镜观察芽内细胞超微结构。【结果】GA_3处理促进2品种二次萌芽加快,使细胞内质壁分离现象消失,胞间连丝、内质网提前分化,淀粉粒加速分解,线粒体更加活跃,分散的小液泡最终形成中心大液泡,且液泡中电子致密物质分解;ABA处理抑制2品种的二次萌芽,使细胞保持质壁分离状态,抑制胞间连丝出现,线粒体、内质网、淀粉粒分化均晚于同时期GA_3处理,ABA抑制了‘巴基拉’液泡中电子致密物质分解。【结论】黑穗醋栗二次萌芽本质是细胞破除休眠的过程。外源GA_3处理加速黑穗醋栗解除休眠,而外源ABA则是促进休眠,2者作用相反。GA_3和ABA影响黑穗醋栗二次萌芽最主要的差异在于细胞内是否存在质壁分离、胞间连丝是否分化和电子致密物质是否分解。细胞超微结构的变化反应了二次萌芽的进程。
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20160449URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】分析黑穗醋栗二次萌芽过程中超微结构特征及变化规律,为全面揭示黑穗醋栗二次萌芽的内在机制提供科学依据。【方法】以黑穗醋栗易二次萌芽品种‘亚德’和不易二次萌芽品种‘巴基拉’为试材,以清水为对照,用30mg·L~(-1)GA_3和50 mg·L~(-1)ABA处理,用透射电镜观察芽内细胞超微结构。【结果】GA_3处理促进2品种二次萌芽加快,使细胞内质壁分离现象消失,胞间连丝、内质网提前分化,淀粉粒加速分解,线粒体更加活跃,分散的小液泡最终形成中心大液泡,且液泡中电子致密物质分解;ABA处理抑制2品种的二次萌芽,使细胞保持质壁分离状态,抑制胞间连丝出现,线粒体、内质网、淀粉粒分化均晚于同时期GA_3处理,ABA抑制了‘巴基拉’液泡中电子致密物质分解。【结论】黑穗醋栗二次萌芽本质是细胞破除休眠的过程。外源GA_3处理加速黑穗醋栗解除休眠,而外源ABA则是促进休眠,2者作用相反。GA_3和ABA影响黑穗醋栗二次萌芽最主要的差异在于细胞内是否存在质壁分离、胞间连丝是否分化和电子致密物质是否分解。细胞超微结构的变化反应了二次萌芽的进程。
DOI:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2016.05.018URL [本文引用: 1]
采用高效液相色谱法对5个品种黑穗醋栗果实的主要糖酸组分进行定性和定量分析,并计算甜度和甜酸比。结果表明,黑穗醋栗果实中糖组分包括果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖,其中以果糖(19.03~32.74 mg/g)和葡萄糖(17.47~23.21 mg/g)为主;黑穗醋栗果实中有机酸组分包括草酸、奎宁酸、苹果酸、维生素C、柠檬酸等,其中以柠檬酸(19.16~24.33 mg/g),维生素C(2.53~8.80 mg/g),苹果酸为主(0.92~2.27 mg/g)。不同品种黑穗醋栗果实中的糖酸组成及含量存在一定的差异,果糖和葡萄糖含量最高的品种为寒丰,柠檬酸含量最高的品种为奥依宾,苹果酸和维生素C含量最高的品种为寒丰。甜度/总酸值是影响黑穗醋栗果实甜酸风味的一个重要因素。各品种甜度/总酸值在179.23~261.01之间,总体表现为寒丰丹丰绥研1号黑丰奥依宾。
DOI:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2016.05.018URL [本文引用: 1]
采用高效液相色谱法对5个品种黑穗醋栗果实的主要糖酸组分进行定性和定量分析,并计算甜度和甜酸比。结果表明,黑穗醋栗果实中糖组分包括果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖,其中以果糖(19.03~32.74 mg/g)和葡萄糖(17.47~23.21 mg/g)为主;黑穗醋栗果实中有机酸组分包括草酸、奎宁酸、苹果酸、维生素C、柠檬酸等,其中以柠檬酸(19.16~24.33 mg/g),维生素C(2.53~8.80 mg/g),苹果酸为主(0.92~2.27 mg/g)。不同品种黑穗醋栗果实中的糖酸组成及含量存在一定的差异,果糖和葡萄糖含量最高的品种为寒丰,柠檬酸含量最高的品种为奥依宾,苹果酸和维生素C含量最高的品种为寒丰。甜度/总酸值是影响黑穗醋栗果实甜酸风味的一个重要因素。各品种甜度/总酸值在179.23~261.01之间,总体表现为寒丰丹丰绥研1号黑丰奥依宾。
URL [本文引用: 1]
黑加仑是一种多年生小灌木，营养成分多，籽、果实、叶子以及色素均可利用，是很有发展前景的天然食物资源。籽中的γ-亚麻酸通过减少前列腺素E2的产生可减轻炎症反应；果实中含有较多的槲皮素及花青苷，分别具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、提高免疫力和抗病毒的作用；叶子的提取物选择性作用于环氧酶2，具有抗炎活性；其色素主要是花青素类，对心血管系统疾病及视屏终端引发的不良效应有良好的预防保护作用。
URL [本文引用: 1]
黑加仑是一种多年生小灌木，营养成分多，籽、果实、叶子以及色素均可利用，是很有发展前景的天然食物资源。籽中的γ-亚麻酸通过减少前列腺素E2的产生可减轻炎症反应；果实中含有较多的槲皮素及花青苷，分别具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、提高免疫力和抗病毒的作用；叶子的提取物选择性作用于环氧酶2，具有抗炎活性；其色素主要是花青素类，对心血管系统疾病及视屏终端引发的不良效应有良好的预防保护作用。
[本文引用: 1]
[本文引用: 1]
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9369.2011.02.027URL [本文引用: 1]
黑穗醋栗是一种在北半球广泛栽培的小浆果,果实中富含糖、酸、多种维生素、多酚、类黄酮、花青素、氨基酸、各种无机元素如磷、钙、镁、铁、锌等,及不饱和脂肪酸等具有生物活性的营养成分,种子、果实和叶子均可利用,实际生产中主要利用的是果实。该文主要针对黑穗醋栗果实中的营养成分及保健功能进行了综述,旨在为黑穗醋栗营养价值的开发利用提供一定的参考和指导作用。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9369.2011.02.027URL [本文引用: 1]
黑穗醋栗是一种在北半球广泛栽培的小浆果,果实中富含糖、酸、多种维生素、多酚、类黄酮、花青素、氨基酸、各种无机元素如磷、钙、镁、铁、锌等,及不饱和脂肪酸等具有生物活性的营养成分,种子、果实和叶子均可利用,实际生产中主要利用的是果实。该文主要针对黑穗醋栗果实中的营养成分及保健功能进行了综述,旨在为黑穗醋栗营养价值的开发利用提供一定的参考和指导作用。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3466.2004.05.012URL [本文引用: 1]
It is becoming increasingly clear that vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, AsA) is of crucial importance in such processes as ROS detoxification, photosynthesis and photoprotection, cell divisionand growth. AsA is also a cofactor for some deoxygenase type enzymes involved in the synthesis of a number of other secondary metabolites and ethylene. A major breakthrough in plant AsA biosynthesis and metabolic engineering has been made recently.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3466.2004.05.012URL [本文引用: 1]
It is becoming increasingly clear that vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, AsA) is of crucial importance in such processes as ROS detoxification, photosynthesis and photoprotection, cell divisionand growth. AsA is also a cofactor for some deoxygenase type enzymes involved in the synthesis of a number of other secondary metabolites and ethylene. A major breakthrough in plant AsA biosynthesis and metabolic engineering has been made recently.
DOI:10.1093/jxb/err122URLPMID:3153677 [本文引用: 1]
Plants have several L-ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthetic pathways, but the contribution of each one to the synthesis of AsA varyies between different species, organs, and developmental stages. Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) fruits are rich in AsA. The pathway that uses D-galacturonate as the initial substrate is functional in ripe fruits, but the contribution of other pathways to AsA biosynthesis has not been studied. The transcription of genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes such as D-galacturonate reductase (FaGalUR) and myo-inositol oxygenase (FaMIOX), and the AsA recycling enzyme monodehydroascorbate reductase (FaMDHAR) were positively correlated with the increase in AsA during fruit ripening. Fruit storage for 72 h in a cold room reduced the AsA content by 30%. Under an ozone atmosphere, this reduction was 15%. Ozone treatment increased the expression of the FaGalUR, FaMIOX, and L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase (FaGIPP) genes, and transcription of the L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (FaGLDH) and FAMDHAR genes was higher in the ozone-stored than in the air-stored fruits. Analysis of AsA content in a segregating population from two strawberry cultivars showed high variability, which did not correlate with the transcription of any of the genes studied. Study of GalUR protein in diverse cultivars of strawberry and different Fragaria species showed that a correlation between GalUR and AsA content was apparent in most cases, but it was not general. Three alleles were identified in strawberry, but any sequence effect on the AsA variability was eliminated by analysis of the allele-specific expression. Taken together, these results indicate that FaGalUR shares the control of AsA levels with other enzymes and regulatory elements in strawberry fruit.
DOI:10.1080/07352680091139231URLPMID:11005203 [本文引用: 2]
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an abundant component of plants. It reaches a concentration of over 20 mM in chloroplasts and occurs in all cell compartments, including the cell wall. It has proposed functions in photosynthesis as an enzyme cofactor (including synthesis of ethylene, gibberellins and anthocyanins) and in control of cell growth. A biosynthetic pathway via GDP-mannose, GDP-L-galactose, L-galactose, and L-galactono-1,4-lactone has been proposed only recently and is supported by molecular genetic evidence from the ascorbate deficient vtc1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. Other pathways via uronic acids could provide minor sources of ascorbate. Ascorbate, at least in some species, is a precursor of tartrate and oxalate. It has a major role in photosynthesis, acting in the Mehler peroxidase reaction with ascorbate peroxidase to regulate the redox state of photosynthetic electron carriers and as a cofactor for violaxanthin de-epoxidase, an enzyme involved in xanthophyll cyclemediated photoprotection. The hypersensitivity of some of the vtc mutants to ozone and UV-B radiation, the rapid response of ascorbate peroxidase expression to (photo)oxidative stress, and the properties of transgenic plants with altered ascorbate peroxidase activity all support an important antioxidative role for ascorbate. In relation to cell growth, ascorbate is a cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase that posttranslationally hydroxylates pro line residues in cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins required for cell division and expansion. Additionally, high ascorbate oxidase activity in the cell wall is correlated with areas of rapid cell expansion. It remains to be determined if this is a causal relationship and, if so, what is the mechanism. Identification of the biosynthetic pathway now opens the way to manipulating ascorbate biosynthesis in plants, and, along with the vtc mutants, this should contribute to a deeper understanding of the proposed functions of this multifacetted molecule.
DOI:10.1183/09031936.00158109URLPMID:19996187 [本文引用: 1]
Intermittent hypoxia, a feature of obstructive sleep apnoea, potentiates ventilatory hypoxic responses, alters heart rate variability and produces hypertension, partially owing to an enhanced carotid body responsiveness to hypoxia. Since oxidative stress is a potential mediator of both chemosensory and cardiorespiratory alterations, we hypothesised that an antioxidant treatment may prevent thes...
DOI:10.1183/09031936.05.00006705URLPMID:16055873 [本文引用: 1]
Low antioxidant levels and oxidative stress due to airway inflammation may be important determinants of asthma severity. The objective of the present study was to determine whether lower antioxidant intake and plasma antioxidant concentrations are associated with more severe asthma.Dietary antioxidant intakes and asthma severity were assessed using questionnaires, and plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid, vitamin E, carotenoids, bilirubin, albumin, uric acid and total antioxidant status were measured in 53 mild-to-moderate and 28 severe asthmatic patients and in 43 nonasthmatic subjects.Vitamin C and carotene intakes were lower in males than females and were particularly low in males with severe asthma. Plasma ascorbic acid was lower in severe (31.9±3.66108M) compared with mild-to-moderate asthmatic (52.3±2.6) or control subjects (52.7±2.9). Low plasma ascorbic acid (odds ratio (OR) 0.93; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9–0.97), bilirubin (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.51–0.93) and increased plasma cholesterol (OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.05–3.73) were independently associated with severe asthma. Albumin was positively and cholesterol negatively correlated with lung function.Low plasma concentrations of specific antioxidants are associated with more severe asthma. Increased antioxidant intake may help reduce the burden of severe asthma, particularly in males.
DOI:10.1177/1534735414534463URL [本文引用: 1]
Background. Intravenous vitamin C (IVC) is a contentious adjunctive cancer therapy, widely used in naturopathic and integrative oncology settings. We conducted ...
DOI:10.2174/157340109787314767URL [本文引用: 1]
Vitamin C (L-ascorbate) is a good antioxidant. Because of its water soluble nature it can work both inside and outside the cells to combat free radical damage. It has several applications starting from application in cancer therapeutics to treatment of common cold. Human, primates and guinea pigs can not synthesize this nutrient and must have to take this nutrient with diet. The current review brings together information available about the applications of Vitamin C with emphasis on antioxidant property and application in cancer therapy. The contradicting reports about application of Vitamin C in cancer therapy are also discussed. <br/> <br/> <br/>
DOI:10.1093/jxb/erl010URLPMID:16720601 [本文引用: 1]
Ascorbic acid (AA) fulfils many essential functions in plants. It is a key antioxidant and an important reducing substrate for a number of enzymes. The effects of low AA on plant architecture and leaf ultrastructure were studied in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, which have constitutively moderately low (vtc1) or very low (vtc2) leaf AA contents compared with the wild type. Shoot development was comparable in all accessions over the first 14 d of growth. The production of primary roots was slightly different in vtc1, vtc2, and wild-type plants. However, the most notable difference was that a high proportion of the primary roots of the vtc2 plants grown on soil had lost the wild-type responses to gravity. The vtc mutants showed the antagonistic interaction between nitrate and sugar in the regulation of lateral root (LR) development that was observed in the wild type. However, the vtc2 mutants produced greater numbers of longer LRs than wild-type or vtc1 plants at all levels of nitrate. At later stages of development, the vtc rosettes were smaller than those of the wild type and the leaves showed intracellular structural changes that are consistent with programmed cell death (PCD). PCD symptoms such as nuclear chromatin condensation, the presence of multivesicular bodies, and extensive degradation and disorganization of the grana stacks were observed in 8-week-old vtc2 leaves and in 10-week-old vtc1 leaves. The data presented here illustrate the importance of tissue AA contents in regulating whole plant morphology, cell structure, and development.
DOI:10.1016/j.jplph.2014.03.010URLPMID:25019249 [本文引用: 3]
Chestnut rose (Rosa roxburghii Tratt) is a fruit crop that contains unusually high levels of l-ascorbic acid (AsA; 1300mg 100g 1 FW). To explore the mechanisms underlying AsA metabolism, we investigated the distribution and abundance of AsA during fruit development. We also analyzed gene expression patterns, enzyme activities, and content of metabolites related to AsA biosynthesis and recycling. AsA first accumulated during late fruit development and continued to accumulate during ripening, with the highest accumulation rate near fruit maturity. The redox state of AsA in fruit was also enhanced during late fruit development, while leaf and other tissues had much lower levels of AsA and the redox state of AsA was lower. In mature fruit, AsA was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of the mesocarp. Correlation analysis suggested that the gene expression patterns, enzyme activities, and related metabolite concentrations involved in the l-galactose pathway showed relatively high correlations with the accumulation rate of AsA. The gene expression pattern and activity of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) correlated strongly with AsA concentration, possibly indicating the crucial role of DHAR in the accumulation of high levels of AsA in chestnut rose fruit. Over expression of DHAR in Arabidopsis significantly increased the reduced AsA content and redox state. This was more effective than over expression of the l-galactose pathway gene GDP-d-mannose-3,5-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.18). These findings will enhance understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating accumulation of AsA in chestnut rose.
DOI:10.1093/jxb/ern327URLPMID:2652059 [本文引用: 1]
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, AsA) is an essential metabolite for plants and animals. Kiwifruit (Actinidiaspp.) are a rich dietary source of AsA for humans. To understand AsA biosynthesis in kiwifruit, AsA levels and the relative expression of genes putatively involved in AsA biosynthesis, regeneration, and transport were correlated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in leaves and during fruit development in four kiwifruit genotypes (three species;A. eriantha, A. chinensis, andA. deliciosa). During fruit development, fruit AsA concentration peaked between 4 and 6 weeks after anthesis withA. erianthahaving 3–16-fold higher AsA than other genotypes. The rise in AsA concentration typically occurred close to the peak in expression of theL-galactose pathway biosynthetic genes, particularly the GDP-L-galactose guanyltransferase gene. The high concentration of AsA found in the fruit ofA. erianthais probably due to higher expression of the GDP-mannose-3′,5′-epimerase and GDP-L-galactose guanyltransferase genes. Over-expression of the kiwifruit GDP-L-galactose guanyltransferase gene inArabidopsisresulted in up to a 4-fold increase in AsA, while up to a 7-fold increase in AsA was observed in transient expression studies where both GDP-L-galactose guanyltransferase and GDP-mannose-3′,5′-epimerase genes were co-expressed. These studies show the importance of GDP-L-galactose guanyltransferase as a rate-limiting step to AsA, and demonstrate how AsA can be significantly increased in plants.
DOI:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.03.008 [本文引用: 1]
The objective of this study was to determine ascorbic acid (AsA) distribution, biosynthesis and recycling in different tissues of young and mature fruit of cv. Gala apple ( Malus domestica Borkh). Our results showed that the peel of ‘Gala’ apple had the highest AsA levels among all the tissue types, which resulted from a combination of, lower ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) activity consuming AsA, and higher dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR, EC 1.6.5.4) activities used to recycle AsA. Exogenous feeding of AsA synthesis precursors demonstrated that the peel was capable of de nono AsA biosynthesis via l-galactose and d-galacturonic acid pathways whereas the flesh and seed were only able to synthesize AsA via l-galactose pathway. The young fruit had higher AsA concentration and stronger capability of AsA biosynthesis and recycling. The sun-exposed peel had higher AsA concentration and stronger capability of recycling AsA than the shaded peel, while there was no difference in the flesh between the sun-exposed side and the shaded side. Abundant AsA was found in fruit vascular tissue, which suggests that AsA can be transported to vascular tissues of fruit or vascular tissues could synthesize AsA itself in ‘Gala’ apple.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.02.023URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
【目的】探索土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜产生伤害的机理，为土壤的可持续利用提供参考。【方法】用容重为1.20 g•cm-3的疏松土壤和1.55 g•cm-3的紧实土壤进行盆栽试验，研究土壤紧实胁迫对‘津春4号’黄瓜叶片及根系中抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环（AsA-GSH）的影响。【结果】在土壤紧实胁迫条件下，黄瓜叶片及根系中过氧化氢（H2O2）含量和丙二醛（MDA）含量显著提高，且根系中两种物质的增幅高于叶片，表明根系的伤害程度高于叶片。与此同时，叶片及根系中还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）含量、AsA+DHA量、ASA/DHA显著降低，脱氢抗坏血酸（DHA）含量显著提高；还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量显著下降，氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量、GSSG/GSH比值显著提高，GSSG+GSH变化甚微，表明AsA及GSH被消耗以清除H2O2。叶片及根系中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性显著升高，且APX的活性水平远远高于MDHAR、DHAR及GR，表明APX在清除H2O2的过程中氧化AsA的能力远远高于MDHAR和DHAR再生AsA的能力及GR将GSSG还原成GSH的能力。【结论】在土壤紧实胁迫条件下，黄瓜秧苗（叶片及根系）中的AsA-GSH循环加强，削弱了土壤紧实胁迫造成的伤害。
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.02.023URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
【目的】探索土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜产生伤害的机理，为土壤的可持续利用提供参考。【方法】用容重为1.20 g•cm-3的疏松土壤和1.55 g•cm-3的紧实土壤进行盆栽试验，研究土壤紧实胁迫对‘津春4号’黄瓜叶片及根系中抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环（AsA-GSH）的影响。【结果】在土壤紧实胁迫条件下，黄瓜叶片及根系中过氧化氢（H2O2）含量和丙二醛（MDA）含量显著提高，且根系中两种物质的增幅高于叶片，表明根系的伤害程度高于叶片。与此同时，叶片及根系中还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）含量、AsA+DHA量、ASA/DHA显著降低，脱氢抗坏血酸（DHA）含量显著提高；还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量显著下降，氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量、GSSG/GSH比值显著提高，GSSG+GSH变化甚微，表明AsA及GSH被消耗以清除H2O2。叶片及根系中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性显著升高，且APX的活性水平远远高于MDHAR、DHAR及GR，表明APX在清除H2O2的过程中氧化AsA的能力远远高于MDHAR和DHAR再生AsA的能力及GR将GSSG还原成GSH的能力。【结论】在土壤紧实胁迫条件下，黄瓜秧苗（叶片及根系）中的AsA-GSH循环加强，削弱了土壤紧实胁迫造成的伤害。
DOI:10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.2016.0277URL [本文引用: 3]
植物中的抗坏血酸（ascorbic acid,As A）不仅与植物自身生长发育和抗逆性有关,而且是人类主要的Vc来源。为了探究不同基因型猕猴桃As A含量差异机制,本研究以As A含量差异较大的8个基因型猕猴桃果实为材料,测定比较了它们As A及其代谢物的含量,分析了关键合成酶L-半乳糖1,4-内酯脱氢酶（Gal LDH）及代谢酶活性与As A含量的关系。结果表明,不同基因型猕猴桃果实中As A和As A相关代谢物水平存在明显的多样性。总抗坏血酸（T-As A）含量与As A/DHA存在显著的相关性,而与还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、草酸（OA）及酒石酸（TA）含量之间无显著相关性。此外,T-As A合成代谢酶Gal LDH及As A–GSH循环系统相关酶活性在不同基因型猕猴桃中也存在较大差异。其中Gal LDH、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）的活性均与As A含量存在极显著相关性,并且MDHAR活性分别与As A含量和抗坏血酸过氧化酶（APX）都有较高的相关性。
DOI:10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.2016.0277URL [本文引用: 3]
植物中的抗坏血酸（ascorbic acid,As A）不仅与植物自身生长发育和抗逆性有关,而且是人类主要的Vc来源。为了探究不同基因型猕猴桃As A含量差异机制,本研究以As A含量差异较大的8个基因型猕猴桃果实为材料,测定比较了它们As A及其代谢物的含量,分析了关键合成酶L-半乳糖1,4-内酯脱氢酶（Gal LDH）及代谢酶活性与As A含量的关系。结果表明,不同基因型猕猴桃果实中As A和As A相关代谢物水平存在明显的多样性。总抗坏血酸（T-As A）含量与As A/DHA存在显著的相关性,而与还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、草酸（OA）及酒石酸（TA）含量之间无显著相关性。此外,T-As A合成代谢酶Gal LDH及As A–GSH循环系统相关酶活性在不同基因型猕猴桃中也存在较大差异。其中Gal LDH、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）的活性均与As A含量存在极显著相关性,并且MDHAR活性分别与As A含量和抗坏血酸过氧化酶（APX）都有较高的相关性。
URL [本文引用: 1]
以‘鲍威尔’脐橙为试材, 研究了果实发育期间果皮和果肉中抗坏血酸（AsA）含量及相关酶活性的变化。结果表明, 果皮中总抗坏血酸（T-AsA）和AsA含量显著高于果肉, 且在发育期间T-AsA和AsA的变化趋势一致; 果皮中L-半乳糖内酯脱氢酶（g·LLDH）活性与T-AsA和AsA积累速率的变化趋势基本一致, 呈显著正相关关系, 而在果肉中的变化趋势却不明显; 在发育过程各阶段中果皮的抗坏血酸氧化酶（AAO）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）活性均高于果肉; 相关性分析显示, 果皮中AsA含量积累主要取决于g·LLDH活性, 而果肉中AsA含量水平可能取决于AsA的再生循环系统。
URL [本文引用: 1]
以‘鲍威尔’脐橙为试材, 研究了果实发育期间果皮和果肉中抗坏血酸（AsA）含量及相关酶活性的变化。结果表明, 果皮中总抗坏血酸（T-AsA）和AsA含量显著高于果肉, 且在发育期间T-AsA和AsA的变化趋势一致; 果皮中L-半乳糖内酯脱氢酶（g·LLDH）活性与T-AsA和AsA积累速率的变化趋势基本一致, 呈显著正相关关系, 而在果肉中的变化趋势却不明显; 在发育过程各阶段中果皮的抗坏血酸氧化酶（AAO）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）活性均高于果肉; 相关性分析显示, 果皮中AsA含量积累主要取决于g·LLDH活性, 而果肉中AsA含量水平可能取决于AsA的再生循环系统。
[本文引用: 2]
DOI:10.1007/s11676-016-0340-0URL [本文引用: 1]
To elucidate mechanisms regulating ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis and accumulation in the fruit and leaves of black currants, AsA and the activities of key enzymes in the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle were measured from fruit set to fruit ripening during fruit thinning treatments of three common commercial black currant cultivars that differed in their AsA levels: ‘Risager’(low), ‘Brodtrop5 (medium) and ‘Adelinia5 (high). Treatments were 50% fruit reduction (50% of total fruit set) by hand, control was no thinning. Fruit thinning treatment significantly increased AsA content in fruit of all three cultivars from weeks 2 to 8, significantly decreased AsA content in leaves from weeks 3 to 8. Dehydroascorbate reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase activities in fruit and leaves had a similar pattern, increasing during week 2, rose until they peaked in week 4. Ascorbate peroxidase activity in fruit in the thinning treatment was slightly lower than in the control. Fruit thinning was shown to be a good model to test AsA biosynthesis regulation and accumulation in black currants. The results from our study provided strong evidence that AsA-GSH cycle involved in AsA synthesis and accumulation in fruit.
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0513-353X.2009.09.004URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
<FONT face=Verdana>以美味猕猴桃品种‘秦美’果实为材料, 研究了其生长发育过程中与AsA代谢循环系统相关<BR>的物质抗坏血酸(AsA) 、谷胱甘肽(GSH) 、草酸(OA) 、酒石酸( TA) 和过氧化氢(H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> ) 的含量及相关酶活性的变化及其相互关系。结果表明: 在果实生长发育过程中, 花后AsA含量明显增加, 花后30 d达到最高后开始下降, 花后75 d后基本保持不变。就整个果实中总的AsA积累量而言, 花后开始显著增加, 到45 d达到最大值后至成熟基本保持不变。这表明猕猴桃果实的AsA积累主要发生在幼果期。GSH随着果实发育在花后120 d前其含量及积累量均有增加, 但积累也主要发生在幼果期。OA含量的变化与H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>含量和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX) 活性相似, 均在花后开始显著下降, 到花后30 d后变化不大; 而TA含量的变化趋势与AsA一致。抗坏血酸氧化酶(AO) 、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR) 和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR) 的活性变化基本一致, 均在花后开始显著升高, 60 d达到最大后迅速下降, 在90 d后至成熟基本保持不变。</FONT>
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0513-353X.2009.09.004URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
<FONT face=Verdana>以美味猕猴桃品种‘秦美’果实为材料, 研究了其生长发育过程中与AsA代谢循环系统相关<BR>的物质抗坏血酸(AsA) 、谷胱甘肽(GSH) 、草酸(OA) 、酒石酸( TA) 和过氧化氢(H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> ) 的含量及相关酶活性的变化及其相互关系。结果表明: 在果实生长发育过程中, 花后AsA含量明显增加, 花后30 d达到最高后开始下降, 花后75 d后基本保持不变。就整个果实中总的AsA积累量而言, 花后开始显著增加, 到45 d达到最大值后至成熟基本保持不变。这表明猕猴桃果实的AsA积累主要发生在幼果期。GSH随着果实发育在花后120 d前其含量及积累量均有增加, 但积累也主要发生在幼果期。OA含量的变化与H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>含量和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX) 活性相似, 均在花后开始显著下降, 到花后30 d后变化不大; 而TA含量的变化趋势与AsA一致。抗坏血酸氧化酶(AO) 、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR) 和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR) 的活性变化基本一致, 均在花后开始显著升高, 60 d达到最大后迅速下降, 在90 d后至成熟基本保持不变。</FONT>
[D].
[本文引用: 1]
[D].
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DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2016.10.2008URL [本文引用: 3]
以黄肉甜樱桃品种‘佐藤锦’为材料,测定了其果实生长发育过程中抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量变化,及其相关代谢酶L-半乳糖脱氢酶(GalDH)、L-半乳糖-1-4-内酯酶(GalLDH)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和过氧化物酶(APX)的活性变化,分析它们在果实生长发育过程中对AsA积累所起的作用.结果表明:(1)‘佐藤锦’果实生长发育过程中总抗坏血酸(T-AsA)、还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量均在花后0d最高,随后持续下降,而总谷胱甘肽(T-GSH)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量先升后降.(2)随着果实生长发育,AsA和DHA的单果积累量均持续增加,且在果实第二次快速生长期增幅最大;各相关代谢酶活性在甜樱桃果实生长发育过程中呈现出不同的变化趋势,其中GalLDH、MDHAR和DHAR的活性变化同AsA含量变化趋势基本一致.(3)相关性分析发现,GalLDH、MDHAR和DHAR的活性与AsA含量呈极显著正相关关系,说明它们是影响甜樱桃果实AsA含量的关键酶.
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2016.10.2008URL [本文引用: 3]
以黄肉甜樱桃品种‘佐藤锦’为材料,测定了其果实生长发育过程中抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量变化,及其相关代谢酶L-半乳糖脱氢酶(GalDH)、L-半乳糖-1-4-内酯酶(GalLDH)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和过氧化物酶(APX)的活性变化,分析它们在果实生长发育过程中对AsA积累所起的作用.结果表明:(1)‘佐藤锦’果实生长发育过程中总抗坏血酸(T-AsA)、还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量均在花后0d最高,随后持续下降,而总谷胱甘肽(T-GSH)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量先升后降.(2)随着果实生长发育,AsA和DHA的单果积累量均持续增加,且在果实第二次快速生长期增幅最大;各相关代谢酶活性在甜樱桃果实生长发育过程中呈现出不同的变化趋势,其中GalLDH、MDHAR和DHAR的活性变化同AsA含量变化趋势基本一致.(3)相关性分析发现,GalLDH、MDHAR和DHAR的活性与AsA含量呈极显著正相关关系,说明它们是影响甜樱桃果实AsA含量的关键酶.
[D].
[本文引用: 2]
[D].
[本文引用: 2]
DOI:10.3969/j:issn.2095-1191.2014.7.1237URL [本文引用: 2]
[目的]分析黑穗醋栗不同品种抗坏血酸(AsA)含量及其合成代 谢相关酶活性的差异,为研究黑穗醋栗果实AsA积累规律和选育优良黑穗醋栗品种提供参考依据.[方法]采用液相色谱测定30个黑穗醋栗品种的AsA含量, 选择含量差异较大、生产中广泛应用的8个品种,测定其AsA合成代谢相关酶的活性,并比较分析不同品种间的差异.[结果]30个黑穗醋栗品种果实AsA含 量为144.79～329.71 mg/100 gFW,呈现出明显的多样性.AsA含量较高的品种(路德克、寒丰、亚德)其抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHRA)、单脱氢抗坏 血酸还原酶(MDHRA)活性较高,而AsA含量较低的品种(利桑佳、黑丰、奥依宾)还原酶活性相对较低;AsA含量与MDHAR、DHAR活性呈极显著 正相关,相关系数分别为0.982和0.951,与(APX)活性呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.826.[结论]不同品种黑穗醋栗AsA含量及AsA合成 相关酶活性差异较大,可作黑穗醋栗品种分类和品种选育的参考指标.
DOI:10.3969/j:issn.2095-1191.2014.7.1237URL [本文引用: 2]
[目的]分析黑穗醋栗不同品种抗坏血酸(AsA)含量及其合成代 谢相关酶活性的差异,为研究黑穗醋栗果实AsA积累规律和选育优良黑穗醋栗品种提供参考依据.[方法]采用液相色谱测定30个黑穗醋栗品种的AsA含量, 选择含量差异较大、生产中广泛应用的8个品种,测定其AsA合成代谢相关酶的活性,并比较分析不同品种间的差异.[结果]30个黑穗醋栗品种果实AsA含 量为144.79～329.71 mg/100 gFW,呈现出明显的多样性.AsA含量较高的品种(路德克、寒丰、亚德)其抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHRA)、单脱氢抗坏 血酸还原酶(MDHRA)活性较高,而AsA含量较低的品种(利桑佳、黑丰、奥依宾)还原酶活性相对较低;AsA含量与MDHAR、DHAR活性呈极显著 正相关,相关系数分别为0.982和0.951,与(APX)活性呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.826.[结论]不同品种黑穗醋栗AsA含量及AsA合成 相关酶活性差异较大,可作黑穗醋栗品种分类和品种选育的参考指标.
URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】分析和比较不同油梨引进品种果肉有机酸组分和还原型抗坏血酸(维生素C)含量特征,为引进油梨品种的评价、筛选及新品种的选育提供参考依据。【方法】用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对12份引进油梨品种果肉中的有机酸组分和维生素C含量进行测定分析。【结果】油梨果肉中可检测到酒石酸、苹果酸、马来酸、柠檬酸和富马酸5种有机酸组分,其含量由高到低为:苹果酸柠檬酸富马酸酒石酸马来酸;不同品种间单一有机酸组分的含量差异显著,而不同品种间的有机酸总量变化幅度相对较小;油梨果肉有机酸含量与苹果酸含量呈极显著正相关;总酸含量与维生素C含量呈极显著正相关,与苹果酸含量呈显著正相关;12份油梨资源中,‘洛雷塔’果肉中有机酸及单一组分苹果酸、富马酸和酒石酸的含量均为最高,‘布鲁克斯晚’中维生素C含量最高。【结论】油梨属苹果酸优势型果实,果肉中总酸含量与苹果酸和维生素C含量密切相关。
URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】分析和比较不同油梨引进品种果肉有机酸组分和还原型抗坏血酸(维生素C)含量特征,为引进油梨品种的评价、筛选及新品种的选育提供参考依据。【方法】用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对12份引进油梨品种果肉中的有机酸组分和维生素C含量进行测定分析。【结果】油梨果肉中可检测到酒石酸、苹果酸、马来酸、柠檬酸和富马酸5种有机酸组分,其含量由高到低为:苹果酸柠檬酸富马酸酒石酸马来酸;不同品种间单一有机酸组分的含量差异显著,而不同品种间的有机酸总量变化幅度相对较小;油梨果肉有机酸含量与苹果酸含量呈极显著正相关;总酸含量与维生素C含量呈极显著正相关,与苹果酸含量呈显著正相关;12份油梨资源中,‘洛雷塔’果肉中有机酸及单一组分苹果酸、富马酸和酒石酸的含量均为最高,‘布鲁克斯晚’中维生素C含量最高。【结论】油梨属苹果酸优势型果实,果肉中总酸含量与苹果酸和维生素C含量密切相关。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2010.10.038URL [本文引用: 1]
树莓和黑莓为多年生小浆果果树,是国内近年兴起的第3代水果之一。在系统收集树莓和黑莓研究文献的基础上,总结了树莓和黑莓的种质资源、栽培种群分类、植物学特征、生长结果习性、栽培历史及现状、引种和选育、栽培措施、繁殖技术以及利用价值等方面的研究进展,阐述了引种和推广树莓栽培在我国具有非常广阔的发展前景。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2010.10.038URL [本文引用: 1]
树莓和黑莓为多年生小浆果果树,是国内近年兴起的第3代水果之一。在系统收集树莓和黑莓研究文献的基础上,总结了树莓和黑莓的种质资源、栽培种群分类、植物学特征、生长结果习性、栽培历史及现状、引种和选育、栽培措施、繁殖技术以及利用价值等方面的研究进展,阐述了引种和推广树莓栽培在我国具有非常广阔的发展前景。
DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01213.xURLPMID:19453508 [本文引用: 1]
The l -ascorbate (AsA) content and the expression of six l -galactose pathway-related genes were analyzed in peach flesh during fruit development. Fluctuation of AsA during peach fruit development was divided into four phases based on the overall total AsA (T-AsA) content per fruit: AsA I, 0–36 days after full bloom (DAFB); AsA II, 37–65 DAFB; AsA III, 66–92 DAFB and AsA IV, 93–112 DAFB. Phase AsA III was a lag phase for AsA accumulation, but did not coincide with the lag phase for fruit development. The T-AsA concentration was highest at the early stage until 21 DAFB [2–3μmol per gram of fresh weight (g 611 FW)], and decreased to 1/4 and 1/15 of this value at 50 and 92 DAFB, respectively. T-AsA then remained at 0.15–0.20μmol g 611 FW until harvest at 112 DAFB. More than 90% of the T-AsA was in the reduced form until 21 DAFB. The proportion of reduced form of AsA then decreased concomitantly with the decrease in AsA concentration. To determine the main pathway of AsA biosynthesis and the AsA biosynthetic capacity of peach flesh, several precursors were incubated with immature whole fruit (59 DAFB). The AsA concentration increased markedly with l -galactono-1,4-lactone or l -galactose (Gal), but d -galacturonate and l -gulono-1,4-lactone failed to increase AsA, indicating dominance of the Gal pathway and potent AsA biosynthetic capabilities in immature peach flesh. The expression of genes involved in the last six steps of the Gal pathway was measured during fruit development. The genes studied included GDP- d -mannose pyrophosphorylase ( GMPH ), GDP- d -mannose-3',5'-epimerase ( GME ), GDP- l -galactose guanylyltransferase ( GGGT ), l -galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase ( GPP ), l -galactose-1-dehydrogenase ( GDH ) and l -galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase ( GLDH ). GMPH, GME and GGGT had similar expression patterns that peaked at 43 DAFB. GPP, GDH and GLDH also had similar expression patterns that peaked twice at 21 and 91 DAFB, although the expression of GDH was quite low. High level of T-AsA concentration was roughly correlated with the level of gene expression in the early period of fruit development (AsA I), whereas no such relationships were apparent in the other periods (e.g. AsA III and IV). On the basis of these findings, we discuss the regulation of AsA biosynthesis in peach fruit.
DOI:10.1016/j.jplph.2008.09.004URLPMID:18952318 [本文引用: 1]
The Smirnoff-Wheeler (SW) pathway has been proven to be the only significant source of l-ascorbic acid (AsA; vitamin C) in the seedlings of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. It is yet uncertain whether the same pathway holds for all other plants and their various organs as AsA may also be synthesized through alternative pathways. In this study, we have cloned some of the genes involved in the SW-pathway from acerola ( Malpighia glabra), a plant containing enormous amount of AsA, and examined the expression patterns of these genes in the plant. The AsA contents of acerola leaves were about 8-fold more than that of Arabidopsis with 5-700-fold higher mRNA abundance in AsA-biosynthesizing genes. The unripe fruits have the highest AsA content but the accumulation was substantially repressed as the fruit transitions to maturation. The mRNAs encoding these genes showed correlation in their expression with the AsA contents of the fruits. Although very little AsA was recorded in the seeds the mRNAs encoding all the genes, with the exception of the mitochondrially located l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase, were clearly detected in the seeds of the unripe fruits. In young leaves of acerola, the expression of most genes were repressed by the dark and induced by light. However, the expression of GDP- d-mannose pyrophosphorylase similar to that encoded by A. thaliana VTC1 was induced in the dark. The expressions of all the genes surged after 24 h following wounding stress on the young leaves. These findings will advance the investigation into the molecular factors regulating the biosynthesis of abundant AsA in acerola.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.02.016URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
<P><FONT face=Verdana>【目的】进一步探明苹果果实是否具有抗坏血酸（AsA）合成的能力。【方法】从‘嘎拉’苹果果实中克隆AsA合成关键酶L-半乳糖脱氢酶（L-galactose dehydrogenase, GalDH）全长cDNA序列,检测它与另一合成酶L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯脱氢酶（L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase, GalLDH）在苹果不同组织中的表达及酶活性与AsA含量的关系。【结果】克隆获得的苹果GalDH cDNA含有975 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码一条分子量为34.97kD、含324个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,登录号为GQ131419。在叶片和苹果果实不同组织中,均能检测到GalDH和GalLDH基因mRNA表达和活性,叶片高于果实,幼果高于成熟果,果皮高于果肉。同时,苹果果皮中的AsA含量受光的调控,二者在阳面果皮的表达和活性明显高于阴面果皮,而阳、阴面果肉间无明显差异。不同组织中的AsA含量与GalDH和GalLDH活性均呈显著正相关性。【结论】进一步证明了苹果果实自身具有经L-半乳糖途径合成AsA的能力,且合成可能是苹果果实AsA形成的主要决定因子。<BR></FONT></P>
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.02.016URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
<P><FONT face=Verdana>【目的】进一步探明苹果果实是否具有抗坏血酸（AsA）合成的能力。【方法】从‘嘎拉’苹果果实中克隆AsA合成关键酶L-半乳糖脱氢酶（L-galactose dehydrogenase, GalDH）全长cDNA序列,检测它与另一合成酶L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯脱氢酶（L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase, GalLDH）在苹果不同组织中的表达及酶活性与AsA含量的关系。【结果】克隆获得的苹果GalDH cDNA含有975 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码一条分子量为34.97kD、含324个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,登录号为GQ131419。在叶片和苹果果实不同组织中,均能检测到GalDH和GalLDH基因mRNA表达和活性,叶片高于果实,幼果高于成熟果,果皮高于果肉。同时,苹果果皮中的AsA含量受光的调控,二者在阳面果皮的表达和活性明显高于阴面果皮,而阳、阴面果肉间无明显差异。不同组织中的AsA含量与GalDH和GalLDH活性均呈显著正相关性。【结论】进一步证明了苹果果实自身具有经L-半乳糖途径合成AsA的能力,且合成可能是苹果果实AsA形成的主要决定因子。<BR></FONT></P>
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0513-353X.2009.09.019URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
<FONT face=Verdana>为探讨马铃薯不同器官中抗坏血酸(AsA) 含量及其代谢相关酶活性关系, 研究了马铃薯幼<BR>叶、功能叶、老叶、茎和块茎中AsA和其氧化态脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA) 的含量与L - 半乳糖- 1, 4 - 内酯脱氢酶( GalLDH) 、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR) 、谷胱甘肽还原酶( GR ) 、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX) 、抗坏血酸氧化酶(AO) 和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR) 等6种酶活性之间的相关性。结果表明, 马铃薯AsA在幼叶和块茎中含量很高。叶片和茎的抗坏血酸库(AsA与DHA之和) 水平与GalLDH活性显著相关, 而AsA含量与DHAR活性显著相关, DHA含量与APX活性显著相关。说明在马铃薯幼叶中高含量的AsA可能由于GalLDH和DHAR的高活性; 而块茎中AsA的积累, 主要来自于叶片的运输和DHAR催化的DHA再生。</FONT>
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0513-353X.2009.09.019URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
<FONT face=Verdana>为探讨马铃薯不同器官中抗坏血酸(AsA) 含量及其代谢相关酶活性关系, 研究了马铃薯幼<BR>叶、功能叶、老叶、茎和块茎中AsA和其氧化态脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA) 的含量与L - 半乳糖- 1, 4 - 内酯脱氢酶( GalLDH) 、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR) 、谷胱甘肽还原酶( GR ) 、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX) 、抗坏血酸氧化酶(AO) 和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR) 等6种酶活性之间的相关性。结果表明, 马铃薯AsA在幼叶和块茎中含量很高。叶片和茎的抗坏血酸库(AsA与DHA之和) 水平与GalLDH活性显著相关, 而AsA含量与DHAR活性显著相关, DHA含量与APX活性显著相关。说明在马铃薯幼叶中高含量的AsA可能由于GalLDH和DHAR的高活性; 而块茎中AsA的积累, 主要来自于叶片的运输和DHAR催化的DHA再生。</FONT>
DOI:10.1007/s11738-012-1204-7URL [本文引用: 1]
Abstract-Galactono-1, 4-lactone dehydrogenase (GalLDH; EC 1.3.2.3) is the last key enzyme in the putative -ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthetic pathway of higher plants. To evaluate the effect of the gene on manipulating AsA accumulation, a cDNA encoding GalLDH (
DOI:10.11983/CBB15093URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
<p>抗坏血酸(Asc)是一种在植物组织中广泛存在的抗氧化剂, 对植物的生长发育及果实品质的形成具有重要作用。但是,不同植物体内Asc积累的差异较大。该文对不同植物体内Asc的积累差异及原因、植物Asc生物学功能的多样性以及Asc积累的分子机制新进展进行了综述, 为植物抗逆和果实品质研究提供参考。</p>
DOI:10.11983/CBB15093URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
<p>抗坏血酸(Asc)是一种在植物组织中广泛存在的抗氧化剂, 对植物的生长发育及果实品质的形成具有重要作用。但是,不同植物体内Asc积累的差异较大。该文对不同植物体内Asc的积累差异及原因、植物Asc生物学功能的多样性以及Asc积累的分子机制新进展进行了综述, 为植物抗逆和果实品质研究提供参考。</p>
DOI:10.1104/pp.010924URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.036URLPMID:26041210 [本文引用: 1]
In our preliminary study, the ripe fruits of two highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars, cv ‘Berkeley’ and cv ‘Bluecrop’, were found to contain different levels of ascorbic acid. However, factors responsible for these differences are still unknown. In the present study, ascorbic acid content in fruits was compared with expression profiles of ascorbic acid biosynthetic and recycling genes between ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Berkeley’ cultivars. The results indicated that the l-galactose pathway was the predominant route of ascorbic acid biosynthesis in blueberry fruits. Moreover, higher expression levels of the ascorbic acid biosynthetic genes GME, GGP, and GLDH, as well as the recycling genes MDHAR and DHAR, were associated with higher ascorbic acid content in ‘Bluecrop’ compared with ‘Berkeley’, which indicated that a higher efficiency ascorbic acid biosynthesis and regeneration was likely to be responsible for the higher ascorbic acid accumulation in ‘Bluecrop’.
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01824.xURLPMID:18433441 [本文引用: 1]
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping is a step towards the identification of factors regulating traits such as fruit ascorbic acid content. A previously identified QTL controlling variations in tomato fruit ascorbic acid has been fine mapped and reveals that the QTL has a polygenic and epistatic architecture. A monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) allele is a candidate for a proportion of the increase in fruit ascorbic acid content. The MDHAR enzyme is active in different stages of fruit ripening, shows increased activity in the introgression lines containing the wild-type ( Solanum pennellii ) allele, and responds to chilling injury in tomato along with the reduced/oxidized ascorbate ratio. Low temperature storage of different tomato introgression lines with all or part of the QTL for ascorbic acid and with or without the wild MDHAR allele shows that enzyme activity explains 84% of the variation in the reduced ascorbic acid levels of tomato fruit following storage at 4 C, compared with 38% at harvest under non-stress conditions. A role is indicated for MDHAR in the maintenance of ascorbate levels in fruit under stress conditions. Furthermore, an increased fruit MDHAR activity and a lower oxidation level of the fruit ascorbate pool are correlated with decreased loss of firmness because of chilling injury.
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.3969/j:issn.2095-1191.2012.11.1626URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】确定草莓脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)酶活性与抗坏血酸(ASA)的关系,研究DHAR对AsA积累的调控作用,为筛选高AsA草莓品种育种提供理论基础。【方法】于不同时期测定草莓果实AsA含量和DHAR酶活性并进行相关性分析,构建DHAR基因RNAi植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法,将RNAi植物表达载体导入草莓中。【结果】草莓果实成熟过程中AsA含量呈现上升趋势,生长后期含量增幅最大。随着草莓果实的成熟,DHAR酶活性逐渐增大,在生长后期酶活性最高。构建了脱氢抗坏血酸酶基因(DHAR)的RNAi植物表达载体(Part27-IDHAR),并采用农杆菌介导法转入草莓,共获7株PCR阳性植株,初步说明目的基因已整合到草莓组织中。【结论】DHAR酶活性与AsA积累呈显著正相关,获得的转基因植株可为下一步研究提供植物材料。
DOI:10.3969/j:issn.2095-1191.2012.11.1626URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】确定草莓脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)酶活性与抗坏血酸(ASA)的关系,研究DHAR对AsA积累的调控作用,为筛选高AsA草莓品种育种提供理论基础。【方法】于不同时期测定草莓果实AsA含量和DHAR酶活性并进行相关性分析,构建DHAR基因RNAi植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法,将RNAi植物表达载体导入草莓中。【结果】草莓果实成熟过程中AsA含量呈现上升趋势,生长后期含量增幅最大。随着草莓果实的成熟,DHAR酶活性逐渐增大,在生长后期酶活性最高。构建了脱氢抗坏血酸酶基因(DHAR)的RNAi植物表达载体(Part27-IDHAR),并采用农杆菌介导法转入草莓,共获7株PCR阳性植株,初步说明目的基因已整合到草莓组织中。【结论】DHAR酶活性与AsA积累呈显著正相关,获得的转基因植株可为下一步研究提供植物材料。
[D].
[本文引用: 2]
[D].
[本文引用: 2]
DOI:10.1007/s00425-009-1075-3URLPMID:19960204 [本文引用: 1]
Aluminum (Al) inhibits plant growth partly by causing oxidative damage that is promoted by reactive oxygen species and can be prevented by improving antioxidant capacity. Ascorbic acid (AsA), the most abundant antioxidant in plants, is regenerated by the action of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR). We investigated the role of MDAR and DHAR in AsA regeneration during Al stress using transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants overexpressing Arabidopsis cytosolic MDAR (MDAR-OX) or DHAR (DHAR-OX). DHAR-OX plants showed better root growth than wild-type (SR-1) plants after exposure to Al for 2 weeks, but MDAR-OX plants did not. There was no difference in Al distribution and accumulation in the root tips among SR-1, DHAR-OX, and MDAR-OX plants after Al treatment for 24 h. However, DHAR-OX plants showed lower hydrogen peroxide content, less lipid peroxidation and lower level of oxidative DNA damage than SR-1 plants, whereas MDAR-OX plants showed the same extent of damage as SR-1 plants. Compared with SR-1 plants, DHAR-OX plants consistently maintained a higher AsA level both with and without Al exposure, while MDAR-OX plants maintained a higher AsA level only without Al exposure. Also, DHAR-OX plants maintained higher APX activity under Al stress. The higher AsA level and APX activity in DHAR-OX plants contributed to their higher antioxidant capacity and higher tolerance to Al stress. These findings show that the overexpression of DHAR, but not of MDAR, confers Al tolerance, and that maintenance of a high AsA level is important to Al tolerance.
DOI:10.1007/s11033-010-0264-2URLPMID:20857222 [本文引用: 1]
AbstractAscorbic acid (AsA, vitamin C) is one of the most important nutritional quality factors in many horticultural crops and has many biological activities in the human body. Dehydroascorbate reductase (EC 1.8.5.1; DHAR) plays an important role in maintaining the normal level of ascorbic acid (AsA) by recycling oxidized ascorbic acid. To increase AsA content of potato, we isolated and characterized the cDNAs encoding two isoform DHARs localized in cytosol and chloroplast from potato, and developed two types of transgenic potato plants overexpressing cytosolic DHAR gene and chloroplastic DHAR, respectively. Incorporation of the transgene in the genome of potato was confirmed by PCR and real time RT-PCR. The overexpression of cytosolic significantly increased DHAR activities and AsA contents in potato leaves and tubers, whereas chloroplastic overexpression only increased DHAR activities and AsA contents in leaves, and did not change them in tubers. These results indicated that AsA content of potato can be elevated by enhancing recycling ascorbate via DHAR overexpression, moreover, cytosolic DHAR might play main important roles in improving the AsA contents of potato tubers.
DOI:10.1007/s11738-010-0669-5URL [本文引用: 1]
Ascorbic acid (Asc) plays a multifunctional role in plants. l -galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GLDH, EC 1.3.2.3) catalyzes the last step in the main pathway of Asc biosynthesis in higher plants. In this paper, we first examined how a change in Asc content leads to a changed plant growth and seed set using GLDH transgenic rice ( Oryza sativa L.) which has different expression level of GLDH. The results showed that suppression of GLDH expression resulted in a loss of chlorophyll, a lower Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ( Rubisco , EC 4.1.1.39) protein content, and a lower rate of CO 2 assimilation. As a consequence, a slower rate of plant growth and lower seed set were observed. Reduced seed set and growth rate as measured by plant height, root length, leaf weight, and root weight were consistent with the GLDH-mediated reduction of photosynthetic function. Increasing GLDH expression maintained high levels of chlorophyll, Rubisco protein, and a higher rate of net photosynthesis, resulting in higher seed set. The observation that increasing the level of GLDH expression correlated with reduced lipid peroxidation whereas reducing GLDH expression correlated with increased lipid peroxidation was consistent with the foliar level of Asc, indicating that GLDH functions to protect against ROS-mediated damage. When taken together, this work suggests that level of Asc in transgenic rice for GLDH is associated with plant growth and seed set.
