关键词：玉米;播期;产量;气候因子 Abstract In view of the changes of climatic condition and farming system in recent years, a field experiment during growing season 2015-2016 was conducted to study the responses of maize yield to ecological condition, and discuss the effects of climatic factors on maize yield under condition of different sowing dates on the south Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers plain. A main maize cultivar Zhengdan 958 was sown at seven sowing dates (S1: 15 April; S2: 30 April; S3: 15 May; S4: 30 May; S5: 14 June; S6: 29 June; S7: 14 July). There was significant difference in maize yield because of the different climatic conditions between years and between conditions of sowing dates. The yield of spring-sowing maize was significantly higher than that of summer-sowing maize, which deceased significantly with postponing sowing date. With postponing maize sowing date, the average daily temperature during seeding stage increased, the average daily temperature from anthesis to maturity and growing degree-days during whole growth period decreased, and the growth period of maize shortened gradually. At the density of 67 500 plants ha-1,100-grain weight made more contribution to yield than grain number per ear. The main climatic factors affecting 100-grain weight and grain number per ear were growing degree-days during whole growth period, especially from anthesis to maturity stage. The main climatic factors affecting maize yield were the average daily temperature range (r = 0.696**) and average daily temperature (r= -0.638*) at seedling stage, the growing degree-days (r = 0.822**) and average daily temperature (r = 0.723**) from anthesis to maturity stage, and the growing degree-days during whole growth period (r = 0.843**). Therefore, the sowing date of the spring-sowing maize can be postponed from the midmonth of April to May 1st, which can achieve high and stable grain yield because of decreasing the harmful effects of cloudy and rainy at flowering and high temperature heat damage. For summer maize, the suitable sowing date should be as early as possible after wheat harvest. The early sowing date of summer maize not only increase growing degree-days, but create suitable temperature condition that the average daily temperature is low during seedling stage and high from anthesis to maturity stage, and provide suitable condition for delaying harvest and facilitating mechanical grain-harvest.
2015—2016年在河南农业大学科教园区, 选用郑单958 (ZD958), 设S1(4/15)、S2(4/30)、S3(5/15)、S4(5/30)、S5(6/14)、S6(6/29)、S7(7/14) 7个播期, 分别在8/12—8/15、8/19—8/23、8/30—9/4、9/11—9/16、9/22—9/29、10/9—10/16、10/18—10/23收获。种植密度为67 500株 hm-2, 随机区组设计, 3次重复, 小区面积21.8 m2 (6.0 m×3.6 m), 6行区, 行距0.6 m。播种前精选种子, 精细整地, 施肥量为纯氮225 kg hm-2、P2O5 120 kg hm-2、K2O 50 kg hm-2, 磷肥(过磷酸钙, P2O5 14%)、钾肥(氯化钾, K2O 60%)作底肥, 氮肥(尿素, 全氮46.4%)分期使用(底肥40%、大喇叭口期追施60%), 播后及时灌水。在三叶期定苗至设计密度, 于大喇叭口期用辛硫磷颗粒剂丢心防治玉米螟。整个生育期间遇旱及时灌水, 其他栽培管理措施同一般高产玉米田。
1.2 生育期与气象条件
试验期间气象条件和不同播期玉米生育进程分别见图1和图2。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图12015年和2016年玉米生育期日均温度和有效降水量 ADT: 日均温度; DEP: 有效降水量. -->Fig. 1Average daily temperature and daily effective precipitation during maize growth period in 2015 and 2016 ADT: average daily temperature; DEP: daily effective precipitation. -->
显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图22015年和2016年不同播期玉米生育进程 SS: 苗期; SFS: 穗期; AMS: 粒期; S1(4/15)、S2(4/30)、S3(5/15)、S4(5/30)、S5(6/14)、S6(6/29)、S7(7/14)分别表示第1至第7播期。 -->Fig. 2Growth duration of maize under different sowing dates in 2015 and 2016 SS: seedling stage; SFS: spike formation stage; AMS: anthesis to maturity stage; S1(4/15), S2(4/30), S3(5/15), S4(5/30), S5(6/14), S6(6/29), and S7(7/14) are the different sowing dates from the first to the seventh, respectively. -->
由表2可知, 年份间和播期处理间差异均达极显著水平; 在互作效应水平上, 年份×播期差异也达极显著水平。 Table 2 表2 表2年际间不同播期对玉米产量的方差分析 Table 2Variance analysis of year, sowing date (SD) and their interaction on maize yield
变异来源 Source
平方和 SS
自由度 df
均方 MS
F值 F-value
年份Year
6010968.9
1
6010968.9
210.4**
播期SD
86876003.7
6
14479334.0
506.9**
年份×播期Year×SD
5386855.8
6
897809.3
31.4**
**表示差异在0.01水平显著。** means significant difference at the 0.01 probability level. 新窗口打开 年际间随播期推迟所引起的产量变化趋势不同(图3-A, B), 2015年呈先升高后降低的趋势(P<0.05); 2016年, 呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。两年不同播期玉米产量均在S4之后显著下降。常年气候的2015年播期间产量变化范围为1.4%~68.7%; 高温年份的2016年S1~S7播期间产量变化范围为4.3%~82.7%, 7月下旬—9月上旬日均最高温达33.0°C, 较2015年同期高5.2%, 由于高温逼熟, S1~S7平均产量较2015年降低7.9%。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图3不同播期玉米产量及产量构成因素 柱上不同字母表示不同处理差异在0.05水平显著; S1(4/15)、S2(4/30)、S3(5/15)、S4(5/30)、S5(6/14)、S6(6/29)、S7(7/14)分别表示第1至第7播期。 -->Fig. 3Grain yield and yield components of maize under different sowing dates Different letters on bars represent significant difference between different treatments at the 0.05 probability level; S1(4/15), S2(4/30), S3(5/15), S4(5/30), S5(6/14), S6(6/29), and S7(7/14) are the different sowing dates from the first to the seventh, respectively. -->
黄淮南部为冬小麦夏玉米两熟种植区, 夏玉米一般在6月10日左右播种, 以接近常年播期的S5为对照, 比较2年各个播期处理的玉米产量、穗粒数和百粒重平均值(2016年S3遭遇花期阴雨灾害, 分析时除外)表明, S3、S1、S2、S4产量分别增高11.2%、11.0%、10.6%、7.8%, S6、S7产量分别降低8.6%、35.9% (图3-A, B); S3、S1、S2、S4穗粒数分别增多6.3%、5.9%、7.3%、4.6%, S6、S7穗粒数分别减少4.2%、11.9% (图3-C, D); S3、S1、S2、S4百粒重分别增加6.5%、5.9%、4.6%、6.8%, S6、S7百粒重分别降低7.7%、21.7% (图3-E, F)。 花后10 d是穗粒数的关键决定期, 此阶段的气候条件对玉米穗粒数和产量影响极大。黄淮南部主要气象灾害如表3所示, 花期高温、花期阴雨灾害均会导致授粉不良, 结实性下降。2015年S1抽雄散粉期降水量104.5 mm, 造成花期阴雨灾害, 产量、穗粒数分别较2016年同期减少4.7%、3.3%; 2016年S3抽雄散粉期降水量157.3 mm, 造成花期阴雨灾害, 籽粒形成期又遭遇高温热害(2016年7月22日至26日连续5 d日均温超过35.0°C), 导致籽粒败育, 严重影响了穗粒数和粒重, 高温对粒重的影响主要表现在籽粒灌浆期缩短, 较2015年缩短了7.3%, 导致该播期穗粒数和粒重分别较2015年同期减少12.0%和12.8%, 产量较2015年同期降低18.6%; 2016年S4抽雄散粉期遭遇高温热害, 导致穗粒数较2015年同期减少9.5%, 产量降低12.4%。表明花期降水量少, 光照充足, 温度适中, 有利于玉米开花授粉结实, 提高玉米产量。S1、S2、S5、S6、S7 年际间产量变异系数为3.4%、3.4%、6.0%、7.0%、4.1%, 而S3、S4年际间产量变异系数达14.5%、9.4%。S1花期一般在6月中下旬, S2一般在7月初, S3一般在7月中旬, 结合表3, S1、S3花期阴雨、高温热害灾害发生的概率高于S2, 虽然S1、S2、S3均能显著提高玉米籽粒产量, 但S2丰产稳产性能更好, 因此, 在黄淮南部种植春玉米时, 5月1日左右是高产稳产的适宜播种期。 Table 3 表3 表31970-2016年黄淮南部主要气象灾害发生概率 Table 3Probability of major meteorological disasters on the south Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers plain in 1970-2016 (%)
试验中各处理田间管理措施基本一致, 而播期间的产量在两年的趋势不同, 这与年际气候因子变化有关。 由表4可知, 年际间不同播期处理气候因子变异最大的是降水量, S1~S7年际间变异系数变化范围为6.9%~36.0%, 日照时数、有效积温、日均温、日较差S1~S7年际间变异系数变化范围分别为2.1%~13.6%、0.1%~3.5%、0.6%~5.3%和0~10.3%。 Table 4 表4 表4不同播期玉米全生育期气候因子 Table 4Climatic factors during maize growth period under different sowing dates
播期 Sowing date
气候因子Climatic factors
日照时数 DSD (h)
有效积温 GDD (°C d)
日均温 ADT (°C)
气温日较差 ADTR (°C)
降水量 EP (mm)
S1
平均Mean
747.4
1841.4
25.2
9.5
419.2
CV (%)
5.5
0.3
0.6
1.5
28.4
S2
平均Mean
676.6
1840.7
26.2
9.8
443.2
CV (%)
7.8
0.1
1.1
6.5
35.9
S3
平均Mean
650.6
1860.4
26.8
9.1
419.1
CV (%)
6.7
0.5
1.6
2.3
25.6
S4
平均Mean
620.5
1839.2
27.6
9.2
414.5
CV (%)
8.4
2.7
0.8
1.5
22.0
S5
平均Mean
584.9
1760.8
26.7
9.0
408.2
CV (%)
13.6
3.5
5.3
0.0
18.9
S6
平均Mean
585.5
1682.4
25.5
9.0
347.7
CV (%)
3.0
3.3
3.9
10.3
25.1
S7
平均Mean
521.1
1480.6
24.6
9.0
289.8
CV (%)
2.1
3.1
4.0
8.7
6.9
缩写同表1。S1(4/15)、S2(4/30)、S3(5/15)、S4(5/30)、S5(6/14)、S6(6/29)、S7(7/14)分别表示第1至第7播期。Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. S1(4/15), S2(4/30), S3(5/15), S4(5/30), S5(6/14), S6(6/29), S7(7/14) are the different sowing dates from the first to the seventh, respectively. 新窗口打开 将全生育期气候因子和产量作线性拟合, 回归方程为 y = 9.9x2 - 8142.1, F = 29.6** (P<0.01), 方程达极显著水平, 其中x2为有效积温, x2的回归系数达极显著水平(P<0.01), 决定系数R2=0.711。全生育期气候因子与产量相关分析, 有效积温与产量极显著正相关(0.843), 说明有效积温是影响玉米产量的关键气候因子。由表4可知, S1~S3的积温变化幅度为4.8~22.2°C d, 变化幅度很小, 而S4~S7的积温变化幅度却高达69.6~361.0°C d。春播S1~S3、早夏播S4生育期的积温均能满足玉米生理成熟积温需求, 夏播S5~S7积温是限制玉米高产的关键气候因子, 因此为了获得较高的产量, 黄淮南部夏播玉米应抢时早播, 争取更多积温。
2.4 生育阶段气候因子对玉米产量的影响
玉米一生可以分为3个生育阶段, 即苗期(播种至拔节)、穗期(拔节至抽雄)、粒期(抽雄至成熟)。由2年共14个播期玉米各生育阶段的气象资料(表5和图3-A, B)可以看出, 2015年粒期的积温、日均温、降水量S1较S4分别增多9.7%、5.8%和46.9%, 日较差S1较S4减少6.6%, 而这2个播期玉米的日照时数相当, 分别为281.4 h和297.6 h, 而前者产量为10 203.7 kg hm-2, 后者为10 825.4 kg hm-2, 相差6.1%; 2016年S3粒期的积温多于2016年同期的S5, 日照时数、日均温、气温日较差相当, 而降水量多达337.6 mm, 产量仅为8531.6 kg hm-2。说明5个气候生态因子在各生育阶段的协调程度和时空分布对玉米产量影响很大。
不同播期玉米各剩余阶段的气候因子变化
Climatic factors of different growth stages of maize under different sowing dates
为了进一步探讨各生育阶段气候因子对产量影响的定量关系, 对3个生育阶段同一气候因子x1 (苗期)、x2 (穗期)、x3 (粒期)与产量作线性拟合, 回归方程为y = 8.7x3+1745.1, F = 25.1** (P<0.01), 方程达极显著水平, 其中x3为粒期有效积温, x3的回归系数达极显著水平(P<0.01), 决定系数R2=0.676。 日均温低于16°C时, 玉米基本停止籽粒灌浆[33]。如表6所示, 近十年来黄淮南部(试验点资料) 10月份平均日均温16°C终止日由20世纪70年代的10月11日延迟为10月21日, 有效灌浆期延长10 d, 因此, 可以通过推迟玉米收获期, 延长玉米灌浆期, 增加粒重, 提高玉米籽粒产量。 Table 6 表6 表6不同年份10月份各旬日均温比较 Table 6Comparison of average daily temperature in October between different years
表7表明, 全生育期、粒期有效积温均与产量极显著正相关, 而苗期、穗期有效积温对产量影响不大, 说明粒期有效积温是影响玉米产量的关键气候因子。苗期日均温与产量显著负相关, 降水量与产量负相关, 苗期日较差与产量显著正相关, 说明苗期日均温高, 降水量过多, 不宜培育壮苗, 不利于产量的提高, 适当增加粒期日均温有利于产量的提高。全生育期、苗期、粒期的日照时数均与产量显著正相关, 粒期的日照时数对产量的正效应大于全生育期及苗期, 说明籽粒形成期增加日照时数对提高产量有利。 Table 7 表7 表7气候因子与玉米产量及产量构成的相关分析 Table 7Correlation coefficients between climatic factors and yield and yield components
生育阶段 Growth stage
气候因子 Climatic factors
穗粒数 Grain number per ear
百粒重 Grain weight
产量 Yield
全生育期 Whole growing period
日照时数DSD
0.523
0.550*
0.604*
有效积温GDD
0.706**
0.780**
0.843**
日均温ADT
0.249
0.364
0.388
日较差ADTR
0.565*
0.530
0.466
降水量EP
0.173
0.232
0.324
苗期 SS
日照时数DSD
0.549*
0.558*
0.563*
有效积温GDD
-0.044
0.055
-0.063
日均温ADT
-0.612*
-0.573*
-0.638*
日较差ADTR
0.654*
0.741**
0.696**
降水量EP
-0.586*
-0.582*
-0.521
穗期 SFS
日照时数DSD
0.034
0.033
0.147
有效积温GDD
-0.333
-0.376
-0.241
日均温ADT
-0.512
-0.430
-0.368
日较差ADTR
0.441
0.398
0.406
降水量EP
0.090
0.183
0.120
粒期 AMS
日照时数DSD
0.565*
0.618*
0.615*
有效积温GDD
0.711**
0.761**
0.822**
日均温ADT
0.612*
0.656*
0.723**
日较差ADTR
-0.235
-0.237
-0.337
降水量EP
0.425
0.430
0.519
*, **分别表示在0.05和0.01水平显著相关。缩写同表1和图2。*, ** means significant correlation at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1 and Fig. 2. 新窗口打开 与穗粒数显著正相关的气候因子依次为粒期有效积温、全生育期有效积温、苗期气温日较差、粒期日均温、粒期日照时数、全生育期日较差、苗期日照时数, 显著负相关的气候因子依次为苗期日均温和苗期降水量; 与百粒重显著正相关的气候因子依次为全生育期有效积温、粒期有效积温、苗期气温日较差、粒期日均温、粒期日照时数、苗期日照时数、全生育期日照时数, 显著负相关的气候因子依次为苗期降水量和苗期日均温。影响穗粒数和百粒重的主导气候因子为全生育期及粒期有效积温, 且均达到极显著水平。
在黄淮南部选择适宜的播期能够较大程度地趋利避害, 大幅度提高玉米生产力。5月1日左右播种春玉米易实现高产稳产; 6月初播种夏玉米, 推迟到10月上旬收获, 不仅可以缓解苗期高温对壮苗的负面影响, 且可增加粒期有效积温, 使玉米灌浆处于适度较高的气温条件下, 对提高粒重和穗粒数及获得高产非常有利, 同时可为玉米后期脱水赢得时间, 为实现机械粒收创造条件。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。
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