孙凯¹, 刘振¹, 胡恒宇¹, 李耕¹, 刘文涛¹, 杨柳¹, 宁堂原^,1,*, 王彦玲²1 作物生物学国家重点实验室 / 农业部作物水分生理与抗旱种质改良重点实验室 / 山东农业大学农学院, 山东泰安 271018
2 滕州市农业局, 山东滕州 277519

Effect of organic fertilizer and rotational tillage practices on soil carbon and nitrogen and maize yield in wheat-maize cropping system

SUN Kai¹, LIU Zhen¹, HU Heng-Yu¹, LI Geng¹, LIU Wen-Tao¹, YANG Liu¹, NING Tang-Yuan^,1,*, WANG Yan-Ling² 1 State Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Crop Water Physiology and Drought-tolerance Germplasm Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China;
2 Tengzhou Agricultural Bureau, Tengzhou 277519, Shandong, China

通讯作者: *宁堂原, E-mail: ningty@163.com, Tel: 0538-8242653

收稿日期:2018-06-26接受日期:2018-12-24网络出版日期:2019-01-06

基金资助:

本研究由国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503121)和山东省2017年度农业重大应用技术创新项目资助.

Received:2018-06-26Accepted:2018-12-24Online:2019-01-06

Fund supported:

This study was supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201503121) and the Major Agricultural Applied Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province in 2017..

作者简介 About authors
E-mail:sksxz92@163.com。










摘要
探明不同轮耕和有机培肥方式对夏玉米田土壤碳氮及其酶活性的影响, 对提升农田土壤肥力及促进玉米高产具有重要意义。设秸秆(P)与牛粪(F)两种有机培肥方式和小麦季旋耕-玉米季深松(RS)、小麦季深松-玉米季免耕(SN)、小麦季翻耕-玉米季免耕(CN) 3种轮耕方式, 共6个处理, 于2015—2016和2016—2017玉米收获期采样测定, 研究了不同有机培肥和轮耕方式对土壤碳氮及其酶活性和作物产量的影响。结果表明, 轮耕方式、有机肥及其交互效应对土壤肥力有显著影响。在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层, 与轮耕方式CN相比, RS和SN能够显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮含量和脲酶、蔗糖酶活性。在轮耕方式RS中, 与施用牛粪相比, 秸秆还田显著提高了10~20 cm、20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层的有机碳含量, 增加了10~20 cm土层的全氮含量和蔗糖酶活性。在轮耕方式SN中, 与秸秆还田相比, 施用牛粪显著提高了0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层的有机碳、全氮含量和蔗糖酶活性, 增加了各土层脲酶活性。与秸秆还田+翻耕-免耕(PCN)相比, 秸秆还田+旋耕-深松(PRS)和施用牛粪+深松-免耕(FSN)能显著提高土壤肥力。在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层, 各处理中以FSN增加土壤有机碳、全氮含量和蔗糖酶、脲酶活性最为明显。轮耕方式、有机肥及其交互效应对产量有显著影响。轮耕方式RS和SN的产量较CN分别显著提高了1.89%~10.49%、5.44%~11.99%。在轮耕方式RS中, 产量表现为秸秆还田较施用牛粪显著提高了2.91%~3.11%; 而在轮耕方式SN中, 则表现为秸秆还田较施用牛粪显著降低了5.02%~9.07%。两年玉米产量均表现为FSN>PRS>FRS>PSN>FCN>PCN。综上所述, 在6种处理中, 处理FSN在提高土壤肥力和产量方面最为显著, 可以作为试验及周边地区适宜的轮耕培肥方式。
关键词： 轮耕;有机肥;土壤碳氮;酶活性;产量

Abstract
Quantitatively analyzing the effects of different tillage rotations and organic fertilization practices on soil carbon, nitrogen and their enzyme activities is of great importance to improve soil fertility and promote maize yield. This study was intended to explore changes of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, urease and sucrase activities under different tillage rotations and organic manure patterns in wheat-maize cropping system of North China Plain. Six treatments were compared, which were straw returning with rotary tillage-subsoiling (PRS), straw returning with subsoiling-no tillage (PSN), straw returning with conventional tillage-no tillage (PCN), cow manure with rotary tillage-subsoiling (FRS), cow manure with subsoiling-no tillage (FSN), and cow manure with conventional tillage-no tillage (FCN). The tillage mode, organic manure and their interactions had significant effects on soil fertility. The RS and SN patterns had higher contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen, and higher enzyme activities of urease and sucrase in 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers compared with the CN pattern. In rotation tillage mode of RS, straw returning significantly increased the soil organic carbon contents in 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, and 30-40 cm soil layers, and increased the total nitrogen content and sucrase activity in 10-20 cm soil layer. In rotation tillage mode of SN, the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen content, and sucrase activity in 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers, and urease enzyme activity in each soil layer, were significantly increased by applying cow manure compared with straw returning. Compared with PCN, PRS and FSN could significantly increase the soil fertility. The soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, urease and sucrase activities in FSN treatment were the highest in 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers in all treatments. The tillage mode, organic manure and their interactions had significant effects on maize yield. Compare with CN pattern, maize yield of the RS and SN patterns were averagely increased by 1.89%-10.49% and 5.44%-11.99%, respectively. In rotation tillage mode of RS, the yield under straw returning was significantly increased by 2.91%-3.11% compared with that under using cow manure; while in rotation tillage mode of SN, the yield under straw returning was 5.02%-9.07% lower than that under applying cow manure. The average yields of two years were in the order of FSN>PRS>FRS>PSN>FCN>PCN. This study demonstrates that cow manure with subsoiling-no tillage can increase the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and urease and sucrase activities, and increase the crop yield as a result. Thus, cow manure with subsoiling-no tillage management practice is a better mode for increasing soil fertility and crop productivity, which should be expected to be adopted in the North China Plain.
Keywords：rotation tillage;organic fertilizer;soil carbon and nitrogen;enzyme activity;yield


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本文引用格式
孙凯, 刘振, 胡恒宇, 李耕, 刘文涛, 杨柳, 宁堂原, 王彦玲. 有机培肥与轮耕方式对夏玉米田土壤碳氮和产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2019, 45(3): 401-410. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.83028
SUN Kai, LIU Zhen, HU Heng-Yu, LI Geng, LIU Wen-Tao, YANG Liu, NING Tang-Yuan, WANG Yan-Ling. Effect of organic fertilizer and rotational tillage practices on soil carbon and nitrogen and maize yield in wheat-maize cropping system[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2019, 45(3): 401-410. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.83028


保持并提高土壤质量, 实现“藏粮于地”是确保我国粮食安全和农业可持续发展的重要策略^[1]。适宜的耕作措施对协调土壤水、肥、气、热有积极作用^[2]。少、免耕对土壤结构扰动较小, 在保水、保墒、保肥等方面具有积极作用^[3]; 但长期少、免耕会对土壤产生消极影响, 增加土壤硬度^[4], 不利于养分深达下层, 影响作物根系生长发育, 从而影响作物产量^[5,6]。随着长期单一耕作对土壤质量带来问题的日益突出, 人们开始研究将免耕、旋耕、深松、翻耕等不同的耕作方式合理组合形成轮耕模式, 以期集各耕作方式的优点, 减少长期单一耕作的消极影响^[7,8]。土壤碳、氮是衡量土壤质量的重要指标, 其在土壤中的动态平衡会直接影响农田土壤肥力水平和作物产量^[9]。与传统耕作相比, 免耕虽然能够显著增加土壤表层有机碳含量, 但深层土壤有机碳含量不仅不会增加还会下降甚至能够抵消表层有机碳积累量^[10]。而轮耕措施在增加耕层土壤有机碳含量的同时, 也能够促进耕层土壤碳、氮的均匀分布^[11]。免耕后进行深松能够疏松土壤, 有利于作物产量提高^[12]。农田在经过10年免耕、耙耕、旋耕后转变为深松耕作方式对土壤有机碳和作物产量均有积极作用^[13]。有机肥的施用不仅能够为作物提供所需的养分, 改善作物品质, 提高作物产量; 而且可以改善土壤理化性状, 培肥农田^[14]。有机肥为农田土壤带入了大量碳源, 提高了土壤微生物活性, 有利于保持碳输入和输出平衡, 提高土壤固碳能力^[15]; 施用有机肥可以显著提高土壤碳氮和酶活性^[16]。但施用不同的有机肥对土壤的培肥效果不同^[17]。现有研究表明, 轮耕方式或施肥可以通过提高土壤肥力而促进作物增产。为了进一步培肥地力和提高产量, 亟须探明合理的轮耕培肥组合方式。但现有研究大多从轮耕方式或施肥制度单一方面开展, 仅能提出适宜的轮耕方式或施肥方式^[8,18]。而研究轮耕方式、有机肥及其交互效应对土壤肥力和作物产量影响的报道较少, 缺乏提高农田土壤肥力和作物产量的轮耕培肥制度。因此, 本试验采用轮耕方式和有机肥相结合的模式, 分析轮耕方式、有机肥单独及交互效应对夏玉米田土壤碳氮及其酶活性和作物产量的影响, 探求适宜提高农田肥力和作物产量的轮耕培肥制度, 以期为试验及周边地区选择适宜的轮耕培肥方式提供理论依据。

1 研究区域与研究方法

1.1 研究区概况

山东省滕州市西岗镇温堂村(34°58′10.72″N, 117°0′28.81″E)属于温带季风气候区, 年均温度15.3℃, 年平均日照2283.0 h, 降雨主要集中在6月至9月, 年均降雨量758.4 mm。该区域常年实行冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟种植制度, 小麦、玉米机械收获后秸秆直接粉碎还田, 少、免耕是常用的耕作方式, 供试土壤为潮褐土。试验开始前0~20 cm土层土壤含有机碳10.47 mg g^-1、全氮0.92 mg g^-1、有效磷37.72 mg g^-1、速效钾161 mg g^-1。

1.2 研究方法

2014年开始, 采用两因素随机区组设计, 设小麦旋耕+玉米深松(RS)、小麦深松+玉米免耕(SN)、小麦翻耕+玉米免耕(CN) 3种耕作方式, 旋耕、深松、翻耕深度分别为10 cm、35 cm、30 cm; 设小麦季增施牛粪(F)、玉米秸秆还田(P) 2种有机培肥方式, 玉米季时小麦秸秆全量粉碎还田, 共6个处理。各处理遵循氮、磷、钾等施原则, 玉米秸秆(含N 0.51%、P₂O₅ 0.34%、K₂O 1.20%、C 41.09%)还田量8550 kg hm^-2, 牛粪(含N 0.78%、P₂O₅ 0.97%、K₂O 1.01%、C 49.87%)施用量5590 kg hm^-2, 各处理的磷、钾差异用化肥补齐并在小麦季作为基肥施入。小区面积80 m² (8 m×10 m), 3次重复。冬小麦供试品种为“泰农18”, 夏玉米为“农单116”。有机肥在小麦季基施, 化肥除基施外, 其余用做追肥。各处理在小麦季施用化肥纯N总量112.5 kg hm^-2, 秸秆还田处理施用P₂O₅总量137.6 kg hm^-2、K₂O总量112.5 kg hm^-2, 增施牛粪处理施用P₂O₅总量112.5 kg hm^-2、K₂O总量158.6 kg hm^-2, 其中拔节期沟施纯N 69.6 kg hm^-2, 其余基施; 玉米季施用化肥纯N、P₂O₅、K₂O总量分别为368.4 kg hm^-2、90 kg hm^-2、90 kg hm^-2, 其中大喇叭口期沟施追肥纯N 278.4 kg hm^-2, 其余基施。各处理其他田间管理措施一致。

1.3 测定项目与方法

2014—2015年度为预处理, 不取样。在2016年10月1日玉米收获期、2017年10月3日玉米收获期, 采用S形取样法随机选取每小区5个样点, 用土钻取0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm、30~40 cm土样, 去除秸秆、石块等杂物后, 将每小区5个样点的同一土层土样均匀混合, 自然风干后过筛用于测定各项指标。用重铬酸钾外加热法测定土壤有机碳, 用半微量凯氏定氮法测定全氮^[19]。用靛酚蓝比色法测定土壤脲酶, 用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法测定蔗糖酶^[20]。

在两年玉米收获期从各处理中间取10 m双行, 记录各处理的果穗数, 晾干后全部脱粒称重测定产量。从每处理随机选取10穗晒干的玉米, 考察穗粒数, 并测定千粒重。

1.4 数据处理

用Microsoft Excel 2003软件预处理数据, 用SigmaPlot 10.0制图, 用SPSS Statistics 17.0进行多因素方差分析, 采用LSD法进行多重比较(P<0.05)。

2 结果与分析

2.1 有机培肥与轮耕方式对夏玉米田土壤有机碳的影响

由多因素方差分析可知, 轮耕方式、轮耕方式和有机肥交互作用对两年收获期各土层中有机碳含量均有极显著影响(表1)。0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层, 有机肥对两年有机碳含量均有显著影响, 但20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层, 仅在2017年对有机碳含量具有显著影响。秸秆还田时, 两年有机碳含量在各土层均表现为轮耕方式RS较CN显著提高了3.87%~ 28.53%; 施用牛粪时, 轮耕方式SN的有机碳含量较CN显著提高了4.90%~51.54%。在10~20 cm土层, 轮耕方式SN的有机碳含量在两年收获期均表现为施用牛粪高于秸秆还田。2017年, 在30~40 cm土层, 轮耕方式RS和CN的有机碳含量表现为秸秆还田较施用牛粪分别提高5.93%和10.40%。处理间比较, 0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层, 有机碳含量均表现为FSN最高、PRS次之, PCN和FCN最低。

Table 1
表1
表1有机培肥与轮耕方式对土壤有机碳的影响
Table 1Effects of organic manure and rotational tillage practices on soil organic carbon (mg g^-1)

处理 Treatment	2016					2017
	0-10 cm	10-20 cm	20-30 cm	30-40 cm		0-10 cm	10-20 cm	20-30 cm	30-40 cm
PRS	11.91 a	10.19 a	7.02 a	5.05 bc		12.60 b	12.36 a	8.47 a	5.18 b
PSN	11.23 b	9.66 c	6.75 b	5.18 ab		12.50 b	12.24 b	6.31 d	6.17 a
PCN	11.17 c	9.65 c	5.83 d	4.26 d		12.13 c	10.27 e	6.59 c	4.67 c
FRS	11.03 b	9.94 b	6.20 c	4.39 d		12.55 b	12.00 c	6.54 c	4.89 c
FSN	11.98 a	10.27 a	7.27 a	5.31 a		12.69 a	12.47 a	7.91 b	6.41 a
FCN	10.99 c	9.79 bc	5.86 d	4.90 c		12.20 c	10.93 d	6.64 c	4.23 d
方差分析 Analysis of variance
T	**	**	**	**		**	**	**	**
C	**	**	ns	ns		**	*	*	**
T×C	**	**	**	**		**	**	**	**

Values followed by different letters within a column are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. * and ** mean significance at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. PRS: straw returning with rotary tillage-subsoiling; PSN: straw returning with subsoiling-no tillage; PCN: straw returning with conventional tillage-no tillage; FRS: cow manure with rotary tillage-subsoiling; FSN: cow manure with subsoiling-no tillage; FCN: cow manure with conventional tillage-no tillage. T: tillage factor; C: organic fertilizer factor.
同列标以不同字母的数值在0.05水平差异显著。*和**表示在0.05和0.01水平上的显著性。PRS: 秸秆还田+旋耕-深松; PSN: 秸秆还田+深松-免耕; PCN: 秸秆还田+翻耕-免耕; FRS: 施用牛粪+旋耕-深松; FSN: 施用牛粪+深松-免耕; FCN: 施用牛粪+翻耕-免耕。T: 耕作因素; C: 有机肥因素。

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2.2 有机培肥与轮耕方式对夏玉米田土壤全氮的影响

由表2可知, 在0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层, 轮耕方式、有机肥及其交互效应均对全氮含量影响显著。无论是秸秆还田还是施用牛粪, 在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层, 轮耕方式RS和SN的全氮含量均显著高于CN。20~30 cm土层, 轮耕方式CN的全氮含量在2016年较RS和SN显著提高了10.34%~25.49%; 而到2017年时轮耕方式RS和SN的全氮含量较CN显著提高了4.92%~22.03%。在0~10 cm土层, 轮耕方式RS和SN的全氮含量均表现为施用牛粪显著高于秸秆还田。在10~20 cm和 20~30 cm土层, 轮耕方式SN和CN的全氮含量也表现为施用牛粪显著高于秸秆还田。处理间比较, 在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层, FSN的全氮含量在两年收获期均最高。

Table 2
表2
表2有机培肥与轮耕方式对土壤全氮的影响
Table 2Effects of organic manure and rotational tillage practices on total nitrogen (mg g^-1)

处理 Treatment	2016					2017
	0-10 cm	10-20 cm	20-30 cm	30-40 cm		0-10 cm	10-20 cm	20-30 cm	30-40 cm
PRS	1.04 b	0.91 b	0.51 d	0.40 d		1.08 b	1.05 a	0.72 a	0.57 ab
PSN	0.94 cd	0.83 c	0.58 c	0.49 c		1.06 c	0.99 c	0.67 b	0.55 b
PCN	0.92 d	0.73 d	0.64 b	0.50 bc		1.05 c	0.92 d	0.59 d	0.58 ab
FRS	1.08 a	0.87 bc	0.62 b	0.52 ab		1.10 a	1.02 b	0.64 c	0.59 a
FSN	1.09 a	0.99 a	0.61 b	0.44 e		1.12 a	1.06 a	0.71 a	0.56 ab
FCN	0.97 c	0.77 d	0.70 a	0.54 a		1.04 c	1.00 c	0.61 d	0.57 ab
方差分析 Analysis of variance
T	**	**	**	**		**	**	**	*
C	**	**	**	**		**	**	**	ns
T×C	**	**	**	**		**	**	**	ns

Values followed by different letters within a column are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. * and ** mean significance at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.
同列标以不同字母的数值在0.05水平差异显著。*和**表示在0.05和0.01水平上的显著性。缩写同表1。

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2.3 有机培肥与轮耕方式对0~40 cm土层有机碳、全氮和C/N的影响

由表3可知, 轮耕方式、轮耕方式和有机肥的交互作用对两年收获期有机碳、全氮和C/N均具有极显著影响; 有机肥对有机碳没有显著影响, 但是对全氮和C/N均有极显著影响。无论是秸秆还田还是施用牛粪, 轮耕方式RS和SN在两年收获期的有机碳、全氮含量均显著高于CN; 轮耕方式SN的C/N在两年收获期是最高的, 较CN显著提高了3.87%~ 8.86%。SN和CN的全氮含量均表现为施用牛粪比秸秆还田分别提高了4.88%~9.86%、3.85%~7.14%。RS和CN的C/N表现为秸秆还田比施用牛粪分别提高了4.46%~17.07%、1.62%~5.02%。处理间比较, FSN的有机碳和全氮含量在两年均显著高于其他处理。

Table 3
表3
表3有机培肥与轮耕方式对0~40 cm土层有机碳、全氮和C/N的影响
Table 3Effects of organic manure and rotational tillage practices on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen and C/N in 0-40 cm soil layer (mg g^-1)

处理 Treatment	2016				2017
	C	N	C/N		C	N	C/N
PRS	8.54 b	0.72 c	11.93 a		9.65 a	0.85 a	11.24 b
PSN	8.21 c	0.71 c	11.52 b		9.31 b	0.82 c	11.33 ab
PCN	7.73 e	0.70 d	11.09 c		8.41 c	0.78 d	10.67 c
FRS	7.89 d	0.77 a	10.19 e		8.99 b	0.84 b	10.76 c
FSN	8.71 a	0.78 a	11.13 c		9.87 a	0.86 a	11.43 a
FCN	7.88 d	0.75 b	10.56 d		8.50 c	0.81 c	10.50 d
方差分析 Analysis of variance
T	**	**	**		**	**	**
C	ns	**	**		ns	**	**
T×C	**	**	**		**	**	**

Values followed by different letters within a column are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. ** means significance at the 0.01 probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.
同列标以不同字母的数值在0.05水平差异显著。**表示在0.01水平上的显著性。缩写同表1。

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2.4 有机培肥与轮耕方式对夏玉米田土壤蔗糖酶的影响

由图1可知, 轮耕方式、有机肥以及两者之间交互作用对两年收获期各土层蔗糖酶活性均具有显著影响。在两年收获期的0~10 cm和10~20 cm 土层, 秸秆还田时, 轮耕方式RS的蔗糖酶活性较CN显著提高了20.48%~25.86%; 在施用牛粪时, 轮耕方式SN的蔗糖酶活性较CN显著提高了20.87%~36.61%。在2017年, 20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层, 无论是秸秆还田还是施用牛粪, SN的蔗糖酶活性较RS和CN显著提高了7.89%~17.80%、12.31%~25.86%。在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层, SN和CN的土壤蔗糖酶活性均表现为施用牛粪显著高于秸秆还田。处理间比较, 土壤蔗糖酶活性在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层均表现为FSN最高, PRS次之, 且FSN较PRS显著提高了5.79%~18.20%。

图1

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图1有机培肥与轮耕方式对土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响

同一土壤层次标以不同字母的柱值表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。*和**表示在0.01水平上的显著性。T: 耕作因素; C: 有机肥因素; P: 秸秆; F: 牛粪。其他缩写同表1。
Fig. 1Effects of organic manure and rotational tillage practices on invertase activity

Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different among different treatments at the same soil layer at P<0.05. ** mean significance at the 0.01 probability level. T: tillage factor; C: organic fertilizer factor; P: straw; F: cow manure. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

2.5 有机培肥与轮耕方式对夏玉米田土壤脲酶的影响

由图2可知, 轮耕方式、有机肥以及两者之间交互作用在各土层对脲酶活性均具有显著影响。在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层, 无论是秸秆还田还是施用牛粪, RS和SN的脲酶活性较CN分别显著提高了4.16%~25.60%、5.45%~21.28%。轮耕方式SN和CN的脲酶活性在10~20 cm和30~40 cm土层均表现为施用牛粪显著高于秸秆还田。处理FSN的脲酶活性0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层均显著高于其他处理。

图2

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图2有机培肥和轮耕方式对土壤脲酶活性的影响

同一土壤层次标以不同字母的柱值表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。**表示在0.01水平上的显著性。T: 耕作因素; C: 有机肥因素; P: 秸秆; F: 牛粪。其他缩写同表1。
Fig. 2Effects of returning organic manure and rotational tillage practices on urease activity

Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different among different treatments at the same soil layer at P<0.05. * and ** means significance at the 0.01 probability level. T: tillage factor; C: organic fertilizer factor; P: straw; F: cow manure. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

2.6 有机培肥与轮耕方式对夏玉米产量及其构成因素的影响

由表4可知, 轮耕方式、轮耕方式与有机肥交互作用、轮耕方式与年限交互作用对千粒重、穗粒数、公顷穗数和产量均有显著影响; 有机肥和轮耕方式、有机肥、年限三者的交互作用对千粒重、公顷穗数没有显著影响, 但对穗粒数和产量具有显著影响; 年限、有机肥与年限的交互作用对穗粒数、公顷穗数、产量均影响显著。在秸秆还田和施用牛粪下, 两年玉米穗粒数、公顷穗数和产量均表现为RS、SN较CN显著提高了3.85%~8.12%、1.46%~ 4.52%、5.44%~11.99%。在轮耕方式SN和CN下, 两年玉米产量均表现为施用牛粪较秸秆还田分别显著提高了5.02%~9.07%、2.77%~3.71%。处理间比较, 两年玉米穗粒数和产量均是处理FSN最高, PRS次之。

Table 4
表4
表4有机培肥和轮耕方式对玉米产量及其构成因素的影响
Table 4Effects of organic manure and rotational tillage practices on yield and its components of summer maize

处理 Treatment		千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	公顷穗数 Spike number (×104)	产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
2016	PRS	278.95 a	594.33 b	6.22 a	8787 b
	PSN	268.83 d	589.90 b	6.24 a	8504 c
	PCN	275.22 bc	568.03 d	5.97 b	8065 e
	FRS	275.85 b	592.07 b	6.14 a	8522 c
	FSN	277.06 ab	605.07 a	6.23 a	8931 a
	FCN	272.54 c	575.73 c	6.03 b	8364 d
2017	PRS	282.39 ab	596.47 b	6.28 a	9054 b
	PSN	277.80 b	591.80 c	6.24 ab	8647 d
	PCN	271.89 c	566.70 d	6.07 c	8194 f
	FRS	274.32 c	590.61 c	6.26 ab	8798 c
	FSN	285.93 a	609.85 a	6.27 a	9431 a
	FCN	273.23 c	564.07 e	6.18 b	8421 e
F-value	T	**	**	**	**
	C	ns	**	ns	**
	Y	**	ns	**	**
	T×C	**	**	**	**
	T×Y	**	**	**	**
	C×Y	ns	*	*	**
	T×C×Y	ns	**	ns	**

Values followed by different letters within a column are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. * and ** mean significance at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. Y: year. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.
同列标以不同字母的数值在0.05水平差异显著。*和**表示在0.05和0.01水平上的显著性。Y: 年限。其他缩写同表1。

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3 讨论

3.1 有机培肥和轮耕方式对夏玉米农田土壤有机碳、全氮和C/N的影响

本研究表明, 在两年收获期的 0~10 cm和10~ 20 cm土层, 土壤有机碳、全氮含量在秸秆还田时均表现为PRS>PSN>PCN, 而在施用牛粪时均表现为FSN>FRS>FCN。造成土壤有机碳、全氮含量在施不同有机肥条件下的最优轮耕方式不同的原因, 一方面可能是秸秆中含有丰富的高纤维, 与秸秆相比牛粪在土壤中更容易分解^[21]。另一方面, 不同的轮耕方式对农田土壤形成的环境不同, 从而秸秆和牛粪的腐解速率不同。施入外源物质会影响土壤中有机碳含量的变化, 但这并不是唯一因素, 不同土壤耕作对土壤产生的强度、频率都不同, 从而影响土壤有机碳在农田中的矿化^[22]。本试验中, 在施相同有机肥条件下土壤有机碳、全氮和C/N在两年收获期0~40 cm土层均表现为轮耕方式RS、SN优于CN, 究其原因可能是翻耕扰动大, 加速了土壤碳、氮的矿化损失; 而旋耕、深松和免耕在改善土壤环境的同时, 对土壤扰动较小, 有利于土壤碳、氮固存, 土壤碳氮比增大, 这与谢迎新等^[23]研究结果一致。不同碳氮比的有机肥对土壤碳氮的影响是不同的^[25]。本试验结果表明, 在0~40 cm土层, 有机培肥3年(2017年)后轮耕方式SN的土壤有机碳、全氮和C/N均表现为施用牛粪优于秸秆还田, 而轮耕方式RS的土壤有机碳、全氮和C/N则表现为秸秆还田优于增施牛粪, 这说明有机物料还田后在土壤中的腐解不仅受自身碳氮比的影响, 而且耕作方式所创造的环境也有很大影响。

3.2 有机培肥和轮耕方式对夏玉米农田土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性的影响

土壤酶活性与土壤中的潜在养分有效化和土壤胶体吸收性离子有效程度有关, 而这两方面又决定了作物供应养分的能力^[20], 所以研究土壤酶活性与土壤养分之间的关系可以有助于了解土壤养分的转化能力^[26]。农田土壤中碳、氮发生的生化反应需要土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶的参与, 其活性能够反映碳、氮在土壤中的分解方向和强度^[27]。许多研究^[17,28-29]表明不同的施肥方式对土壤酶活性的影响不同。本研究表明, 在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层, 轮耕方式SN、CN的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均表现为施用牛粪显著高于秸秆还田, 其原因可能是轮耕方式SN、CN在施用牛粪下比秸秆还田更有利于碳、氮的增加, 为土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶提供了更多的酶促基质, 有利于其活性的增加。也有试验研究表明土壤酶活性对耕作方式较为敏感, 不同的耕作方式对土壤酶活性的影响也不同^[30]。本试验结果同时表明, 在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层, 无论是在秸秆还田还是施用牛粪条件下, 土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均表现为轮耕方式RS和SN显著高于CN, 一方面可能是施有机肥后旋耕和深松相对于翻耕对土壤翻动较小, 有利于土壤有机质的增加, 促进了土壤微生物的活动, 从而使土壤酶活性增加; 另一方面可能是深松能够形成“虚实并存”的耕层结构, 增加土壤孔隙度^[7]利于气体交换, 具有良好的蓄水保墒的能力, 为酶活性的提高创造了良好的土壤环境, 同时深松有利于土壤根系的生长^[31], 增加了土壤酶活性的来源, 这与曾玲玲等^[29]的试验结果一致。

3.3 有机培肥和轮耕方式对夏玉米产量的影响

良好的土壤环境和水肥供应是实现作物高产的必要条件^[32]。翻耕-免耕轮耕方式虽然能够提高土壤养分含量, 但是也会增加土壤耕层容重, 加快土壤水分的散失, 不利于作物的生长^[18]。柏炜霞等^[33]研究表明, 免耕-深松轮耕方式对春玉米的增产效果要优于轮耕方式翻耕-免耕。本研究表明无论是在秸秆还田下还是施用牛粪下玉米千粒重、穗粒数和产量均表现为轮耕方式RS、SN高于CN, 这可能是旋耕-深松、深松-免耕与翻耕-免耕相比在对土壤疏松、改善土壤孔隙度和容重的同时, 有利于保护土壤的原有结构, 蓄水保墒能力较强^[34]。另外从轮耕方式对土壤碳氮及其酶活性的影响可以看出, 轮耕方式RS、SN有利于土壤碳氮及其酶活性的增加, 进而增加作物产量。在轮耕方式SN、CN下, 两年玉米产量均表现为施用牛粪高于秸秆还田, 这与土壤酶活性和碳氮的趋势一致, 可能是轮耕方式SN、CN所创造的土壤环境更有利于牛粪的腐解, 为土壤酶提供了更多的酶促基质, 为作物生长提供了更多的碳氮, 从而提高了作物产量。

4 结论

耕作方式、有机肥及其交互效应均对土壤肥力和作物产量影响显著。与轮耕方式CN相比, RS和SN增加了有机碳、全氮含量和脲酶、蔗糖酶活性, 并显著提高了作物产量。但不同轮耕方式下有机肥对土壤肥力和作物产量提升有所差异。在RS下, 秸秆还田对土壤碳氮及其酶活性和作物产量的提高显著高于施用牛粪, 而在SN下, 施用牛粪对土壤碳氮及其酶活性和作物产量的提高则显著高于秸秆还田。施用牛粪+深松-免耕(FSN)在提高土壤肥力和产量方面优势显著, 可以作为试验及周边地区适宜的轮耕培肥方式。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[1] 王淑兰, 王浩, 李娟, 吕薇, 陈宁宁, 李军 . 不同耕作方式下长期秸秆还田对旱作春玉米田土壤碳、氮、水含量及产量的影响
应用生态学报, 2016,27:1530-1540.
DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.035URL [本文引用: 1]
为了探索渭北旱塬春玉米田保护性轮耕模式的土壤培肥效果和增产增收效应,于2007-2014年在陕西合阳实施了秸秆覆盖或还田条件下免耕/深松(NT/ST)、深松/翻耕(ST/CT)、翻耕/免耕(CT/NT)、连续免耕(NT)、连续深松(ST)和连续翻耕(CT)等6种耕作处理田间定位试验,测定并分析了2010-2014年玉米收获期各耕作处理下0～ 60 cm土壤有机碳、氮储量,0～200 cm土层土壤含水量变化及春玉米产量差异.结果表明:6种耕作处理中以NT/ST处理增加土壤有机碳和全氮储量最为明显.与2007年试验前相比,6种耕作处理均增加了0～60 cm土层土壤有机碳储量,5年平均值增幅为12.3％ ～ 28.3％,5种保护性耕作处理土壤有机碳储量5年平均值较CT对照处理显著增加7.1％～ 13.2％.NT/ST、ST/CT、CT/NT等3种轮耕处理和NT处理0～60 cm土层土壤氮储量5年平均值较试验前增加2.5％～7.3％.NT/ST、ST/CT、CT/NT、NT和ST处理土壤氮储量5年平均值比连续翻耕增加3.6％ ～ 11.1％.5种保护性耕作处理土壤含水量较CT处理依次增加5.7％、2.3％、2.0％、5.5％和4.4％,以NT/ST处理土壤含水量最高.6种耕作处理春玉米平均产量表现为NT/ST＞ST/CT＞ST ＞NT＞CT/NT＞CT,以NT/ST处理最高,分别较其他5种处理显著增产4.2％、13.0％、11.3％、4.7％和13.8％;经济效益平均表现为NT/ST＞ST/CT＞ST＞NT＞CT/NT＞CT.在6种耕作处理中,免耕/深松轮耕处理在改善土壤环境质量、提升土壤肥力和增产增收方面都表现出优越性,为旱作春玉米田较适宜的土壤轮耕模式.
Wang S L, Wang H, Li J, Lyu W, Chen N N, Li J . Effects of long-term straw mulching on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and moisture and spring maize yield on rain-fed croplands under different patterns of soil tillage practice
Chin J Appl Ecol, 2016,27:1530-2540 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.035URL [本文引用: 1]
为了探索渭北旱塬春玉米田保护性轮耕模式的土壤培肥效果和增产增收效应,于2007-2014年在陕西合阳实施了秸秆覆盖或还田条件下免耕/深松(NT/ST)、深松/翻耕(ST/CT)、翻耕/免耕(CT/NT)、连续免耕(NT)、连续深松(ST)和连续翻耕(CT)等6种耕作处理田间定位试验,测定并分析了2010-2014年玉米收获期各耕作处理下0～ 60 cm土壤有机碳、氮储量,0～200 cm土层土壤含水量变化及春玉米产量差异.结果表明:6种耕作处理中以NT/ST处理增加土壤有机碳和全氮储量最为明显.与2007年试验前相比,6种耕作处理均增加了0～60 cm土层土壤有机碳储量,5年平均值增幅为12.3％ ～ 28.3％,5种保护性耕作处理土壤有机碳储量5年平均值较CT对照处理显著增加7.1％～ 13.2％.NT/ST、ST/CT、CT/NT等3种轮耕处理和NT处理0～60 cm土层土壤氮储量5年平均值较试验前增加2.5％～7.3％.NT/ST、ST/CT、CT/NT、NT和ST处理土壤氮储量5年平均值比连续翻耕增加3.6％ ～ 11.1％.5种保护性耕作处理土壤含水量较CT处理依次增加5.7％、2.3％、2.0％、5.5％和4.4％,以NT/ST处理土壤含水量最高.6种耕作处理春玉米平均产量表现为NT/ST＞ST/CT＞ST ＞NT＞CT/NT＞CT,以NT/ST处理最高,分别较其他5种处理显著增产4.2％、13.0％、11.3％、4.7％和13.8％;经济效益平均表现为NT/ST＞ST/CT＞ST＞NT＞CT/NT＞CT.在6种耕作处理中,免耕/深松轮耕处理在改善土壤环境质量、提升土壤肥力和增产增收方面都表现出优越性,为旱作春玉米田较适宜的土壤轮耕模式.

[2] 孙立军, 张仁陟, 黄高宝 . 保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地地表土壤理化性状的影响
干旱地区农业研究, 2007,25(6):207-211.
URL [本文引用: 1]
在5种保护性耕作法与传统耕作法连续4 a的田间对比试验研究的基础上，对比分析了不同耕作措施对黄土高原旱地表层土壤理化性状的影响，结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖与其它处理相比，具有降低表层土壤容重、增加土壤总孔隙度、提高土壤饱和导水率、提高土壤有机质的作用，可作为保水保肥、改良土壤的耕作措施，在黄土旱地大力推广。
Sun L J, Zhang R Z, Huang G B . Effects of the conservation tillage on the physicochemical characteristics of soil surface in the semi-arid areas of the Loess plateau
Agric Res Arid Areas, 2007,25(6):207-211 (in Chinese with English abstract).
URL [本文引用: 1]
在5种保护性耕作法与传统耕作法连续4 a的田间对比试验研究的基础上，对比分析了不同耕作措施对黄土高原旱地表层土壤理化性状的影响，结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖与其它处理相比，具有降低表层土壤容重、增加土壤总孔隙度、提高土壤饱和导水率、提高土壤有机质的作用，可作为保水保肥、改良土壤的耕作措施，在黄土旱地大力推广。

[3] 高焕文, 李问盈, 李洪文 . 中国特色保护性耕作技术
农业工程学报, 2003,19(3):1-4.
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2003.03.001URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
国外多年的保护性耕作实践表明，旱地保护性耕作能减少土壤风蚀水蚀，抑制沙尘暴。项目研究目的是检验保护性耕作技术在我国的适应性、应采取的工艺体系及机具。从1991年开始，中国农业大学和山西省农机局等合作，开始农艺农机结合的保护性耕作系统试验，10年试验表明，保护性耕作不仅减少水土流失，而且增产增收。通过改进保护性耕作工艺，开发研制中小型保护性耕作机具，形成了中国特色的保护性耕作技术。主要特色在于用小型机具在小地块上实现保护性耕作、以及能在贫瘠的土地上获得较高产量，从而满足我国既要保护环境又要提高产量的要求。研究表明，我国北方自然条件、种植制度、经济水平等差别较大，在保护性耕作推广中需要分区采用不同的技术体系。
Gao H W, Li W Y, Li H W . Conservation tillage technology with Chinese characteristics
Trans CSAE, 2003,19(3):1-4 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2003.03.001URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
国外多年的保护性耕作实践表明，旱地保护性耕作能减少土壤风蚀水蚀，抑制沙尘暴。项目研究目的是检验保护性耕作技术在我国的适应性、应采取的工艺体系及机具。从1991年开始，中国农业大学和山西省农机局等合作，开始农艺农机结合的保护性耕作系统试验，10年试验表明，保护性耕作不仅减少水土流失，而且增产增收。通过改进保护性耕作工艺，开发研制中小型保护性耕作机具，形成了中国特色的保护性耕作技术。主要特色在于用小型机具在小地块上实现保护性耕作、以及能在贫瘠的土地上获得较高产量，从而满足我国既要保护环境又要提高产量的要求。研究表明，我国北方自然条件、种植制度、经济水平等差别较大，在保护性耕作推广中需要分区采用不同的技术体系。

[4] 陈学文, 张晓平, 梁爱珍, 贾淑霞, 时秀焕, 范如芹, 魏守才 . 耕作方式对黑土硬度和容重的影响
应用生态学报, 2012,23:439-444.
URL [本文引用: 1]
Taking an eight-year field experiment site in Dehui County of Jilin Province, Northeast China as test object, this paper studied the effects of different tillage modes (no tillage and ploughing in autumn) on the penetration resistance and bulk density of black soil. No tillage increased the soil penetration resistance, especially at the soil depth of 2.5-17.5 cm. In the continuous cropping of maize and the rotation of maize-soybean, the maximum soil penetration resistance at planting zone under no tillage and ploughing in autumn was 2816 and 1931 kPa, and 2660 and 2051 kPa, respectively, which had no restriction on the crop growth. The curve of soil penetration resistance under ploughing in autumn changed with ridge shape, while that under no tillage changed less. Comparing with ploughing in autumn, no tillage increased the bulk density of 5-20 cm soil layer significantly. Under no tillage, the bulk density of 5-30 cm soil layer changed little, but under ploughing in autumn, soil bulk density increased gradually with increasing soil depth. There was no significant correlation between soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance.
Chen X W, Zhang X P, Liang A Z, Jia S X, Shi X H, Fan R Q, Wei S C . Effects of tillage mode on black soils penetration resistance and bulk density
Chin J Appl Ecol, 2012,23:439-444 (in Chinese with English abstract).
URL [本文引用: 1]
Taking an eight-year field experiment site in Dehui County of Jilin Province, Northeast China as test object, this paper studied the effects of different tillage modes (no tillage and ploughing in autumn) on the penetration resistance and bulk density of black soil. No tillage increased the soil penetration resistance, especially at the soil depth of 2.5-17.5 cm. In the continuous cropping of maize and the rotation of maize-soybean, the maximum soil penetration resistance at planting zone under no tillage and ploughing in autumn was 2816 and 1931 kPa, and 2660 and 2051 kPa, respectively, which had no restriction on the crop growth. The curve of soil penetration resistance under ploughing in autumn changed with ridge shape, while that under no tillage changed less. Comparing with ploughing in autumn, no tillage increased the bulk density of 5-20 cm soil layer significantly. Under no tillage, the bulk density of 5-30 cm soil layer changed little, but under ploughing in autumn, soil bulk density increased gradually with increasing soil depth. There was no significant correlation between soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance.

[5] Tian S Z, Ning T Y, Zhao H X, Wang B W, Li N, Han H F, Li Z J, Chi S Y . Response of CH₄ and N₂O emissions and wheat yields to tillage method changes in the North China plain
. PLoS One, 7:e51206.
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0051206URLPMID:3516551 [本文引用: 1]
The objective of this study was to quantify soil methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions when converting from minimum and no-tillage systems to subsoiling (tilled soil to a depth of 40 cm to 45 cm) in the North China Plain. The relationships between CH4 and N2O flux and soil temperature, moisture, NH4+-N, organic carbon (SOC) and pH were investigated over 18 months using a split-plot design. The soil absorption of CH4 appeared to increase after conversion from no-tillage (NT) to subsoiling (NTS), from harrow tillage (HT) to subsoiling (HTS) and from rotary tillage (RT) to subsoiling (RTS). N2O emissions also increased after conversion. Furthermore, after conversion to subsoiling, the combined global warming potential (GWP) of CH4 and N2O increased by approximately 0.05 kg CO2 ha611 for HTS, 0.02 kg CO2 ha611 for RTS and 0.23 kg CO2 ha611 for NTS. Soil temperature, moisture, SOC, NH4+-N and pH also changed after conversion to subsoiling. These changes were correlated with CH4 uptake and N2O emissions. However, there was no significant correlation between N2O emissions and soil temperature in this study. The grain yields of wheat improved after conversion to subsoiling. Under HTS, RTS and NTS, the average grain yield was elevated by approximately 42.5%, 27.8% and 60.3% respectively. Our findings indicate that RTS and HTS would be ideal rotation tillage systems to balance GWP decreases and grain yield improvements in the North China Plain region.

[6] 孔凡磊, 陈阜, 张海林, 黄光辉 . 轮耕对土壤物理性状和冬小麦产量的影响
农业工程学报, 2010,26(8):150-155.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2010.08.026URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
针对华北地区土壤连续单一耕作存在的主要问题，进行了土壤轮耕效应的研究。试验选择冬小麦夏玉米玉两熟区连续5 a免耕田，设置免耕、翻耕和旋耕3种轮耕处理（即免耕一免耕，免耕一翻耕和免耕一旋耕），冬小麦播种前进行耕作处理。研究结果表明：多年免耕后进行土壤耕作（翻耕、旋耕）可以显著降低土壤体积质量；旋耕显著降低0～10 cm土壤体积质量，翻耕则降低0～20 cm体积质量；随时间变化各处理土壤体积质量差异逐渐降低。翻耕、旋耕均显著增加了0～10 cm土壤总孔隙，同时翻耕显著增加了10～20 cm土壤总孔隙；翻耕、旋耕显著提高了5～10 cm毛管孔隙。0～10 cm土壤饱和导水率表现为旋耕＞翻耕＞免耕，翻耕、旋耕在5%水平上显著高于免耕；10～20、20～30 cm土层均表现为翻耕＞旋耕＞免耕，且10～20 cm翻耕5%水平上显著高于免耕；饱和导水率与体积质量呈显著线性负相关。翻耕、旋耕有效穗数与免耕相比分别提高了24.1%、22.3%；冬小麦的实际产量表现为：旋耕＞翻耕＞免耕，翻耕、旋耕分别比免耕增产11.8%、16.9%。总之，长期免耕后进行土壤耕作有利于改善土壤物理性状，提高作物产量。
Kong F L, Chen F, Zhang H L, Huang G H . Effects of rotational tillage on soil physical properties and winter wheat yield
Trans CSAE, 2010,26(8):150-155 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2010.08.026URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
针对华北地区土壤连续单一耕作存在的主要问题，进行了土壤轮耕效应的研究。试验选择冬小麦夏玉米玉两熟区连续5 a免耕田，设置免耕、翻耕和旋耕3种轮耕处理（即免耕一免耕，免耕一翻耕和免耕一旋耕），冬小麦播种前进行耕作处理。研究结果表明：多年免耕后进行土壤耕作（翻耕、旋耕）可以显著降低土壤体积质量；旋耕显著降低0～10 cm土壤体积质量，翻耕则降低0～20 cm体积质量；随时间变化各处理土壤体积质量差异逐渐降低。翻耕、旋耕均显著增加了0～10 cm土壤总孔隙，同时翻耕显著增加了10～20 cm土壤总孔隙；翻耕、旋耕显著提高了5～10 cm毛管孔隙。0～10 cm土壤饱和导水率表现为旋耕＞翻耕＞免耕，翻耕、旋耕在5%水平上显著高于免耕；10～20、20～30 cm土层均表现为翻耕＞旋耕＞免耕，且10～20 cm翻耕5%水平上显著高于免耕；饱和导水率与体积质量呈显著线性负相关。翻耕、旋耕有效穗数与免耕相比分别提高了24.1%、22.3%；冬小麦的实际产量表现为：旋耕＞翻耕＞免耕，翻耕、旋耕分别比免耕增产11.8%、16.9%。总之，长期免耕后进行土壤耕作有利于改善土壤物理性状，提高作物产量。

[7] 聂良鹏, 郭利伟, 牛海燕, 魏杰, 李增嘉, 宁堂原 . 轮耕对小麦-玉米两熟农田耕层构造及作物产量与品质的影响
作物学报, 2015,41:468-478.
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.00468URL [本文引用: 2]
为了解不同轮耕模式对小麦-玉米两熟制耕层构造、作物产量和品质的影响,从2009年小麦季开始至2012年玉米生长季结束连续3个种植周期设置小麦季免耕、深松或翻耕+玉米季免耕或深松的6种耕作模式组合,研究其对农田土壤孔隙度和水分含量、作物产量、以及籽粒蛋白质含量、油分含量和容重的影响。结果表明,与免耕相比,玉米季深松大幅度提高0~40 cm土壤的周年总孔隙度,小麦季深松或翻耕改善了土壤孔隙状况。小麦季耕作和玉米季耕作的交互效应是各层次土壤毛管孔隙度的决定因素,而玉米季耕作的独立效应是土壤各层次非毛管孔隙度的决定因素。小麦季深松和翻耕促进小麦生育后期对土壤水分的吸收,深松较翻耕和免耕处理的小麦产量显著升高。玉米季深松比免耕提高了玉米在灌浆阶段对水分的吸收,有利于提高玉米产量,同时对后茬小麦有积极作用。从全年产量与品质看,6种耕作模式组合中,全年两季深松效果最佳,其次是小麦季深松+玉米季免耕,这两种轮耕模式均适合在华北平原推广应用。
Nie L P, Guo L W, Niu H Y, Wei J, Li Z J, Ning T Y . Effects of rotational tillage on tilth soil structure and crop yield and quality in maize-wheat cropping system
Acta Agron Sin, 2015,41:468-478 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.00468URL [本文引用: 2]
为了解不同轮耕模式对小麦-玉米两熟制耕层构造、作物产量和品质的影响,从2009年小麦季开始至2012年玉米生长季结束连续3个种植周期设置小麦季免耕、深松或翻耕+玉米季免耕或深松的6种耕作模式组合,研究其对农田土壤孔隙度和水分含量、作物产量、以及籽粒蛋白质含量、油分含量和容重的影响。结果表明,与免耕相比,玉米季深松大幅度提高0~40 cm土壤的周年总孔隙度,小麦季深松或翻耕改善了土壤孔隙状况。小麦季耕作和玉米季耕作的交互效应是各层次土壤毛管孔隙度的决定因素,而玉米季耕作的独立效应是土壤各层次非毛管孔隙度的决定因素。小麦季深松和翻耕促进小麦生育后期对土壤水分的吸收,深松较翻耕和免耕处理的小麦产量显著升高。玉米季深松比免耕提高了玉米在灌浆阶段对水分的吸收,有利于提高玉米产量,同时对后茬小麦有积极作用。从全年产量与品质看,6种耕作模式组合中,全年两季深松效果最佳,其次是小麦季深松+玉米季免耕,这两种轮耕模式均适合在华北平原推广应用。

[8] 吕薇, 李军, 岳志芳, 陈宁宁, 王淑兰 . 轮耕对渭北旱塬麦田土壤有机质和全氮含量的影响
中国农业科学, 2015,48:3186-3200.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.16.009URL [本文引用: 2]
【目的】研究由秸秆覆盖免耕、秸秆覆盖深松和秸秆还田翻耕组成的不同保护性轮耕模式对渭北旱塬连作麦田土壤肥力的影响。【方法】2007—2014年在陕西合阳实施夏闲期免耕/深松轮耕(NT/ST)、深松/翻耕轮耕(ST/CT)、翻耕/免耕轮耕(CT/NT)、连续免耕(NT/NT)和连续翻耕(CT/CT)5种不同耕作模式定位试验,测定并分析2011—2014年小麦收获后不同耕作处理下土壤有机质和全氮变化规律及产量差异。【结果】与连续翻耕相比,连续免耕有利于表层土壤有机质和全氮积累,而免耕、深松和翻耕组成的3种轮耕处理更有利于提高20—40和40—60 cm土层土壤有机质和全氮含量,其中随着耕作年限延长,连续免耕处理下土壤养分逐渐表现出"上层富集,下层贫化"的现象;而免耕/深松轮耕更有利于耕层及耕层以下土壤养分均匀分布。随着轮耕年限增加,各耕作处理0—60 cm土层土壤有机质含量和总量均呈现出整体增加趋势,其中以免耕/深松处理增加趋势比较明显。与2007年相比,免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕3种轮耕处理的0—60 cm土层年平均有机质含量增加速率分别为4.53%、3.02%和2.26%,2014年土壤有机质总量分别增加了4.07、2.68和1.65 kg·m-3。轮耕7年后,免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕轮耕处理较连续翻耕处理0—60 cm土层土壤有机质含量分别显著增加25.3%、15.2%和10.2%,有机质总量分别增加31.57%、21.45%和13.94%,其中免耕/深松处理较连续免耕有机质含量增加9.20%,总量增加3.84%。在2011—2014年期间,与连续翻耕相比,连续免耕和3种轮耕处理0—60 cm土层土壤全氮含量及总量均有不同程度增加。其中2014年免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕轮耕处理较连续翻耕处理0—60 cm土层土壤全氮含量分别增加17.3%、8.0%和6.4%,氮总量分别显著增加了0.21、0.13和0.09 kg·m-3,其中,免耕/深松处理较连续免耕全氮含量增加了3.02%,总量减少了2.26%。2011—2014年冬小麦平均产量表现为深松/翻耕免耕/深松连续翻耕翻耕/免耕连续免耕,其中深松/翻耕和免耕/深松处理冬小麦平均产量接近,分别较连续翻耕处理显著增产10.36%和9.80%,较连续免耕处理显著增产17.84%和17.24%;翻耕/免耕较连续翻耕处理减产1.59%,较连续免耕处理增产5.08%,但差异不显著。不同保护性轮耕措施下,各土层土壤有机质含量与全氮含量间呈显著正相关;0—20 cm土层有机质含量与轮耕年限呈显著线性相关。【结论】3种轮耕模式较连续翻耕有利于提高0—60 cm土壤有机质和全氮总量,且较连续免耕有利于土壤养分含量在耕层及耕层以下土层均匀分布,其中以免耕/深松轮耕处理效果最优,且增产效应较佳,为渭北旱塬连作麦田较适宜的休闲轮耕模式。
Lyu W, Li J, Yue Z F, Chen N N, Wang S L . Effects of rotational tillage on soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen contents of continuous cropping wheat field in Weibei Highland
Sci Agric Sin, 2015,48:3186-3200 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.16.009URL [本文引用: 2]
【目的】研究由秸秆覆盖免耕、秸秆覆盖深松和秸秆还田翻耕组成的不同保护性轮耕模式对渭北旱塬连作麦田土壤肥力的影响。【方法】2007—2014年在陕西合阳实施夏闲期免耕/深松轮耕(NT/ST)、深松/翻耕轮耕(ST/CT)、翻耕/免耕轮耕(CT/NT)、连续免耕(NT/NT)和连续翻耕(CT/CT)5种不同耕作模式定位试验,测定并分析2011—2014年小麦收获后不同耕作处理下土壤有机质和全氮变化规律及产量差异。【结果】与连续翻耕相比,连续免耕有利于表层土壤有机质和全氮积累,而免耕、深松和翻耕组成的3种轮耕处理更有利于提高20—40和40—60 cm土层土壤有机质和全氮含量,其中随着耕作年限延长,连续免耕处理下土壤养分逐渐表现出"上层富集,下层贫化"的现象;而免耕/深松轮耕更有利于耕层及耕层以下土壤养分均匀分布。随着轮耕年限增加,各耕作处理0—60 cm土层土壤有机质含量和总量均呈现出整体增加趋势,其中以免耕/深松处理增加趋势比较明显。与2007年相比,免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕3种轮耕处理的0—60 cm土层年平均有机质含量增加速率分别为4.53%、3.02%和2.26%,2014年土壤有机质总量分别增加了4.07、2.68和1.65 kg·m-3。轮耕7年后,免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕轮耕处理较连续翻耕处理0—60 cm土层土壤有机质含量分别显著增加25.3%、15.2%和10.2%,有机质总量分别增加31.57%、21.45%和13.94%,其中免耕/深松处理较连续免耕有机质含量增加9.20%,总量增加3.84%。在2011—2014年期间,与连续翻耕相比,连续免耕和3种轮耕处理0—60 cm土层土壤全氮含量及总量均有不同程度增加。其中2014年免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕轮耕处理较连续翻耕处理0—60 cm土层土壤全氮含量分别增加17.3%、8.0%和6.4%,氮总量分别显著增加了0.21、0.13和0.09 kg·m-3,其中,免耕/深松处理较连续免耕全氮含量增加了3.02%,总量减少了2.26%。2011—2014年冬小麦平均产量表现为深松/翻耕免耕/深松连续翻耕翻耕/免耕连续免耕,其中深松/翻耕和免耕/深松处理冬小麦平均产量接近,分别较连续翻耕处理显著增产10.36%和9.80%,较连续免耕处理显著增产17.84%和17.24%;翻耕/免耕较连续翻耕处理减产1.59%,较连续免耕处理增产5.08%,但差异不显著。不同保护性轮耕措施下,各土层土壤有机质含量与全氮含量间呈显著正相关;0—20 cm土层有机质含量与轮耕年限呈显著线性相关。【结论】3种轮耕模式较连续翻耕有利于提高0—60 cm土壤有机质和全氮总量,且较连续免耕有利于土壤养分含量在耕层及耕层以下土层均匀分布,其中以免耕/深松轮耕处理效果最优,且增产效应较佳,为渭北旱塬连作麦田较适宜的休闲轮耕模式。

[9] 薛建福, 赵鑫 ,Dikgwatlhe S B, 陈阜, 张海林 . 保护性耕作对农田碳、氮效应的影响研究进展
生态学报, 2013,33:6006-6013.
DOI:10.5846/stxb201305121021URL [本文引用: 1]
作物产量的高低主要取决于土壤肥力,如何保持并提高土壤肥力是确保我国粮食安全和农业可持续发展的重要任务,也是众多****关注的焦点。土壤有机碳和氮素是评价土壤质量的重要指标,其动态平衡直接影响土壤肥力和作物产量。随着全球气候变化及环境污染问题的愈加突出,农田土壤固碳及提高氮效率成为各界科学家研究的热点。目前,保护性耕作已成为发展可持续农业的重要技术之一,对土壤固碳及氮素的利用具有很大的影响。深入了解保护性耕作对土壤有机碳固持与氮素利用效率提高的影响机制,对于正确评价土壤肥力有着重要意义。但由于气候、土壤及种植制度等条件不一致,关于保护性耕作对农田碳、氮效应结论不一。阐述了国际上保护性耕作对农田系统土壤有机碳含量变化及其分解排放（如CO2和CH4）、氮素变化及其矿化损失（如NH3挥发、N2O排放与氮淋失）和碳氮素相互关系（如C/N层化率）影响的研究进展,并分析了其影响因素和相关机理。尽管国内保护性耕作的研究已进行30 多年,但在土壤有机碳与氮素方面与国外相比依然有较大的差距。保护性耕作对土壤固碳与氮素利用的影响机制,碳素和氮素在土壤-植株-大气系统中的转移变化,及结合农事管理等综合评价其生态效应的研究很少。在此基础上,提出未来我国保护性耕作在土壤有机碳固定和氮素利用方面的重点研究方向：（1）在定位试验基础上进一步探讨保护性耕作对土壤有机碳及氮素利用的影响机制;（2）深入研究土壤有机碳和氮素的相互关系及其对土壤肥力的影响;（3）结合环境保护与土壤可持续管理对保护性耕作农田土壤固碳及氮素高效利用的系统评价研究;（4）加强保护性耕作对农田碳、氮效应的宏观研究,合理评价保护性耕措施下对农田碳、氮综合效应。
Xue J F, Zhao X, Dikgwatlhe S B, Chen F, Zhang H L . Advances in effects of conservation tillage on soil organic carbon and nitrogen
Acta Ecol Sin, 2013,33:6006-6013 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.5846/stxb201305121021URL [本文引用: 1]
作物产量的高低主要取决于土壤肥力,如何保持并提高土壤肥力是确保我国粮食安全和农业可持续发展的重要任务,也是众多****关注的焦点。土壤有机碳和氮素是评价土壤质量的重要指标,其动态平衡直接影响土壤肥力和作物产量。随着全球气候变化及环境污染问题的愈加突出,农田土壤固碳及提高氮效率成为各界科学家研究的热点。目前,保护性耕作已成为发展可持续农业的重要技术之一,对土壤固碳及氮素的利用具有很大的影响。深入了解保护性耕作对土壤有机碳固持与氮素利用效率提高的影响机制,对于正确评价土壤肥力有着重要意义。但由于气候、土壤及种植制度等条件不一致,关于保护性耕作对农田碳、氮效应结论不一。阐述了国际上保护性耕作对农田系统土壤有机碳含量变化及其分解排放（如CO2和CH4）、氮素变化及其矿化损失（如NH3挥发、N2O排放与氮淋失）和碳氮素相互关系（如C/N层化率）影响的研究进展,并分析了其影响因素和相关机理。尽管国内保护性耕作的研究已进行30 多年,但在土壤有机碳与氮素方面与国外相比依然有较大的差距。保护性耕作对土壤固碳与氮素利用的影响机制,碳素和氮素在土壤-植株-大气系统中的转移变化,及结合农事管理等综合评价其生态效应的研究很少。在此基础上,提出未来我国保护性耕作在土壤有机碳固定和氮素利用方面的重点研究方向：（1）在定位试验基础上进一步探讨保护性耕作对土壤有机碳及氮素利用的影响机制;（2）深入研究土壤有机碳和氮素的相互关系及其对土壤肥力的影响;（3）结合环境保护与土壤可持续管理对保护性耕作农田土壤固碳及氮素高效利用的系统评价研究;（4）加强保护性耕作对农田碳、氮效应的宏观研究,合理评价保护性耕措施下对农田碳、氮综合效应。

[10] Huang M X, Liang T, Wang L Q, Zhou C H . Effects of no-tillage systems on soil physical properties and carbon sequestration under long-term wheat-maize double cropping system
Catena, 2015,128:195-202.
DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2015.02.010URL [本文引用: 1]
A thorough assessment of changes in soil quality associated with soil management practices is vital for the selection and establishment of sustainable agricultural management The winter wheat (Triticurn aestivum L)-maize (Zea mays L) double cropping system was used to study the integrated effects of a 9-year-old tillage coupled with fertilization on soil carbon sequestration and other physical properties in the Yellow River Delta (YRD). Three tillage systems were selected: no-tillage with. straw cover plus recommended urea nitrogen rate (NTS), no-tillage with straw removed and manure applied plus recommended urea nitrogen rate (NTM), and conventional tillage with straw removed plus conventional urea nitrogen application rate (CT). There were three replicates of each treatment organized in a randomized block design. NTS and NTM treatments were found to result in a slightly decrease in the soil bulk density (BD), and significantly increased the proportion of water stable aggregates (WSA) (>2 mm), as well as the water infiltration capacity. The proportion of water stable macroaggregates (>0.25 mm), the mean weight diameter (MWD) and the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of aggregates in the 0-20 cm layer were unchanged by NTS and NTM. The total soil organic carbon (SOC) stock at a depth of 0-60 cm was not significantly different among the treatments. Both aggregate-associated SOC concentration and stocks (0-5 cm) were significantly greater for NTS and NTM compared with CT, while CT led to a greater OC accumulation in the 20-60 cm soil layer compared with NTS and in the 10-20 cm compared with NTM. The mesoaggregate fraction (2-0.25 mm) and its associated OC pool accounted for the highest percentages in the whole soil profile under the CT treatment The NT system was found to have a positive effect on the investigated soil physical properties and increase soil carbon content in the soil surface layer. The CT system in conjunction with the wheat-maize double cropping system, however, improved soil aggregation in the soil profile (0-60 cm) and also maintained a higher fraction of SOC in the subsoil compared with the NT systems. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[11] 侯贤清, 李荣, 贾志宽, 韩清芳 . 不同农作区土壤轮耕模式与生态效应研究进展
生态学报, 2016,36:1215-1223.
DOI:10.5846/stxb201408011540URL [本文引用: 1]
适时进行不同土壤耕作措施的合理组配,形成与种植制度相适应的旱作土壤轮耕技术体系,以解决长期单一耕作措施所带来的诸多问题,在国内外已备受广泛关注.为深刻理解中国农作区土壤轮耕模式及其生态效应研究进展,就土壤轮耕的概念、轮耕模式及其土壤与作物生态效应进行了详细的阐述;在总结现有研究的基础上,归纳总结了不同农作区土壤轮耕模式的类型、作业效果及其机械选择;科学评价不同轮耕模式下土壤与作物的生态效应;指出了目前土壤轮耕技术研究中所存在的问题,并提出相应的建议.针对我国区域农作制的合理轮耕周期研究比较困难,综合国内外土壤轮耕的研究进展,提出土壤轮耕模式及技术体系今后的重点研究方向:(1)结合各区域主流种植模式,研究轮耕与轮作相结合的轮耕模式;(2)不同区域轮耕周期的确定与完善;(3)从技术上解决轮耕导致的土壤质量下降和作物减产的问题;(4)轮耕对土壤供肥与作物吸肥的影响;(5)加强轮耕模式及体系的技术评价、技术推广与配套技术的研究.
Hou X Q, Li R, Jia Z K, Han Q F . Research progress on ecological effects under the rotational tillage patterns in agricultural regions of China
Acta Ecol Sin, 2016,36:1215-1223 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.5846/stxb201408011540URL [本文引用: 1]
适时进行不同土壤耕作措施的合理组配,形成与种植制度相适应的旱作土壤轮耕技术体系,以解决长期单一耕作措施所带来的诸多问题,在国内外已备受广泛关注.为深刻理解中国农作区土壤轮耕模式及其生态效应研究进展,就土壤轮耕的概念、轮耕模式及其土壤与作物生态效应进行了详细的阐述;在总结现有研究的基础上,归纳总结了不同农作区土壤轮耕模式的类型、作业效果及其机械选择;科学评价不同轮耕模式下土壤与作物的生态效应;指出了目前土壤轮耕技术研究中所存在的问题,并提出相应的建议.针对我国区域农作制的合理轮耕周期研究比较困难,综合国内外土壤轮耕的研究进展,提出土壤轮耕模式及技术体系今后的重点研究方向:(1)结合各区域主流种植模式,研究轮耕与轮作相结合的轮耕模式;(2)不同区域轮耕周期的确定与完善;(3)从技术上解决轮耕导致的土壤质量下降和作物减产的问题;(4)轮耕对土壤供肥与作物吸肥的影响;(5)加强轮耕模式及体系的技术评价、技术推广与配套技术的研究.

[12] He J, Li H W, Wang X Y, Li W Y, Gao H W . The adoption of annual subsoiling as conservation tillage in dryland maize and wheat cultivation in northern China
Soil Tillage Res, 2007,94:493-502.
DOI:10.1016/j.still.2006.10.005URL [本文引用: 1]
Soil compaction caused by random traffic or repetitive tillage has been shown to reduce water use efficiency, and thus crop yield due to reduced porosity, decreased water infiltration and availability of nutrients. Conservation tillage coupled with subsoiling in northern China is widely believed to reduce soil compaction, which was created after many years of no-till. However, limited research has been conducted on the most effective time interval for subsoiling, under conservation tillage. Data from conservation tillage demonstration sites operating for 10 years in northern China were used to conduct a comparative study of subsoiling interval under conservation tillage. Three modes of traditional tillage, subsoiling with soil cover and no-till with soil cover were compared using 10 years of soil bulk density, water content, yield and water use efficiency data. Cost benefit analysis was conducted on subsoiling time interval under conservation tillage. Yield and power consumption were assessed by based on the use of a single pass combine subsoiler and planter. Annual subsoiling was effective in reducing bulk density by only 4.9% compared with no-till treatments on the silty loam soils of the Loess plateau, but provided no extra benefit in terms of soil water loss, yield increase or water utilization. With the exception of bulk density, no-till and subsoiling with cover were vastly superior in increasing water use (+10.5%) efficiency and yield (+12.9%) compared to traditional tillage methods. Four years of no-till followed by one subsoiling reduced mechanical inputs by 62%, providing an economic benefit of 49% for maize and 209% for wheat production compared to traditional tillage. Annual subsoiling reduced inputs by 25% with an increased economic benefit of 23% for maize and 135% for wheat production. Yield and power consumption was improved by 5% and 20%, respectively, by combining subsoiling with the planting operation in one pass compared with multipass operations of subsoiling and planting. A key conclusion from this is that annual subsoiling in dryland areas of northern China is uneconomical and unwarranted. Four years of no-till operations followed by 1 year subsoiling provided some relief from accumulated soil compaction. However, minimum soil disturbance and maximum soil cover are key elements of no-till for saving water and improving yields. Improved yields and reduced farm power consumption could provide a significant base on which to promote combined planter and subsoiling operations throughout northern China. Further research is required to develop a better understanding of the linkages between conservation tillage, soil quality and yield, aimed at designing most appropriate conservation tillage schemes.

[13] Tian S Z, Ning T Y, Wang Y, Liu Z, Li G, Li Z J . Crop yield and soil carbon responses to tillage method changes in North China
Soil Tillage Res, 2016,163:207-213.
DOI:10.1016/j.still.2016.06.005URL [本文引用: 1]
Subsoil compaction at 15–30cm depths due to the increase of bulk density or decrease in porosity after long-term no tillage or reduced tillage (e.g. rotary tillage or harrow tillage) is of growing concern. Deep tillage is generally regarded as an important method to reduce subsoil compaction due to long-term conservation tillage and thereby improve crop production and soil conditions. We compared the responses of crop yield and soil carbon (C) among 10-year no tillage (NT), rotary tillage (RT), and harrow tillage (HT) treatments, and their conversions to deep tillage (DT) for 4 years involving NT-DT, RT-DT and HT-DT treatments. The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool under the NT treatment was 29 and 91% higher than the SOC pools of the HT and RT treatments, respectively, whereas the NT annual yield decreased by 0.6Mgha611yr611over 10 years. The NT-DT, RT-DT and HT-DT treatments increased crop yield by 35, 24 and 24% and altered the SOC pool by 611.5, 15.6 and 13.2Mgha611over the 4 years of deep tillage compared with the corresponding values for NT, RT, and HT, respectively. Therefore, conversion to DT after long-term NT, RT, and HT use can benefit crop yield and play an important role in improving soil carbon sequestration following the long-term adoption of RT and HT systems in North China.

[14] 黄鸿翔, 李书田, 李向林, 姚杰, 曹卫东, 王敏, 刘荣乐 . 我国有机肥的现状与发展前景分析
中国土壤与肥料, 2006, ( 1):3-8.
DOI:10.11838/sfsc.20060101URL [本文引用: 1]
分析了我国有机肥的现状与发展前景。我国有机肥的资源丰富,数量持续增长,质量却有所降低,利用率也在下降。有机肥利用技术不适应当前农村的新需求,以及有机肥管理工作不到位,是我国有机肥利用率下降的主要原因。今后应以秸秆与畜禽粪便的简便处理、直接利用为主要发展方向,争取逐步达到5000万t养分的年施用量,与化肥形成1∶1的施用比例,实现合理的施肥策略。
Huang H X, Li S T, Li X L, Yao J, Cao W D, Wang M, Liu R L . Analysis on the status of organic fertilizer and its development strategies in China
Soil Fert Sci China, 2006, ( 1):3-8 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.11838/sfsc.20060101URL [本文引用: 1]
分析了我国有机肥的现状与发展前景。我国有机肥的资源丰富,数量持续增长,质量却有所降低,利用率也在下降。有机肥利用技术不适应当前农村的新需求,以及有机肥管理工作不到位,是我国有机肥利用率下降的主要原因。今后应以秸秆与畜禽粪便的简便处理、直接利用为主要发展方向,争取逐步达到5000万t养分的年施用量,与化肥形成1∶1的施用比例,实现合理的施肥策略。

[15] Wang Y D, Hu N, Xu M G, Li Z F, Lou Y L, Chen Y, Wu C Y, Wang Z L . 23-year manure and fertilizer application increases soil organic carbon sequestration of a rice-barley cropping system
Biol Fert Soils, 2015,51:583-591.
DOI:10.1007/s00374-015-1007-2URL [本文引用: 1]
Fertilizer application can potentially change soil organic C (SOC) sequestration of croplands. However, how fertilization affects SOC sequestration and soil C fractions has not been sufficiently...

[16] 陆海飞, 郑金伟, 余喜初, 周惠民, 郑聚锋, 张旭辉, 刘晓雨, 程琨, 李恋卿, 潘根兴 . 长期无机有机肥配施对红壤性水稻土微生物群落多样性及酶活性的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2015,21:632-643.
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0310URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】 Amendment of soil with organic and inorganic fertilizers has been considered an important source for carbon sequestration. However, it needs further research on influences of carbon sequestration to soil microbial health and reasons of improving soil biological activity. Soil samples were collected from Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil’s experimental fields. The aim of our study was to discuss the influences to microbial community diversity and enzyme activity of soil causing by different fertilizations. 【Methods】 Soil samples were collected after the harvest of rice, and total soil DNA was extracted. Soil microbial community diversity, composition and abundance were investigated using polymerase chain reaction combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE), cloning combined with sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR). And the target genes for qPCR and PCR-DGGE were V3 and V6 partial bacterial 16S rRNA or partial fungal 18S rRNA. The DGGE analysis of using an 8% polyacrylamide gel with a denaturant gradient of 35%-65% for bacteria and 20%-40% for fungi. 96-well microplate fluorimetric was applied to analysis activities of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, acid phosphatase and β-xylosidase of soil, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry was used for investigating activity of soil peroxidase. 【Results】 The Shannon index and richness index of soil bacteria are increased significantly under the treatment of organic manure plus chemical fertilization(NPKM) compared to the control without application of fertilizer(CK), while there are no changes in the two indexes of soil fungi among different treatments based on the PCR-DGGE analysis. Moreover the clustering analysis demonstrates that the NPKM treatment alters the community structure of soil bacteria and fungi. The results of sequencing indicate that soil bacteria is affiliated with Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, while soil fungi is belonged to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. The bacterial phyla belonged to Clostridium and Anaerolineaceae is stimulated under the NPKM treatment, and the community of fungi is not changes significantly. The results of qPCR show that the copies of soil bacteria and fungi are not altered under different treatments. The soil enzyme assay indicates that comparing to CK, the treatment of nitrogen(N) significantly improves the activity of soil β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, the treatment of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium(NPK) enhances the activities of soil β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and α-glucosdiase, and the NPKM treatment increases the activities of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, cellobiohydrolase and peroxidase of soil. The activities of soil acid phosphatase and β-xylosidase are not altered among different treatments. Meanwhile, the normalized enzyme activity is increased under the NPKM treatment compared to the CK, N and NPK treatments.【Conclusions】 The findings of this study conclude that the long-term fertilization treatment of NPKM significantly increases soil bacterial diversity, changes soil microbial community structure and improves soil enzyme activity. Therefore, the combined inorganic/organic fertilization can enhance the productivity of agricultural ecosystem and improve the health of soil ecosystem.
Lu H F, Zheng J W, Yu X C, Zhou H M, Zheng J F, Zhang X H, Liu X Y, Cheng K, Li L Q, Pan G X . Microbial community diversity and enzyme activity of red paddy soil under long-term combined inorganic-organic fertilization
J Plant Nutr Fert, 2015,21:632-643 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0310URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】 Amendment of soil with organic and inorganic fertilizers has been considered an important source for carbon sequestration. However, it needs further research on influences of carbon sequestration to soil microbial health and reasons of improving soil biological activity. Soil samples were collected from Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil’s experimental fields. The aim of our study was to discuss the influences to microbial community diversity and enzyme activity of soil causing by different fertilizations. 【Methods】 Soil samples were collected after the harvest of rice, and total soil DNA was extracted. Soil microbial community diversity, composition and abundance were investigated using polymerase chain reaction combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE), cloning combined with sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR). And the target genes for qPCR and PCR-DGGE were V3 and V6 partial bacterial 16S rRNA or partial fungal 18S rRNA. The DGGE analysis of using an 8% polyacrylamide gel with a denaturant gradient of 35%-65% for bacteria and 20%-40% for fungi. 96-well microplate fluorimetric was applied to analysis activities of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, acid phosphatase and β-xylosidase of soil, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry was used for investigating activity of soil peroxidase. 【Results】 The Shannon index and richness index of soil bacteria are increased significantly under the treatment of organic manure plus chemical fertilization(NPKM) compared to the control without application of fertilizer(CK), while there are no changes in the two indexes of soil fungi among different treatments based on the PCR-DGGE analysis. Moreover the clustering analysis demonstrates that the NPKM treatment alters the community structure of soil bacteria and fungi. The results of sequencing indicate that soil bacteria is affiliated with Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, while soil fungi is belonged to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. The bacterial phyla belonged to Clostridium and Anaerolineaceae is stimulated under the NPKM treatment, and the community of fungi is not changes significantly. The results of qPCR show that the copies of soil bacteria and fungi are not altered under different treatments. The soil enzyme assay indicates that comparing to CK, the treatment of nitrogen(N) significantly improves the activity of soil β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, the treatment of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium(NPK) enhances the activities of soil β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and α-glucosdiase, and the NPKM treatment increases the activities of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, cellobiohydrolase and peroxidase of soil. The activities of soil acid phosphatase and β-xylosidase are not altered among different treatments. Meanwhile, the normalized enzyme activity is increased under the NPKM treatment compared to the CK, N and NPK treatments.【Conclusions】 The findings of this study conclude that the long-term fertilization treatment of NPKM significantly increases soil bacterial diversity, changes soil microbial community structure and improves soil enzyme activity. Therefore, the combined inorganic/organic fertilization can enhance the productivity of agricultural ecosystem and improve the health of soil ecosystem.

[17] 荣勤雷, 梁国庆, 周卫, 刘东海, 王秀斌, 孙静文, 李双来, 胡诚 . 不同有机肥对黄泥田土壤培肥效果及土壤酶活性的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2014,20:1168-1177.
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2014.0513URL [本文引用: 2]
Objectives: Low-yield yellow clayey soil, with the restrictive factor of poor soil maturation degree, was widely distributed in southern China. The application of organic fertilizers were an important measure for improving yellow clayey soil. Soil enzyme activity was an important indicator to characterize soil fertility. A field experiment was conducted to determine effects of chemical fertilizers and different organic fertilizers on soil fertility and soil enzyme activities of soil carbon, soil nitrogen, soil phosphorus transformation in yellow clay soil with low crop yields, which provided the theoretical and technique foundation for soil fertility improvement of yellow clay soil.Methods: The experimental field was located in Jingshan County, Hubei Province, rice-rice rotation system. Six treatments was carried out in a field experiments: (1) no fertilizer (CK), (2) Chemical fertilizer (NPK), (3) NPK plus green manure（NPKG）, (4) NPK plus pig manure（NPKM）, (5) NPK plus straw（NPKS）, (6) NPK plus straw and straw-decomposing inoculant（NPKSD）. The same amount of chemical fertilizer was applied among fertilizer treatment. Every organic fertilizer treatment contained the same amount of organic carbon. After the rice harvest, soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity of topsoil among different treatment were measured to understand their variation characteristics. Adopted canonical correlation analysis, the correlation between the two sets of variables, soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities, were conduct to investigate effect of fertility under different organic fertilizers application in low-yield yellow clayey soil.Results: The results of the field experiment showed that the application of organic fertilizers could improve the contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzable N, available P and available K and the yields of early rice and late rice significantly. There is a great influence on soil enzyme activities by applying organic manure combination with chemical fertilizer. The activities of soil α–glucosidase, β–glucosidase, β–cellobiosidase and β–xylosidase are increased in different degrees, while the activities of soil phosphatase, phenol oxidase and N–acetyl–glucosamidase are declined, and the activities of soil urease and peroxidase are not significant different. Soil enzyme activities are important biological indicators to evaluate effects of the fertilization on soil fertility. The results of the canonical correlation analysis reveal that there was a significantly correlation between soil enzyme activities and soil nutrients, and soil α–glucosidase, β–glucosidase, β–cellobiosidase and β–xylosidase activities were main enzymes to evaluate the change of soil fertility in yellow clay paddy soil. The canonical variables ordering result shows that the effect of organic fertilization on improving soil fertility was straw> pig manure> green manure. Conclusions: Rice yield and soil available nutrients content were significantly improved after the application of organic manure, but different responses were observed among nine kinds soil enzyme activities in response to organic fertilizers. Low-yield yellow clayey soil fertility changes could be characterized by α–glucosidase, β–glucosidase, β–cellobiosidase and β–xylosidase activities. The effect of organic fertilization on improving soil fertility was straw> pig manure> green manure.
Rong Q L, Liang G Q, Zhou W, Liu D H, Wang X B, Sun J W, Li S L, Hu C . Effects of different organic fertilization on fertility and enzyme activities of yellow clayey soil
J Plant Nutr Fert, 2014,20:1168-1177 (in Chinese with English abstract)
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2014.0513URL [本文引用: 2]
Objectives: Low-yield yellow clayey soil, with the restrictive factor of poor soil maturation degree, was widely distributed in southern China. The application of organic fertilizers were an important measure for improving yellow clayey soil. Soil enzyme activity was an important indicator to characterize soil fertility. A field experiment was conducted to determine effects of chemical fertilizers and different organic fertilizers on soil fertility and soil enzyme activities of soil carbon, soil nitrogen, soil phosphorus transformation in yellow clay soil with low crop yields, which provided the theoretical and technique foundation for soil fertility improvement of yellow clay soil.Methods: The experimental field was located in Jingshan County, Hubei Province, rice-rice rotation system. Six treatments was carried out in a field experiments: (1) no fertilizer (CK), (2) Chemical fertilizer (NPK), (3) NPK plus green manure（NPKG）, (4) NPK plus pig manure（NPKM）, (5) NPK plus straw（NPKS）, (6) NPK plus straw and straw-decomposing inoculant（NPKSD）. The same amount of chemical fertilizer was applied among fertilizer treatment. Every organic fertilizer treatment contained the same amount of organic carbon. After the rice harvest, soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity of topsoil among different treatment were measured to understand their variation characteristics. Adopted canonical correlation analysis, the correlation between the two sets of variables, soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities, were conduct to investigate effect of fertility under different organic fertilizers application in low-yield yellow clayey soil.Results: The results of the field experiment showed that the application of organic fertilizers could improve the contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzable N, available P and available K and the yields of early rice and late rice significantly. There is a great influence on soil enzyme activities by applying organic manure combination with chemical fertilizer. The activities of soil α–glucosidase, β–glucosidase, β–cellobiosidase and β–xylosidase are increased in different degrees, while the activities of soil phosphatase, phenol oxidase and N–acetyl–glucosamidase are declined, and the activities of soil urease and peroxidase are not significant different. Soil enzyme activities are important biological indicators to evaluate effects of the fertilization on soil fertility. The results of the canonical correlation analysis reveal that there was a significantly correlation between soil enzyme activities and soil nutrients, and soil α–glucosidase, β–glucosidase, β–cellobiosidase and β–xylosidase activities were main enzymes to evaluate the change of soil fertility in yellow clay paddy soil. The canonical variables ordering result shows that the effect of organic fertilization on improving soil fertility was straw> pig manure> green manure. Conclusions: Rice yield and soil available nutrients content were significantly improved after the application of organic manure, but different responses were observed among nine kinds soil enzyme activities in response to organic fertilizers. Low-yield yellow clayey soil fertility changes could be characterized by α–glucosidase, β–glucosidase, β–cellobiosidase and β–xylosidase activities. The effect of organic fertilization on improving soil fertility was straw> pig manure> green manure.

[18] 王玉玲, 李军 . 利于小麦-玉米轮作田土壤理化性状和作物产量的耕作方式研究
植物营养与肥料学报, 2014,20:1139-1150.
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2014.0510URL [本文引用: 2]
【目的】干旱缺水是陕西渭北旱塬粮食生产的主要矛盾。该区长期采用单一土壤耕作方法,造成土壤质地紧实,蓄水纳墒和提供营养的能力变差,直接影响粮食作物产量的提高。本文通过多年不同轮耕方式定位试验研究,旨在探讨免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕3种土壤轮耕模式对旱地冬小麦—春玉米轮作田土壤理化性状和作物产量的影响。【方法】以平衡施肥(每公顷基施N 150 kg、P2O5120 kg和K2O 90 kg)为主处理,免耕、深松和翻耕3种耕作方式组成免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕3种土壤轮耕模式为副处理,以连年免耕、连年深松和连年翻耕为对照,进行为期连续4年(2007~2011年)的土壤轮耕结合平衡施肥定位试验,详细探讨了不同土壤处理模式对土壤的理化性状和作物产量的影响。【结果】在四年试验中,免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕模式下的0—40cm土壤容重较连年免耕分别降低4.50%、6.45%和3.57%,深松/翻耕较连年深松无差异,而较连年翻耕降低1.78%。深松/翻耕较对照组0—40 cm土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮和速效钾分别增加0.27%~15.60%、3.14%~8.61%、3.76%~24.32%、15.62%~25.17%、10.90%~14.43%、8.61%~15.53%,翻耕/免耕较连年翻耕仅有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量提高。各处理的0—40 cm土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量依次为连免免/深连深深/翻翻/免连翻,连免显著高于(P0.05)其他处理1.1~2.5倍。冬小麦和春玉米籽粒产量有3年表现为深松/翻耕免耕/深松翻耕/免耕,2009年在免耕/深松轮耕模式下春玉米产量显著高于深松/翻耕模式。其余免耕/深松较连年免耕增产12.05%(P0.05),深松/翻耕较连年免耕增产18.15%(P0.05)、较连年深松增产4.55%(P0.05),较连年翻耕增产11.22%(P0.05),比免耕/深松和翻耕/免耕分别增产5.44%(P0.05)和14.57%(P0.05);而翻耕/免耕则在各方面的效应下降,增产效果降低,较连年翻耕减产2.92%(P0.05)。总之,以免耕/深松和深松/翻耕轮耕模式可创造良好的土壤耕层结构,增加水稳性团聚体,降低耕层及耕层以下土壤容重,提高土壤养分,促进作物生长发育。其中以深松/翻耕轮耕模式的效果较为明显,增产效果更突出。【结论】在渭北旱塬干旱少雨的生态环境下,深松/翻耕土壤耕作模式可以显著改善土壤的理化性状,提高土壤水性团聚体,降低土壤容重,释放土壤养分,从而提高作物产量,是陕西省渭北旱塬及类似地区冬小麦、春玉米一年一熟制作物轮作模式最佳的土壤轮耕模式,其次是免耕/深松轮耕模式。
Wang Y L, Li J . Study of tillage patterns suitable for soil physicochemical properties and crop yields in wheat-maize fields
J Plant Nutr Fert, 2014,20:1139-1150 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2014.0510URL [本文引用: 2]
【目的】干旱缺水是陕西渭北旱塬粮食生产的主要矛盾。该区长期采用单一土壤耕作方法,造成土壤质地紧实,蓄水纳墒和提供营养的能力变差,直接影响粮食作物产量的提高。本文通过多年不同轮耕方式定位试验研究,旨在探讨免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕3种土壤轮耕模式对旱地冬小麦—春玉米轮作田土壤理化性状和作物产量的影响。【方法】以平衡施肥(每公顷基施N 150 kg、P2O5120 kg和K2O 90 kg)为主处理,免耕、深松和翻耕3种耕作方式组成免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕3种土壤轮耕模式为副处理,以连年免耕、连年深松和连年翻耕为对照,进行为期连续4年(2007~2011年)的土壤轮耕结合平衡施肥定位试验,详细探讨了不同土壤处理模式对土壤的理化性状和作物产量的影响。【结果】在四年试验中,免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕模式下的0—40cm土壤容重较连年免耕分别降低4.50%、6.45%和3.57%,深松/翻耕较连年深松无差异,而较连年翻耕降低1.78%。深松/翻耕较对照组0—40 cm土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮和速效钾分别增加0.27%~15.60%、3.14%~8.61%、3.76%~24.32%、15.62%~25.17%、10.90%~14.43%、8.61%~15.53%,翻耕/免耕较连年翻耕仅有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量提高。各处理的0—40 cm土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量依次为连免免/深连深深/翻翻/免连翻,连免显著高于(P0.05)其他处理1.1~2.5倍。冬小麦和春玉米籽粒产量有3年表现为深松/翻耕免耕/深松翻耕/免耕,2009年在免耕/深松轮耕模式下春玉米产量显著高于深松/翻耕模式。其余免耕/深松较连年免耕增产12.05%(P0.05),深松/翻耕较连年免耕增产18.15%(P0.05)、较连年深松增产4.55%(P0.05),较连年翻耕增产11.22%(P0.05),比免耕/深松和翻耕/免耕分别增产5.44%(P0.05)和14.57%(P0.05);而翻耕/免耕则在各方面的效应下降,增产效果降低,较连年翻耕减产2.92%(P0.05)。总之,以免耕/深松和深松/翻耕轮耕模式可创造良好的土壤耕层结构,增加水稳性团聚体,降低耕层及耕层以下土壤容重,提高土壤养分,促进作物生长发育。其中以深松/翻耕轮耕模式的效果较为明显,增产效果更突出。【结论】在渭北旱塬干旱少雨的生态环境下,深松/翻耕土壤耕作模式可以显著改善土壤的理化性状,提高土壤水性团聚体,降低土壤容重,释放土壤养分,从而提高作物产量,是陕西省渭北旱塬及类似地区冬小麦、春玉米一年一熟制作物轮作模式最佳的土壤轮耕模式,其次是免耕/深松轮耕模式。

[19] 鲍士旦 . 土壤农业化学分析(第3版). 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2000. pp 25-114.
[本文引用: 1]

Bao S D. Analysis of Soil and Agricultural Chemistry, 3rd edn. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000. pp 25-114(in Chinese).
[本文引用: 1]

[20] 关松荫 . 土壤酶及其研究法. 北京: 农业出版社, 1986. pp 274-297.
[本文引用: 2]

Guan S Y. Soil Enzyme and Its Research Methods. Beijing: Agriculture Press, 1986. pp 274-297(in Chinese).
[本文引用: 2]

[21] 范黎 . 产纤维素酶耐高温真菌在有机肥料生产中的潜在价值
微生物学通报, 2013,40:380.
URL [本文引用: 1]
正农作物秸秆是农作物生产中一 种富含氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和有机质等有效成分的可再生资源,我国每年的农作物秸秆废弃物产量巨大,因此,如何有效地"转废为宝",实现对农作物秸秆废弃物 的再利用一直是我国****关注的问题。秸秆堆腐还田技术是有机废弃物再利用的理想途径之一,其作用原理是利用微生物的分解作用,促使农作物秸秆发酵腐熟后成 为优良的绿色有机肥。农作物秸秆属于高
Fan L . Potential value of thermostable cellulose-producing fungi in organic fertilizer production
Microbiology, 2013,40:380 (in Chinese with English abstract).
URL [本文引用: 1]
正农作物秸秆是农作物生产中一 种富含氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和有机质等有效成分的可再生资源,我国每年的农作物秸秆废弃物产量巨大,因此,如何有效地"转废为宝",实现对农作物秸秆废弃物 的再利用一直是我国****关注的问题。秸秆堆腐还田技术是有机废弃物再利用的理想途径之一,其作用原理是利用微生物的分解作用,促使农作物秸秆发酵腐熟后成 为优良的绿色有机肥。农作物秸秆属于高

[22] Pramod J, Nikita G, Lakaria B L, Biswas A K, Rao A S . Soil and residue carbon mineralization as affected by soil aggregate size
Soil Tillage Res, 2012,121:57-62.
DOI:10.1016/j.still.2012.01.018URL [本文引用: 1]
The nature of the contact between fresh organic matter and soil depends mainly on the characteristics of the plant residues and on the physical properties of the soil. In a cultivated cropping system, changes in soil organic C cannot be entirely attributed to changes in organic matter input. Breakdown of aggregates caused by cultivation not only affects soil organic matter but also influences the rate of mineralization of added organic matter. Many models simulating organic matter decomposition in the field are calibrated with laboratory data from experiments where crop residues are ground and mixed homogeneously with soil aggregates. In the present study, soil aggregate size was used as a means of varying the contact between crop residue and the soil. The results demonstrated that cumulative soil carbon mineralization from different aggregates had a significant (r=0.60, p=0.05) and positive relationship with their oxidizable soil carbon content. Residue carbon mineralization in different aggregate size classes was inversely related to aggregate oxidizable soil carbon content (r=610.95, p=0.01), cumulative soil carbon mineralization (r=610.89, p=0.01) and resistant soil carbon pool (r=610.80, p=0.01). Residue carbon mineralization in different aggregate size classes was also inversely (r=610.61, p=0.05) related to the active carbon content (KMnO4 oxidizable carbon) of the aggregates. There was no significant difference in soil active carbon pool in different aggregate size classes. Determination of size and turnover of a slow pool showed significant difference in different aggregate size classes. The slow carbon pool in different aggregate size classes ranged from 13.7 to 25.5% with mean residence time of 1.8 to 5.4 years. Water soluble carbon and active carbon (alkaline KMnO4 oxidizable C) were significantly higher in macro-aggregates than in micro-aggregates.

[23] 谢迎新, 靳海洋, 李梦达, 翟羽雪, 王永华, 谢耀丽, 李向东, 夏来坤, 王晨阳, 郭天财, 贺德先 . 周年耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤养分及作物产量的影响
作物学报, 2016,42:1560-1568.
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2016.01560URL [本文引用: 1]
为探明适宜于砂姜黑土农田的周年耕作方式,提升砂姜黑土农田地力及作物产量,在冬小麦?夏玉米一年两熟种植制度下,设置多年定位夏玉米季?冬小麦季免耕?旋耕(对照)、免耕?深耕、深松?旋耕、深松?免耕、免耕?免耕5种周年耕作方式田间试验,在定位处理的第4个周年研究耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤有机碳含量、土壤养分及其对作物产量的影响。结果表明,在秸秆全量还田条件下,与试验开始前相比,各处理0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、速效钾含量均有所增加。与对照相比,其他处理均增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮含量。免耕?深耕、深松?旋耕、免耕?免耕处理显著增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量,而深松?免耕处理显著增加冬小麦开花期和收获期0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量,整个周年内对照在20~40 cm土层土壤的有效磷含量均最低。深松?免耕处理增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤速效钾含量,而深松?免耕、免耕?免耕处理20~40 cm土层土壤速效钾含量在夏玉米苗期、大口期、开花期和灌浆期显著高于对照处理。深松?旋耕和深松?免耕处理显著增加夏玉米?冬小麦周年籽粒产量,增幅分别为7.67%和10.21%。综上所述,在秸秆全量还田基础上,深松?旋耕和深松?免耕能够改善土壤有机碳和养分状况,显著提高周年作物产量,可作为黄淮区砂姜黑土农田相对适宜的周年耕作方式。
Xie Y X, Jin H Y, Li M D, Zhai Y X, Wang Y H, Xie Y L, Li X D, Xia L K, Wang C Y, Guo T C ,He D X . Effect of annual tillage practices on soil nutrient and crop yield in Lime concretion black soil farmland
Acta Agron Sin, 2016,42:1560-1568 (in Chinese with English abstract)
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2016.01560URL [本文引用: 1]
为探明适宜于砂姜黑土农田的周年耕作方式,提升砂姜黑土农田地力及作物产量,在冬小麦?夏玉米一年两熟种植制度下,设置多年定位夏玉米季?冬小麦季免耕?旋耕(对照)、免耕?深耕、深松?旋耕、深松?免耕、免耕?免耕5种周年耕作方式田间试验,在定位处理的第4个周年研究耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤有机碳含量、土壤养分及其对作物产量的影响。结果表明,在秸秆全量还田条件下,与试验开始前相比,各处理0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、速效钾含量均有所增加。与对照相比,其他处理均增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮含量。免耕?深耕、深松?旋耕、免耕?免耕处理显著增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量,而深松?免耕处理显著增加冬小麦开花期和收获期0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量,整个周年内对照在20~40 cm土层土壤的有效磷含量均最低。深松?免耕处理增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤速效钾含量,而深松?免耕、免耕?免耕处理20~40 cm土层土壤速效钾含量在夏玉米苗期、大口期、开花期和灌浆期显著高于对照处理。深松?旋耕和深松?免耕处理显著增加夏玉米?冬小麦周年籽粒产量,增幅分别为7.67%和10.21%。综上所述,在秸秆全量还田基础上,深松?旋耕和深松?免耕能够改善土壤有机碳和养分状况,显著提高周年作物产量,可作为黄淮区砂姜黑土农田相对适宜的周年耕作方式。

[24] 张晗, 欧阳真程, 赵小敏, 郭熙, 匡丽花, 叶英聪 . 江西省不同农田利用方式对土壤碳、氮和碳氮比的影响
环境科学学报, 2018,38:2486-2497.
DOI:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2017.0520URL
基于江西省16582个农田耕层(0～20 cm)土壤样点数据,运用实地调查、数理统计与地统计学等分析方法,探讨了不同农田利用方式(水旱轮作、一季旱地、两季旱地、一季水田和两季水田)对土壤有机碳(SOC)、氮含量(TN)和碳氮比(C:N)的影响.结果表明,江西省耕层土壤SOC、TN含量和C∶N比分别为5.22～34.56 g·kg-1、0.26～3.06 g·kg-1和2.98～52.67,均处于中等偏上水平.经半方差函数分析,江西省土壤SOC、TN和C∶N比的空间变异主要是由随机性因素引起的;方差分析显示,不同土地利用方式下耕地土壤中SOC、TN和C∶N比存在显著差异,土壤SOC和TN含量表现为两季水田＞水旱轮作＞一季水田＞一季旱地＞两季旱地,而土壤C∶N比则表现为两季水田＞两季旱地＞一季水田＞水旱轮作＞一季旱地,土壤C∶N比对估测区域土壤有机碳储量具有良好的指示作用,因此,从土壤C∶N比角度考虑,水田更有利于SOC的贮存,有利于增加土壤汇集碳氮的能力.Pearson相关性分析表明,5种利用方式下经度、纬度和海拔与土壤SOC、TN含量和C∶N比具有显著的相关关系.
Zhang H ,Ou-Yang Z C, Zhao X M, Guo X, Kuang L H, Ye Y C . Effects of different land use types on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the plow layer of farmland soil in Jiangxi province
Acta Sci Circumstantiae, 2018,38:2486-2497 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2017.0520URL
基于江西省16582个农田耕层(0～20 cm)土壤样点数据,运用实地调查、数理统计与地统计学等分析方法,探讨了不同农田利用方式(水旱轮作、一季旱地、两季旱地、一季水田和两季水田)对土壤有机碳(SOC)、氮含量(TN)和碳氮比(C:N)的影响.结果表明,江西省耕层土壤SOC、TN含量和C∶N比分别为5.22～34.56 g·kg-1、0.26～3.06 g·kg-1和2.98～52.67,均处于中等偏上水平.经半方差函数分析,江西省土壤SOC、TN和C∶N比的空间变异主要是由随机性因素引起的;方差分析显示,不同土地利用方式下耕地土壤中SOC、TN和C∶N比存在显著差异,土壤SOC和TN含量表现为两季水田＞水旱轮作＞一季水田＞一季旱地＞两季旱地,而土壤C∶N比则表现为两季水田＞两季旱地＞一季水田＞水旱轮作＞一季旱地,土壤C∶N比对估测区域土壤有机碳储量具有良好的指示作用,因此,从土壤C∶N比角度考虑,水田更有利于SOC的贮存,有利于增加土壤汇集碳氮的能力.Pearson相关性分析表明,5种利用方式下经度、纬度和海拔与土壤SOC、TN含量和C∶N比具有显著的相关关系.

[25] 潘剑玲, 代万安, 尚占环, 郭瑞英 . 秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展
中国生态农业学报, 2013,21:526-535.
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00526URL [本文引用: 1]
Straw residue incorporation, as a key practice of global organic agriculture, was critical for maintaining soil fertility, reducing fertilizer use and improving soil carbon sequestration in farmlands. Straw residue incorporation has improved farmland environments for safe and high production capacity by increasing soil organic matter and reducing nitrogen fertilizer application. Effective straw residue incorporation improved soil microbial conditions by supplying abundant carbon, stimulating microbial activity and enhancing soil fertility. Also mineralization of straw residue promoted normal soil nitrogen cycle and mineralization and improved nitrogen efficiency. Straw residue incorporation maintained normal carbon-nitrogen ratio with intensive high nitrogen input in farmland ecosystems, reduced nitrogen loss via leaching, loosened up hardened soil structures and mitigated obstacles related with continuous cropping. Recent straw residue incorporation rate in China was under 50% while it was over 90% in European and American countries. This implied that there was still plenty of room for China to make a full use of straw residue incorporation potential. Thus it was possible to improve straw residue incorporation rate in China which will gradually enhance soil organic matter content and prevent nitrogen loss and soil quality decline in farmlands. It was beneficial to refocus intensive research on the mechanisms of soil organic matter and nitrogen availability. It was also beneficial to compare long-term monitoring experiments with various technological methods of straw residue incorporation in order to develop suitable local straw residue incorporation techniques. Such efforts had the potential to promote sustainable agricultural ecosystem and agricultural production in China.
Pan J L, Dai W A, Shang Z H, Guo R Y . Review of research progress on the influence and mechanism of field straw residue incorporation on soil organic matter and nitrogen availability
Chin J Eco-Agric, 2013,21:526-535 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00526URL [本文引用: 1]
Straw residue incorporation, as a key practice of global organic agriculture, was critical for maintaining soil fertility, reducing fertilizer use and improving soil carbon sequestration in farmlands. Straw residue incorporation has improved farmland environments for safe and high production capacity by increasing soil organic matter and reducing nitrogen fertilizer application. Effective straw residue incorporation improved soil microbial conditions by supplying abundant carbon, stimulating microbial activity and enhancing soil fertility. Also mineralization of straw residue promoted normal soil nitrogen cycle and mineralization and improved nitrogen efficiency. Straw residue incorporation maintained normal carbon-nitrogen ratio with intensive high nitrogen input in farmland ecosystems, reduced nitrogen loss via leaching, loosened up hardened soil structures and mitigated obstacles related with continuous cropping. Recent straw residue incorporation rate in China was under 50% while it was over 90% in European and American countries. This implied that there was still plenty of room for China to make a full use of straw residue incorporation potential. Thus it was possible to improve straw residue incorporation rate in China which will gradually enhance soil organic matter content and prevent nitrogen loss and soil quality decline in farmlands. It was beneficial to refocus intensive research on the mechanisms of soil organic matter and nitrogen availability. It was also beneficial to compare long-term monitoring experiments with various technological methods of straw residue incorporation in order to develop suitable local straw residue incorporation techniques. Such efforts had the potential to promote sustainable agricultural ecosystem and agricultural production in China.

[26] 刘善江, 夏雪, 陈桂梅, 卯丹, 车升国, 李亚星 . 土壤酶的研究进展
中国农学通报, 2011,27(21):1-7.
URL [本文引用: 1]
通过分析、总结国内外土壤酶研究进展,研究土壤酶的来源、作用及其影响因素,展望土壤酶学的发展前景,有助于该学科研究的纵深发展与广泛利用.土壤酶主要来源于土壤微生物、土壤植物和动物.土壤酶是土壤有机体的代谢动力,在土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动方面扮演重要的角色.土壤酶是土壤质量的生物活性指标,可以用来评价土壤肥力.土壤酶活性与土壤养分、土壤微生物、植物、施肥和耕作等农业管理措施密切相关,另外农药和重金属污染也会对土壤酶产生影响.
Liu S J, Xia X, Chen G M, Mao D, Che S G, Li Y X . Study progress on functions and affecting factors of soil enzymes
Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2011,27(21):1-7 (in Chinese with English abstract).
URL [本文引用: 1]
通过分析、总结国内外土壤酶研究进展,研究土壤酶的来源、作用及其影响因素,展望土壤酶学的发展前景,有助于该学科研究的纵深发展与广泛利用.土壤酶主要来源于土壤微生物、土壤植物和动物.土壤酶是土壤有机体的代谢动力,在土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动方面扮演重要的角色.土壤酶是土壤质量的生物活性指标,可以用来评价土壤肥力.土壤酶活性与土壤养分、土壤微生物、植物、施肥和耕作等农业管理措施密切相关,另外农药和重金属污染也会对土壤酶产生影响.

[27] 边雪廉, 赵文磊, 岳中辉, 王慧一, 焦浩, 隋海霞 . 土壤酶在农业生态系统碳、氮循环中的作用研究进展
中国农学通报, 2016,32(4):171-178.
URL [本文引用: 1]
通过分析国内外土壤酶研究进展,总结土壤酶在农业生态系统碳、氮循环中的作用,为农业生产提供相关参考。土壤酶是存在于土壤中、能催化土壤生化反应的一类蛋白质,主要催化含有有机元素的非专性有机物质、专性有机物质及某些矿质化合物的转化,以形成多种养分物质及一些有益元素,利于植被的生长,对农业生态系统的发展起着积极的作用。目前土壤酶已被众多****用来作为土壤碳、氮循环的重要指标,并利用酶活性的变化来反映土壤中的养分循环过程。
Bian X L, Zhao W L, Yue Z H, Wang H Y, Jiao H, Sui H X . Research process of soil enzymes effect on carbon and nitrogen cycle in agricultural ecosystem
Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2016,32(4):171-178 (in Chinese with English abstract).
URL [本文引用: 1]
通过分析国内外土壤酶研究进展,总结土壤酶在农业生态系统碳、氮循环中的作用,为农业生产提供相关参考。土壤酶是存在于土壤中、能催化土壤生化反应的一类蛋白质,主要催化含有有机元素的非专性有机物质、专性有机物质及某些矿质化合物的转化,以形成多种养分物质及一些有益元素,利于植被的生长,对农业生态系统的发展起着积极的作用。目前土壤酶已被众多****用来作为土壤碳、氮循环的重要指标,并利用酶活性的变化来反映土壤中的养分循环过程。

[28] 邱现奎, 董元杰, 万勇善, 胡国庆, 王艳华 . 不同施肥处理对土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性的影响
土壤, 2010,42:249-255.
URL [本文引用: 1]
在田间试验条件下,通过对花生各生育期土壤养分含量与酶活性的研究,探讨了不同施肥处理对土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:各生育期不同施肥处理土壤养分含量以控释掺混肥处理最高,在整个生育期内都能满足花生对养分的需求,普通复合肥在土壤中养分释放迅速,后期出现脱肥现象;土壤脲酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性以控释掺混肥处理最高,纯控释肥处理其次,均明显高于普通复肥和对照处理,过氧化氢酶活性受肥料类型的影响较小,变化范围在2.68～6.26ml/g之间;3种土壤酶活性与速效P含量的相关性最好,其中脲酶活性与土壤速效P含量相关性达到极显著正相关,过氧化氢酶活性与速效P含量为极显著负相关,脲酶活性与碱解N含量存在显著正相关,磷酸酶活性与碱解N同样存在显著正相关,过氧化氢酶活性与速效K含量存在极显著负相关。这说明土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量呈密切的相关性,可将其作为评价土壤肥力的指标。
Qiu X K, Dong Y J, Wang Y S, Hu G Q, Wang Y H . Effect of different fertilization treatments on soil nutrient and soil enzyme activities
Soils, 2010,42:249-255 (in Chinese with English abstract).
URL [本文引用: 1]
在田间试验条件下,通过对花生各生育期土壤养分含量与酶活性的研究,探讨了不同施肥处理对土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:各生育期不同施肥处理土壤养分含量以控释掺混肥处理最高,在整个生育期内都能满足花生对养分的需求,普通复合肥在土壤中养分释放迅速,后期出现脱肥现象;土壤脲酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性以控释掺混肥处理最高,纯控释肥处理其次,均明显高于普通复肥和对照处理,过氧化氢酶活性受肥料类型的影响较小,变化范围在2.68～6.26ml/g之间;3种土壤酶活性与速效P含量的相关性最好,其中脲酶活性与土壤速效P含量相关性达到极显著正相关,过氧化氢酶活性与速效P含量为极显著负相关,脲酶活性与碱解N含量存在显著正相关,磷酸酶活性与碱解N同样存在显著正相关,过氧化氢酶活性与速效K含量存在极显著负相关。这说明土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量呈密切的相关性,可将其作为评价土壤肥力的指标。

[29] 曾玲玲, 张兴梅, 洪音, 刘德福 . 长期施肥与耕作方式对土壤酶活性的影响
中国土壤与肥料, 2008, (2):27-30.
DOI:10.11838/sfsc.20080207URL [本文引用: 2]
通过长期田间试验,研究了白浆土耕种18年后施肥与耕作方式对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:无论轮作还是连作施肥,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性均有不同程度提高,施用厩肥尤为明显,OM处理的脲酶活性最大,与CF、CK处理间差异显著,轮作的土壤脲酶活性和中性磷酸酶活性均高于连作;深松处理配施化肥可以提高白浆土的蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,且轮作影响大于连作。
Zeng L L, Zhang X M, Hong Y, Liu D F . Effects of long-term fertilization and tillage on soil enzyme activities
Soil Fert Sci China, 2008, (2):27-30 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.11838/sfsc.20080207URL [本文引用: 2]
通过长期田间试验,研究了白浆土耕种18年后施肥与耕作方式对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:无论轮作还是连作施肥,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性均有不同程度提高,施用厩肥尤为明显,OM处理的脲酶活性最大,与CF、CK处理间差异显著,轮作的土壤脲酶活性和中性磷酸酶活性均高于连作;深松处理配施化肥可以提高白浆土的蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,且轮作影响大于连作。

[30] 陈娟, 马忠明, 刘莉莉, 吕晓东 . 不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳、微生物量及酶活性的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,22:667-675.
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.15246URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】依托8年长期(2005~2012)固定道定位试验,研究不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性在0—90 cm土层的分布特征,为优化中国西北干旱区的耕作方式提供理论依据。【方法】试验包括固定道垄作(PRB)、固定道平作(PFT)与传统耕作(CT)三种耕作模式下的土壤有机碳土壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、土壤微生物量氮(MBN)、土壤微生物量磷(MBP)、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶及小麦产量进行了测定和分析。【结果】在0—90 cm土层,不同耕作方式下的TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性均随着土层的增加呈下降趋势,过氧化氢酶活性呈先下降后增大的分布特征;在0—60 cm,固定道保护性耕作能够显著增加心土层作物生长带土壤有机碳储量,有机碳储量大小为PRBPFTCT;PRB、PFT较CT可以显著增加0—10 cm作物生长带TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP含量、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性,其大小为PRBPFTCT;耕作方式对过氧化氢酶活性影响不显著;TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性之间均达到了显著或极显著相关。【结论】PRB较PFT、CT能够提高耕作层(0—10 cm)土壤有机碳含量、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性,增加作物产量,增大0—60 cm土层有机碳储量,耕作方式(PRB、PFT及CT)对10 cm以下土层土壤环境改善作用不明显。
Chen J, Ma Z M, Liu L L, Lyu X D . Effect of tillage system on soil organic carbon, microbial biomass and enzyme activities
J Plant Nutr Fert, 2016,22:667-675 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.15246URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】依托8年长期(2005~2012)固定道定位试验,研究不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性在0—90 cm土层的分布特征,为优化中国西北干旱区的耕作方式提供理论依据。【方法】试验包括固定道垄作(PRB)、固定道平作(PFT)与传统耕作(CT)三种耕作模式下的土壤有机碳土壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、土壤微生物量氮(MBN)、土壤微生物量磷(MBP)、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶及小麦产量进行了测定和分析。【结果】在0—90 cm土层,不同耕作方式下的TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性均随着土层的增加呈下降趋势,过氧化氢酶活性呈先下降后增大的分布特征;在0—60 cm,固定道保护性耕作能够显著增加心土层作物生长带土壤有机碳储量,有机碳储量大小为PRBPFTCT;PRB、PFT较CT可以显著增加0—10 cm作物生长带TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP含量、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性,其大小为PRBPFTCT;耕作方式对过氧化氢酶活性影响不显著;TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性之间均达到了显著或极显著相关。【结论】PRB较PFT、CT能够提高耕作层(0—10 cm)土壤有机碳含量、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性,增加作物产量,增大0—60 cm土层有机碳储量,耕作方式(PRB、PFT及CT)对10 cm以下土层土壤环境改善作用不明显。

[31] 蒋向, 贺德先, 任洪志, 刘清瑞, 胡敏 . 轮耕对麦田土壤容重和小麦根系发育的影响
麦类作物学报, 2012,32:711-715.
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2012.04.020URL [本文引用: 1]
Effects of different patterns of rotational tillage on soil bulk density in wheat field and wheat root development were studied by long term fixed position field experiments in Xinxiang, Henan. The results showed that ompared with the treatment of rotary tillage for 3 years, the treatment of deep plowing after rotary tillage for 2 years decreased the soil bulk density in 15~25 cm soil layerdecreased,and increased nodal roots per wheat plant, root biomass in soil of deeper layers, and root vigor at middle and late growing stages.It indicated that the practice of deep plowing after rotary tillage for 2 years was favorable to both improvement of soil conditions and root development when both double cropping system and the practice of returning crop straws to the field by rotary tillage were wide employed in the Huang Huai Plains.
Jiang X, He D X, Ren H Z, Liu Q R, Hu M . Effects of different patterns of rotational tillage on soil bulk density in wheat field and wheat root development
J Triticeae Crops, 2012,32:711-715 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2012.04.020URL [本文引用: 1]
Effects of different patterns of rotational tillage on soil bulk density in wheat field and wheat root development were studied by long term fixed position field experiments in Xinxiang, Henan. The results showed that ompared with the treatment of rotary tillage for 3 years, the treatment of deep plowing after rotary tillage for 2 years decreased the soil bulk density in 15~25 cm soil layerdecreased,and increased nodal roots per wheat plant, root biomass in soil of deeper layers, and root vigor at middle and late growing stages.It indicated that the practice of deep plowing after rotary tillage for 2 years was favorable to both improvement of soil conditions and root development when both double cropping system and the practice of returning crop straws to the field by rotary tillage were wide employed in the Huang Huai Plains.

[32] 卢宗凡 . 中国黄土高原生态农业. 西安: 陕西科学技术出版社, 1997.
[本文引用: 1]

Lu Z F. Chinese Loess Plateau Ecological Agriculture. Xi’an: Shaanxi Science and Technology Press, 1997 (in Chinese).
[本文引用: 1]

[33] 柏炜霞, 李军, 王玉玲, 王丽 . 渭北旱塬小麦玉米轮作区不同耕作方式对土壤水分和作物产量的影响
中国农业科学, 2014,47:880-894.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.05.005URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】Weibei highland of Shaanxi province belongs to warm temperate and semi-humid drought climate zone, so drought is the biggest limiting factor for crop production on dryland. Shortage of precipitation and uneven distribution in seasons are the main factors to cause the low and unstable yields of winter wheat and spring maize grown on dryland. The aim of this experiment is to study the effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil water conservation, yield and benefit increase in winter wheat-spring maize rotation region in Weibei highland.【Method】The experiment of NT/ST (no-tillage in first year, subsoiling in second year, again no-tillage followed by alternating the next year), ST/CT (subsoiling in first year, conventional tillage in second year, again subsoiling followed by alternating the next year) and CT/NT (conventional tillage in first year, no-tillage in second year, again conventional tillage followed by alternating the next year) rotational tillage, and continuous conventional tillage (CT) were conducted during 2007-2013 in Heyang, Shaanxi, and soil moisture was observed in fallow and crop growing periods, physicochemical characteristics of soil were observed in harvesting time, as well as crop yield and water use efficiency were analyzed. 【Result】 Compared with CT, three rotational tillage patterns significantly decreased soil bulk density, enhanced soil total porosity, field water capacity and soil organic matter. In harvesting period, the average soil bulk density under NT/ST treatment was 3.6% lower than CT treatment and average soil total porosity, field water capacity and soil organic matter was 4.4%, 11.6% and 6.9% higher than CT treatment. In fallow period, the average water conservation rate under NT/ST, ST/CT and CT/NT treatments was 22.4%, 4.4% and 4.9% higher than CT treatment, respectively. The average soil water storage in 0-200 mm soil layer under NT/ST, ST/CT and CT/NT treatments was 18.2 mm,1.3 mm and 11.8 mm higher than CT treatment. In wheat growing period, the average soil water storage in 0-200 mm soil layer under NT/ST, ST/CT and CT/NT treatment was 13.2 mm, 1.7 mm and 14.6 mm higher than CT treatment. In maize growing period, the average soil water storage in 0-200 mm soil layer under NT/ST and CT/NT treatment was 17.8 mm and 15.1 mm higher than CT treatment, respectively, and that of ST/CT was 5.0 mm lower than CT treatment. In winter wheat production year, the average yield of wheat under NT/ST, ST/CT and CT/NT treatments compared to CT increased by 8.1%, 8.9% and 4.9%, respectively, and water use efficiency of wheat increased by 14.3%, 13.8% and 10.2%, respectively. In spring maize production year, the average yield of maize under NT/ST and ST/CT treatments compared to CT increased by 10.2% and 6.4%, respectively, and water use efficiency of maize increased by 4.6% and 8.2%, respectively, and the average yield and water use efficiency of maize under CT/NT treatment was close to CT treatment. 【Conclusion】Compared with CT, soil moisture of ST/CT treatment was poorer, but it had higher crop yield and water use efficiency, CT/NT treatment was in opposite. In conclusion, the effects of water storage capacity, soil physical structure improvement and crop yield increase under NT/ST treatment were significant and it is the best one among the three rotational tillage patterns, so NT/ST is a more appropriate rotational tillage pattern for the wheat-maize rotation field in Weibei highland.
Bai W X, Li J, Wang Y L, Wang L . Effects of different tillage methods on soil water and crop yield of winter wheat-spring maize rotation region in Weibei highland
Sci Agric Sin, 2014,47:880-894 (in Chinese with English abstract).
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.05.005URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】Weibei highland of Shaanxi province belongs to warm temperate and semi-humid drought climate zone, so drought is the biggest limiting factor for crop production on dryland. Shortage of precipitation and uneven distribution in seasons are the main factors to cause the low and unstable yields of winter wheat and spring maize grown on dryland. The aim of this experiment is to study the effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil water conservation, yield and benefit increase in winter wheat-spring maize rotation region in Weibei highland.【Method】The experiment of NT/ST (no-tillage in first year, subsoiling in second year, again no-tillage followed by alternating the next year), ST/CT (subsoiling in first year, conventional tillage in second year, again subsoiling followed by alternating the next year) and CT/NT (conventional tillage in first year, no-tillage in second year, again conventional tillage followed by alternating the next year) rotational tillage, and continuous conventional tillage (CT) were conducted during 2007-2013 in Heyang, Shaanxi, and soil moisture was observed in fallow and crop growing periods, physicochemical characteristics of soil were observed in harvesting time, as well as crop yield and water use efficiency were analyzed. 【Result】 Compared with CT, three rotational tillage patterns significantly decreased soil bulk density, enhanced soil total porosity, field water capacity and soil organic matter. In harvesting period, the average soil bulk density under NT/ST treatment was 3.6% lower than CT treatment and average soil total porosity, field water capacity and soil organic matter was 4.4%, 11.6% and 6.9% higher than CT treatment. In fallow period, the average water conservation rate under NT/ST, ST/CT and CT/NT treatments was 22.4%, 4.4% and 4.9% higher than CT treatment, respectively. The average soil water storage in 0-200 mm soil layer under NT/ST, ST/CT and CT/NT treatments was 18.2 mm,1.3 mm and 11.8 mm higher than CT treatment. In wheat growing period, the average soil water storage in 0-200 mm soil layer under NT/ST, ST/CT and CT/NT treatment was 13.2 mm, 1.7 mm and 14.6 mm higher than CT treatment. In maize growing period, the average soil water storage in 0-200 mm soil layer under NT/ST and CT/NT treatment was 17.8 mm and 15.1 mm higher than CT treatment, respectively, and that of ST/CT was 5.0 mm lower than CT treatment. In winter wheat production year, the average yield of wheat under NT/ST, ST/CT and CT/NT treatments compared to CT increased by 8.1%, 8.9% and 4.9%, respectively, and water use efficiency of wheat increased by 14.3%, 13.8% and 10.2%, respectively. In spring maize production year, the average yield of maize under NT/ST and ST/CT treatments compared to CT increased by 10.2% and 6.4%, respectively, and water use efficiency of maize increased by 4.6% and 8.2%, respectively, and the average yield and water use efficiency of maize under CT/NT treatment was close to CT treatment. 【Conclusion】Compared with CT, soil moisture of ST/CT treatment was poorer, but it had higher crop yield and water use efficiency, CT/NT treatment was in opposite. In conclusion, the effects of water storage capacity, soil physical structure improvement and crop yield increase under NT/ST treatment were significant and it is the best one among the three rotational tillage patterns, so NT/ST is a more appropriate rotational tillage pattern for the wheat-maize rotation field in Weibei highland.

[34] Hou X Q, Li R, Jia Z K, Han Q F, Wang W, Yang B P . Effects of rotational tillage practices on soil properties, winter wheat yields and water-use efficiency in semi-arid areas of north-west China
Field Crops Res, 2012,129:7-13.
DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.021URL [本文引用: 1]
Soil degradation caused by continuous conventional tillage and long-term minimum and no-tillage in rain-fed areas of north-west China is known to reduce water-use efficiency and crop yield, because of the reduced soil porosity and decreased availability of soil water and nutrients. A 3-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of interval with no-tillage and subsoiling to overcome some of the tillage after crop harvesting on soil properties, crop yields and water-use efficiency in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia. Three tillage treatments were tested: conventional tillage (CT) for 3 years as the control; no-tillage in year 1, subsoiling in year 2, and no-tillage in year 3 (NT/ST/NT); subsoiling in year 1, no-tillage in year 2, and subsoiling in year 3 (ST/NT/ST). The mean soil bulk density of tilth soil (0 40cm) was significantly decreased by 3.5% and 6.2% compared with CT under NT/ST/NT and ST/NT/ST, respectively, and both treatments greatly improved total soil porosity. Rotational tillage could increase water-stable aggregates, soil organic matter and the available N and P content. Rotational tillage significantly in the 0 40cm soil layers, with a higher effect under ST/NT/ST. Rotational tillage significantly improved soil water status, increased the amount of soil water stored during the summer fallow and wheat growing season compared with conventional tillage. Higher yield improvements coupled with greater water-use efficiency were achieved with NT/ST/NT and ST/NT/ST compared with CT, and these treatments increased wheat yields by 9.6% and 10.7%, along with water-use efficiency improvements of 7.2% and 7.7%, respectively. The results showed that the interval of no-tillage and subsoiling (rotational tillage) could improve soil physical and chemical properties, and thus significantly increase crop yields and water-use efficiency. This method could have important applications in the semi-arid areas of north-west China.