摘要/Abstract

吡唑环上有三个可修饰的碳位点和一个可修饰的NH位点, 通过对这四个位点的修饰(主要是引入硝基、硝胺基、氨基、羟基以及形成稠环等), 可设计出种类丰富的吡唑含能化合物. 同时, 相对于2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(TNT)、黑索金(RDX)、奥克托今(HMX)等常规含能化合物, 吡唑含能化合物具有氮含量高、生成焓高及感度低等优势. 近年来, 国内外基于吡唑骨架设计并合成了大量吡唑含能离子盐, 其中很多种化合物表现出高能及钝感等特性. 按单环吡唑含能离子盐、联环吡唑含能离子盐及稠环吡唑含能离子盐, 分类综述了近年来所报道的吡唑含能离子盐的合成及性能, 并对该类化合物的应用前景进行了展望.
关键词: 含能材料, 含能离子盐, 吡唑, 硝胺
The pyrazole ring has three modifiable carbon sites and one modifiable NH site. Based on the pyrazole ring, a variety of pyrazole energetic compounds can be designed by the introduction of nitro, nitramino, amino and hydroxyl group and the formation of fused rings. At the same time, compared with conventional energetic compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitro- benzene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-triazine (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX), energetic pyrazoles have the advantages of high nitrogen content, high enthalpy of formation and low sensitivities. In recent years, a large number of energetic salts based on pyrazole have been designed and synthesized around the world, including monocyclic energetic salts, bicyclic energetic salts and fused energetic salts based on pyrazole. Many of them exhibit the characteristics of high energy and low sensitivity. The synthesis and properties of recently reported energetic salts based on pyrazole are reviewed, and their applications in the field of energetic materials are prospected.
Key words: energetic material, energetic salt, pyrazole, nitramino


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