摘要/Abstract

腈可用于构建新的碳-碳、碳-杂原子键, 所得产物丰富多样. 酰胺基团广泛存在于医药、农药和天然产物中, 此外, 酰胺还是有机合成反应中重要的中间体. 在目前报道的酰胺类化合物的合成方法中, 腈的水合反应已成为学术界和工业界最广泛使用的获得初级酰胺类化合物的方法之一. 早期腈的水合反应中通常涉及强酸、强碱的使用, 但在该类反应体系下, 往往存在产率低及反应选择性差等问题, 且所得酰胺容易过度水解成羧酸. 为了克服这一局限实现腈的高效水合, 且满足绿色化学的要求, 近年来, 不同的催化体系相继被开发, 如过渡金属配合物催化剂、金属阳离子催化剂、金属纳米粒子催化剂、离子液体催化剂及其它类型催化剂. 对这些催化体系下腈的水合反应研究进行阐述和总结, 并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望.
关键词: 腈, 催化体系, 水合反应, 酰胺
Nitriles can be used to construct new carbon-carbon and carbon-hetero bonds which result in diverse products. Among them, amide groups can be found in a large variety of drugs, pesticides, natural products and key intermediates in organic synthesis. Among all the methods reported for the synthesis of amides, hydration reaction of nitriles has become one of the most widely used methods to obtain primary amides in both academia and industry. Conventional nitrile hydration generally involves the use of strong acids and bases which would cause some problems such as low yields, poor reaction selectivity and over hydrolysis of products to carboxylic acids. To overcome these disadvantages, achieve the hydration of nitriles efficiently and meet the requirements of green chemistry, different catalytic systems have been successfully developed, including transition metal complex catalysts, metal cationic catalysts, metal nanoparticle catalysts, ionic liquid catalysts and other types of catalysts. The hydration reaction of nitriles in these catalytic systems is reviewed and summarized, and the development prospect of this field is prospected.
Key words: nitrile, catalytic system, hydration reaction, amide


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