摘要:为明确不同间作体系对花生产量形成和经济效益的影响，本试验于2018—2019年，设置玉米‖花生（M‖P）、芝麻‖花生（S‖P）、单作花生（SP）、单作玉米（SM）和单作芝麻（SS）5个种植模式，研究了不同种植模式对花生功能叶光合-光强响应曲线、干物质积累、种间竞争力指数、产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明：1）与玉米‖花生体系中的间作花生相比，芝麻‖花生体系中间作花生的最大净光合速率（Pnmax）、产量和最大干物质积累量分别显著提升了18.0%~20.7%、64.2%~70.0%、26.5%~31.8%（P < 0.05）。2）间作芝麻干物质积累进入缓增期后16~19 d，芝麻‖花生中间作花生仍处于干物质积累快增期，芝麻和花生干物质积累快增期互相错开，而玉米‖花生体系中玉米和花生的干物质积累快增期重叠；成熟期，间作花生相对于芝麻、玉米的竞争力指数分别为-2.31~-2.06和-4.68~-4.34。说明间作花生相对于芝麻的竞争力比相对于玉米的竞争力强。3）芝麻‖花生较玉米‖花生的土地当量比提高3.0%~4.0%，且大于1；经济效益显著提高16.7%~50.8%（P < 0.05），达2.3万~2.4万元·hm-2。研究结果表明芝麻‖花生较玉米‖花生，提高了土地利用率、产量和收益，其机理在于芝麻‖花生较玉米‖花生能错开作物间干物质积累的快增期，降低高、矮两种作物的种间竞争强度，提高间作花生冠层光强和净光合速率。
关键词:芝麻‖花生/
玉米‖花生/
种间竞争力/
产量/
经济效益
Abstract:Peanuts are an important oil crop in China. Intercropping peanuts with maize or sesame improves the field microclimate and the utilization of light and heat resources and increases yield and income. Different high crops in the intercropping systems have different effects on the canopy light intensity, photosynthetic capacity of the functional leaves, dry matter accumulation, and yield of intercropping crops. The purpose of this study was to optimize the peanut intercropping system and to select suitable crops for peanut intercropping. To assess the effects of different intercropping systems on peanut yield and the economic benefits, a field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 with five treatments: maize intercropping with peanut (maize‖peanut, M‖P), sesame intercropping with peanut (sesame‖peanut, S‖P), monocultured peanut (SP), monocultured maize (SM), and monocultured sesame (SS). The different planting patterns were assessed for their effects on the interspecific competition index, dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic rate response curves to light in the functional leaves, yield, and the economic benefits of peanuts. The results showed that: 1) compared with intercropped peanuts in maize‖peanut, the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax), yield, and maximum dry matter accumulation of intercropped peanuts in sesame‖peanut increased by 18.0%-20.7%, 64.2%-70.0%, and 26.5%-31.8%, respectively. 2) When the dry matter accumulation of intercropped sesame entered the period of 16-19 days after the slow-growing period, the intercropped peanuts in sesame‖peanut were still in the period of rapid dry matter accumulation. The fast growth periods of dry matter accumulation of sesame and peanut in sesame‖peanut intercropping system staggered each other, however, those of maize and peanuts in maize‖peanut intercropping system were overlapped. At the mature stage, the competitiveness index of peanuts against sesame and maize in the intercropping systems was -2.31~-2.06 and -4.68~-4.34, respectively. This indicates that the competitiveness of intercropped peanuts to sesame is stronger than that to maize. 3) The land-equivalent ratio of sesame‖peanut intercropping system increased by 3.0%-4.0% compared with maize‖peanut intercropping system, and those of both systems were greater than 1. The economic benefits of sesame‖peanut intercropping system significantly increased by 16.7%-50.8% compared with maize‖peanut intercropping system, reaching 23 000-24 000 ￥·hm-2. Compared with maize‖peanut intercropping system, sesame‖peanut intercropping system improved the land utilization rate, yield, and income. Sesame‖peanut intercropping system staggered the rapid growth periods of dry matter accumulation of two crops, reduced the intensity of interspecific competition between high and low crops, and improved the canopy light intensity and net photosynthetic rate of intercropped peanuts.
Key words:Sesame‖peanut intercropping/
Maize‖peanut intercropping/
Interspecific competitiveness/
Yield/
Economic benefits
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