摘要
摘要:为探讨中国北方褐土区典型种植模式——冬小麦-夏玉米体系水分优化、养分优化以及生物炭施用对作物产量、磷效率和磷素淋失的影响，2016—2019年于陕西杨凌土（黄土母质，自然褐土发育）区进行田间渗漏池试验，设计习惯水肥（CP1、CP2，CP1处理渗漏池深为120~150 cm，CP2处理渗漏池深为100 cm）、灌水优化（CP1-W）、养分优化（CP1-F）、水分养分优化（OPT）、习惯水肥+生物炭（CP2+B）以及水分养分优化+生物炭（OPT+B）7个处理，研究作物产量、磷肥偏生产力和磷素淋失的响应。结果表明，CP1-W、CP1-F和OPT处理3年平均冬小麦、夏玉米及作物总产量均与CP1处理无显著差异。CP1-F和OPT处理较CP1处理均显著增加磷肥偏生产力，平均增幅分别为69.3%和56.4%。与CP1处理相比，CP1-W和CP1-F均没有显著影响各形态磷的淋失量，而OPT处理的颗粒磷淋失量显著减少58.4%。施用生物炭对3年平均作物总产量无显著影响，而在CP2+B处理磷肥偏生产力显著提高43.6%；在OPT+B处理磷肥偏生产力无显著变化。CP2+B处理各形态磷素的淋失量均与CP2处理相似，OPT+B处理第1年可溶性有机磷、颗粒磷和总磷淋失量较OPT处理分别显著降低60.0%、57.1%和62.4%，但后两年OPT+B处理总磷淋失量却显著增加。综合3年的结果发现，在不同条件下施用生物炭对各形态磷素淋失均无显著影响。上述结果表明，褐土区在农户水肥的基础上合理降低水肥用量，可以提高磷肥利用率，降低磷素淋失量，保障作物产量；而施用冬小麦秸秆生物炭对作物产量、磷素淋失无显著影响，对磷肥偏生产力的影响结果不一致，有待进一步研究。
关键词:冬小麦-夏玉米体系/
水肥调控/
生物炭/
作物产量/
磷肥偏生产力/
磷素淋失
Abstract:Excessive water and chemical fertilizer application is often reported in North China winter wheat-summer maize rotation systems, resulting in economic losses and environmental issues. Therefore, optimizing water and nutrients (e.g., P) for crop yield is important. A 3-year field lysimeter experiment was performed on Lou soil (loess-derived and developed on natural cinnamon soil) in Yangling, Shaanxi Province, Northwest China, to investigate P use efficiency and P leaching of winter wheat-summer maize rotation systems in cinnamon soil. Seven treatments were used to investigate crop yield, P partial productivity (PFP_P), and P leaching: conventional practices (CP1, lysimeter depth = 120–150 cm; CP2, lysimeter depth = 100 cm), CP1 plus reduced water supply (CP1-W), CP1 plus reduced nutrient supply (CP1-F), CP1 plus reduced water and nutrient supplies (OPT), CP2 plus biochar application (CP2+B), and OPT plus biochar application (OPT+B). The results showed that the mean wheat, maize, and total wheat + maize yields were similar among CP1, CP1-W, CP1-F, and OPT. Compared with CP1, CP1-F and OPT significantly increased PFP_P by an average of 69.3% and 56.4%, respectively. CP1-W and CP1-F did not affect P leaching, but annual particulate phosphorus leaching decreased significantly under OPT treatment (by 58.4%). Biochar use did not affect the mean annual crop yield, but CP2+B significantly increased PFP_P (by 43.6%) compared with CP2. OPT-B did not affect PFP_P compared with OPT. Each year, all forms of leached P were similar between CP2 and CP2+B. In the first treatment year, OPT+B significantly decreased (compared with OPT) the dissolved organic phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, and total phosphorus (TP) leaching losses by 60.0%, 57.1%, and 62.4%, respectively, but TP leaching increased significantly in the following 2 years. The 3-year average showed that biochar application did not affect P loss. Therefore, only reducing water and fertilizer applications to cinnamon soil may improve P use efficiency and reduce P leaching while maintaining crop yield. Applying wheat straw biochar did not affect crop yield or P leaching, and the effect on PFP_P was inconsistent. Further studies are needed to clarify the effectiveness of biochar application.
Key words:Winter wheat-summer maize rotation system/
Water and fertilizer optimization/
Biochar/
Crop yield/
Partial factor productivity of phosphorus/
P leaching loss



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